the-eye.euthe-eye.eu/public/Books/campdivision.com/PDF/Games... · DOWR BOOKS ON CHESS 'IkR OF ITZE Gm, Paul Kema and Alexander Katcnr. (B31M-9) $6.96 GAME OT? CHESS, Qiegtrt Tmd

DOWR BOOKS ON CHESS 'IkR OF ITZE G m , Paul Kema and Alexander Katcnr.

(B31M-9) $6.96 GAME OT? CHESS, Qiegtr t T m d . @%41-X) $9.95

How m a Ts YOLT CHESS?, b o d Baden. (23294.8) AN Xmnwmo~m Cmss MOWS AND TACX'ICS S ~ Y EXPLAXNED, Xmnd

Blude~. (Available in United Statea only). (21,21041 $3.85 CWABW'S BEST CHESS ENDINGS, Irving CChmev. (2424.8) $6.96 Canasw~~xor~s: THE HEXW OF CXBSS, Irving Cfiwnev. 6217444) 33.95 ~ C T C A L CHEB EEIDWB, Irving Chemev. (m208-X) $6.95 T h ~ X C A L AFFIWA~H ~o CHESS, Dr. Max E m , et aX. (!24353-2) $5.95 A GUIDE TO Ctws ENDINGB, Dr. Max Euwe and David H o o p .

(23332-4) $5.95 CWIC CHESS PROrrws, XCeaneth S. Howsrd. (22522-4) $3.95 HOW ro SCILVZ CHESS P R O ~ s , Kenneth S. Howard. (20748-XI $5.96 SBKTACW C i m s ~ O ~ Y S , Rbmeth S. Howard. (21477-X) @.m C m FOR FUN AND CHESS WR BMD, Edward h k e r . (20146-6) $5.96 CHESS S T R A ~ Y , Edward Lasker. @05%2) $6.95 CO~GIMUNSWW IN CHESS, Dr. Emanuei h s k w . (2144.10-0) $4.95 ~ K E H ' S MANUAL OF C X ~ , Dr. Emanurl baker. (XWO-8) $7.95 Itxr: AW OF CHESS, James Mason. (20463-8) $8.95 MODERN CHESS STRAWY, Ludek Pachman. (20290-9) $6.9.5 &mum sUOK OP CHESS STRATAGIM~, Frad Fteinfeld. (0690-4) $5.95 How m FORCE CWWTE, Fred h i d e i d . (20439- 1) $3.60 WIN AT CHESS, Fred Reinfeid. (20498-3) $3.50 TBE ART OF THE CWECMTE, Remud and Victor K a h ,

(ZOlW-6) $4.95 A PrcruRR ~ X I ~ ~ R Y OF CHESS, Fred Wilson. (23856-3) $12.95 THE ART OF CHESS C ~ ~ M A T X O N , Eugene Zndo-Bomv&y.

( r n - F i ) $4.95 How Nar w RAY C#XP$S, Eugene Znmko-Borovsky. (20920-2) $3.95 H a w TO PLAY CHEW ENDINGS, Eugme Znwko-130rov$ky. (21110-3) $5.85 How m h r THE C m s O w , Eupm Zn~~kwBOmvsky.

(B795-2) $4.95 MIDDIS GAME m CWS, Eugene A. Znmk~"1BOmvsky. (23931-4) $5.95

A GUID,E rKl CHESS ENDINGS

Dr. MAX EXJ'GVE World Chnrnpio?~ 1935-1927

and

DAVID 1-IC)QPER

DOVER PUBI,ICA?'IONS, I S C ,

New York

CONTENTS Exumples Puge

vi i

Copyright Q 1976 by Uoler Publita~iotts, I l l < . . (:opy~-igl?~ @ 1!)59 f ) y Dl., M a x Euri,c ;ilrtl I>it>itl

Iooper. A l l rights rcservcrl u11tlt.r Pan A711eric:in ant!

111tc1-rrational Copyright Convpntiona.

"T'his Ilttvcr txlilio~r, first ptiblistrctl i n 1976, is arr unaltrictgd anrl a)r.rr.c.teri rcpuklication ctf ~ h c r\,ttrk i~rsl prrbliskerl I,? &wid MrKay Co~ripauy, Ilrc., W r v I'ork, i ~ r $NU.

Manrrfarturctl i r r t l ~ t U~tited States of .%llrrrira Uover. X'rrblicatior~s, Iric.

180 'l'arick Street New York, N.Y. 20014

C H A P ~ ~ R 1. PAWN ENDINGS I Thc Opposition 2 K,,f-P V. K 3 K,,I-ZP V. K 4 K-bP V. K + P 5 KS-2P 7. K,+P 6 More Pawm: Material Advantage 7 Mort Pawns: Positional Advanvage

CHAPTER 11. MINOR PKECE ENDINGS 1 Kt v. P 2 3 {or Kt) v. 2P 3 B (or KQ Y. 3P 4 B {or fCtj+P v. K 5 B (or Kt)-kP v. P 6 B (OC Kt)+-P v. 2P 7 B (or Kt)!-P v . 3P 8 3 (or KO-tPziwns v. Pawns 9 B (or Kt)+P v. B (or Kt)

10 B (or Kt)+2P v. B (or Kt) 11 B (or Kt)+,2P v. B (or XCt)+P 12 More Pawns: Material Advantage 13 More Pawns: Posirionai Advantage 14 B+2P v. B of opposite coIour 15 Bishops of opposite colour: more pawn.$ 16 Two Minor Piems v. Two Minor Pieces

CHAPTER III. KOOK ENDINGS I R v P 2 R v. 2P 3 R v. 3P 4 R+P v. R 5 R+2P v. R

http://www.ebook3000.org

CONTENTS

6 RIP v. Rf P 7 R+2P V. R-I-P 8 More Pawns: Matcrial Advanrage 9 More Pawns: Posiiional Advantage

CHAPTER IV, QUEEN ENDINGS I Q v . P 2 Q Y. Mom Pawns 3 Qs-P v. Q 4 Q+2P V. Q 5 More Pawns: Malerial Advantage 6 More Pawns: Positional Advantage

INTRODUCTION

TODAY many more tournament games are being prayed, and club and match games brought more frcquentfy to a finish, so that the ending is not left to the adjudicator: but is becoming of increasing importance to the ordinary p~a)cf. For the expert it has long been an outstanding characteristic of his play, and it is not accidcntai that the greatest mastcrs of chess have also been the greatest masters of the end-game. In the end-game, unlike the opening, proficiency does not depnd on the memory, but upon methodical study, and it i s not difficult, to acquire a skill that will add i ts quota of points and half-points to thc score table.

Endings are predominantly positional. in charat%er, although com- binstive and tactical maneuvring often enlivens the play. The best endings have their own appeal, one of accurate timing and precision. But the compelling reason for study i s surely the practical one: after a long struggle how heart-breaking it is not to reap one's full reward because of poor end-pby! In more than sixty examples from play in this book decisive mistakes wcre made, often by tfic greatest masters.

Xn many ways the ending is a different kind of game: the importance of the pawn centre diminishes; the king becomes active; there is the possibility of stalemate; and the pawns, no longer a skeleton clothed by pieces, become powerful in themselves. When the number of pawns is reduced then vakes change, so that a piece may be worth no more than a pawn.

Rather than a sketchy outline of the wholc fidd, we have made a fairly thorough study of those endings most likely to occur in play, especially chose with rooks. The book is h s l worked through as a course of study, so that the underlying ideas are absorbed, and a sound positional judgment acquired. It i s not at first necessary to understand every nuance, far less to try to remember the mare difficult and complex variations; indeed, one might weli pass over the sub-varjatians at a first reading. Some of the examples, noticesably in the later chapters, are harder than others. Although considered a suitable Cextbok for the less skilied player, some more cornplicatcd studies, and some recent theoretical discoveries such as the analyses of R+BP+RP v. R, and Q-tKtP v. Q, are included. Endings at first difficult yidd to further study; the wcaker player nced never be discouraged, far in time the ideaas bbecamc dearer, and a logical pattern is revealed.

The examples arc for the most part classified according to the kind


of pawn-formation, and a d o ~ e n or more series of comparative studies, e.g. Examplcs 223-225, are intended to show the importance of this. Most of the usual conventions are folfawed. In chc diagrams White moves up the board. The player with the advantage, the 'stronger party', is often calfcd Whilc. Howcver, a question mark is used only to indicate a dccisivc error that changes the course of thc game, and is not otherwise used. The first named player is usually the player of the White pieces, although the uolours may be reversed for clearer presentation. Far the same rertson the em--dash is omitted from the moves of sub- variations, e.g. P-K4 bccomes PK4.

Acknowledgments are especialIy given to Cheron's three volume rnastcrpiect: Lehr- lrr~d E111~fdbuch der ErrJspiede, Berlin, 1955-57; Kook against fawns, by Mnixlis, Moscow, 1956; Chess Endings-Pawns, Bfshops, a d Knights, by Maizelis, Averbach, and Chekover, Moscow, 1956; Koncowu Gra S ~ u c h o ~ + ~ , Vol. 2, 2854, and Vol. 3, 1957, Warsaw, an extensive collection of end-games with pieces, by Gawlikowski.

We should also like to acknowledge the generous help given by Mr. F. W. Allen, who assiduously checked thc proofs; by Mr. van den Berg, who assisted with analysis and in various other ways; and by Mr. K . Wbyld, whose resmrch was invaluable.

DR. 34. EIIWE, Amsterdam. DAVID NWPER, Reigate, England.

September, 1958.

PAWN ENDINGS

-. . . the Pawns: They am the very Life of this Game. They alone form the Atlack and the Wefencc; on their good bad Situation depends the Gain or Loss of the Party.' PIIIUDCIR, 1749.

I . THE OPPOSITION Bringing the king into play is the Erst

thing to do in mast cases; for in contrast to the earlier phases of the game i t is in the endins! that the Irin~. instcad of hiding himself or playing'into safety, b m e s an attacking piece.

Xts freedom of action as it approaches its rivai i s controlled by a wfationshrp ktwecn their respective positions, which i s known as the opposition.

X The kings stand opposite one another, i.e. in opposition.

White, having to move, can never force his way forward: 1. KQ2 KQ5 2. KK2 K K 5 4 1 e is directIy opposed. Conversely, if Black moves first then he in tu rn cannot get to his sixth rank: 1.. . KQ5 2. KQ2 KRS 3. KK2.

The ppayer with the move cannot farce the advance of his king; but this is not all, for bc cannot prcvcnt his opponent's advance.

We shall suppose it to ix Black's move:

I . . . K-,QS After which White's forward path is

obstructed only on two squarm (Q3, 4133); But if I... KKt5 then White outflanlrs by 2. KQ3.

White's further advance, or outflanking, is restrict& by the edge of the board, so hc rcvakes thc opposition, and Black, having to move, must again give way-

4 . . . R-B 3 5 K-RS K--Kt2 6 K---Kt5 ic; ,,,,,,,,, 132 7 K ,,,,,,- R 6 K-Kt 1 8 K-Kt6.

Black may defend his corner square, 8. . . KRI 9. KB7 KRZ 10. KM, or his bishop's square, 8.. . KBI 9. KR7 KBZ 10. KR8; but he is powerless to prevent White forcing his way through to the back rank.

I

Dirm opposition

White might as easily have reachad Ihe back rank on the king's side. 'Yo force this he must first move along the rank. holding the opposition: I . . . KifS 2. KQ2 (Aftc~ the irnmcdiate outflanking 2. KKt3 KQC, WJlite at &st gcts to QM8 or QR8.) 2. . . KKS 3. KK2 KBS 4. K32 KKtS 5. KKt2 and now White oulflanks by 5. . . KBS 6. KR3, or 5... KRS 6. KB3, then working his way up the fiIes, as before.

White, then, can force his way to any viii


I PAWN ENDXNGS

part of the board, but not lo any par- 5 ... K-Q2 iiculrr square. 1 % ~ musf be careliii nor to / Trying king, fn. i f lose the opposilion until his objective is s , , . K K ~ 5, ch. KK3 7. ~136, and in sight. if, for instam, Btack corn- if s.,. KKZ 6. KR6. mcnced by playing I . .. K H , ceding ail

I three squares in front of White's king, then Whitc must reply 2. K83 rewining the oppositior~, fur eithsr 2. KKt3 KRt4 or 2. KQ3 KQ4 loses it. K-K2

Conversely, similar powers accrue to Rlack if White moves first.

When the kings are thus opposed on f i le om square ag;dr[ i t is term&

vertical direct opposition. It is usual to say that tkc player who ttasn't the move has the opposition, e-g. White bas the opposition i f i t is Black's move.

Whoever movm first must give ground; or to put i t another way: if you have the opposition you can oizlflank your opponent, and moreover you can choose your momem for doing so.

The player having thc vertical opposition may force I~is wiiy to the farthermost rank. Also, a player having the horizvncal direct opposition may get to the farthermost file, e.g. White K at QKt6, BIack K ;it his Q3, which is simply Exarnpte 1 turned ninety degrees,

'I'hc direct opposiiion (king5 one square apart on the same file or rank) is the most fundamentai of alt chess rnanceuvm; and is of conseqritnce in most of the pawn endings in this book.

White plays and draws 2 The o~tplrsition i s here the decbive Black plays end loses

I f 4.. . RB3 5. KK5. i White cannot take the direct opposition bacalrse his pawn occupies the 5 K-BS relevant square. This always happens Thc right moment for the outfianking i when the pawn is beside or ahead of its

movement. ) king I f White is ro win he must be able

Factor, for l idnabla White to control the quacning square.

1 . . . K-Kt3 2 K-Kt4 K-I33 3 K-34

White holds the opposition until his king is in front of the file as) his Dawn.

I THE OPPOSXTION

But without the opprtsition White cannot win.

I FC,,,-.ICt3 2 K-34 K--,,B3 3 P-Q4

White must try this as he will make no badway with his king.

to manmvre his king clear of obstruc- I wants to get to a square near his KR8 tion by his pawn, as in the first variation. I corner. If I ... KKtS 2. KKt2 Whiie

At this stage Black also draws aRer 4.. KK2 (B2) 5. KB5 KQ2, for White's pawn again prcvcnts his taking the opposition.

moves along to KKt2 and then outflanks; or it' I . .. KB6 2, KR3 and White moves to QR7 and outflanks. In botil these cases the diagonal opposition, which is often transitory, immediately rransDoses to the direct oonosition.

7 K - 4 1 ' The direct and diagonaI opposiliuns 1 arc the only forms of close opposition

Now that the pawn is on the sixth only j wkem the square or squares controlled ibis retrat draws- If 7. .+ KKI rfll)'! ! by one king may also catjlmandd by 8. KK6 (86) KQI 8. PQ7. I the other. There arc also lona-ran%

5 K-R5 K-B2 1 ~nst&d, Black might play I . . . KQS Black takcs rhc opposition whim 1 KKt2 RR5 3* KB2 Ki35 4,

8 K.--B6 K-B1 i forms of the opposition, where tl& kin&

White's king advances round the side of his pawn.

K - 4 2 6 P - 4 6 ch.

Black takes the opposition, and White's king is unablc to cuminand the queening square.

9 P-Q7 ch. 10 K-Q6 stalemate.

K - 4 . 1

KK'5 '. KK2 KR5 6. KB2 KR4 7. KB3, erc. In practice the diagonal oppasiiion is

usually seen as a defcasive manceuvre, a

3 The kings arc one square apart on the same diagonal, and are said to be in diagonal opposition.

The possession of any form of thc opposition mcans that one can force one's way to any part of the hoard. I f it i s Black's move, then M i t e has the onnosition. and we mav sunoose he

Instcad, 6 . . . K-QI may be pfayed , ~neansofpmventing theopponent taking at once. ! the direcr opposition, as in Example 7.

are three or five squares apart. The kings are dcfincd as stand~ng In

opposition when (a) they are on squarcs of the same colour, and (b) here is an cdd number of squares between them by he most dirrct route or routes.

4 With tllree squams between ihcm on the same file, the kings are in vertical distant opposition. The player who has the opposition (we shalt suppose i t to be Whitc) has tbc power to get to any pari of the h a r d , as in ExampIe I .

None of Black's eight pwsibIc moves prevents the invasion of his ranks. If he advances, Wltite takes the diract opposition; if he retreats Wllite pursues, maintaining rlre ciisiant opposition; and if he movm sideways, as here, White outflanks by stepping to the other side.

Whitc outfianks at once. If he wishes instead to penetrate the king's side, hc must first play along the rank, 2. K - 4 2 .

2 ... lL-02 3 K-,,R4

Diugonaf opposition 1 There iu often a choice, and either 3


I PAWN ENDINGS 1 THE OPPOSITION

3. KU3 or 3. KR3 scrvcs; but White must not d e the vcrtical opposition, 3. KKt4 KKt3.

Taking the opposition. The immediate outffanking 1. KR2? permits I.., KB2 2. KR3 KB3, when 3. KR4? loses, and

3 ... K.-Kt1 I going to the .QK~ file cedes the oppoci- tion, 3. KKt4 KKU, or 3. KKt3 KRt2.

If 3.. . KR3 4. KRS. K--Q1 4 K-Kt4

Black plays towards the centre, else White outganks on the king's side, I ... KKtl 2. KQ3 KKtZ 3. KK3 KB3 4. KK4 KQ2 5. K34 KK2 6. KKt5 KB2 7. K M .

2 ,K-,,K13 The correct moment for outflanking.

2 ... K-B2 If 2. .. RQ2 3. KKt4. 11 2... KBl

3. RB4 retaking the (distant) opposition, which also happns after the fext move.

3 K-B3 K-Q2 I f 3. .. KKt2 4. KQ3 KB2 5. KK3.

" &

I 4 K-Kt4 Retaking the disiant opposition. Again outflanking. White has thc direct opposition. One cannot always convert thc distant

into the direcr opposition, and in many positions where the direct opposition is decisive, the distant opposition is of no signikanm.

Imng-distant opposition (kings on the same file or rank with five squares between them) confers similar advan- tages, but the presence of pawns on the board usually interferes with such extended rnantcuvring, and exampies arc rare in practice.

5 White converts the long-distant into the d i m t opposition. Black submits to this in preference to being ourflanked on onc wing or the other; bur if this position were moved one OF two files to the right making a king's side out- Ranking irnpracticahle, then the iong- distant opposition would nut hc siefni- flcant, and a draw would corn abo~lf.

1 K-B2

Thc direct opposition wins, and would do so if the position now reached were moved one or two files to the right.

Whitc plays and wins Black plays and draws

'Yhe correct outflanking move. Not 6. W35? KR2, when Black has the opposition, and i f 7. KKt5 KKr2 8. KKS KB3.

6 . . . K-B2 7 K-J35 K--QZ 8 K-Kt6 K-Q I 9 K-B6.

Soon Black's KP is lost. With the move BIack himself takes the

longdistant opposition, and it so happens he can maintain the vertical opposition and thereby draw.

1 . . . K-,-Kt2 2 K-Kt2 K-K t3 3 K-Kt3 K-Kt2

The distant opposition. Mack must not unwarily advance, 3... KKt4 ? for he loses the opposition after 4. KB3 KKt3 (4 ... RB3 5. KB4) 5 , KKt4.

4 I C ; - , , , , , ~ K--H3 5 K-Kt4 K-Kt3

UIack loses the vertical opposition afkr 5 . ., KQ4? 6. KB3 KR3 7 . KW.

6 K-B3 K-XXZ 7 K-3 K-Q2

The opposition is not relevant on the Q, K, or KB, files because of pawn- interfmcnce, ul~koi~gh Black must keep on the sarrle 81c as White to avoid being outfiankcd on one wing or the oothw.

7.,. KQI 8. K&Q KRI also draws a f t e r 9 . K B S R B Z 1 0 . ~ 5 P x P I l . K x P KQ2.

8 K-K4 K-KZ(R3) 9 K - , , , , , , ~ K,--lU(B 1 )

I0 K-Kt4 K--Kt 1 I I K-RS K-R2. On wither wing can Whitc get the

opposition. So far we have shown extended forms

of the dircct opposition with both kings the same file or rank. Other long-

range forms of the opposition a n m u r -*sltally howcvcr in composed studits.

6 The kings arc said to be in obiique opposition, which is compourtdcd of d i m + diagonal opposition. 'The kings

am thrw squares apatr by the most direct routes, in accordance with our earlicr definition. Anothcr definition also involves odd numbers: visualize the slnallmt rwtangie containing the two kings: and if thc sides are both odd numhrecl (as here 5x3 squares) the k inp stand in opposition.

Oblique opposition

The squares mark& by dots are those on which Black's king might also stand in opposition of one kind or another to White's king on QR2. Sixtmn squaris are in this way related, and there arc four such sets of squares on the chess- board, as letiercd on the suppIementary diagram. If one player moves to a B square, the other retains the apposition if he ;ilso moves to a B square, and so on. For instance, i f White plays 1. KKtl (a 13 square) Black may reply 1 . . . KQ6, I... KB6, I , . . KQ4, or I . . . RB4 (alt of which arc D squaraf, thus retaining the apposition in one form or another.


To get there mite must n~ove through the transitional area (the 25 squares on the king's side and back rank). If Black moves to the KB Ale or sixth rank, White advances the RP; and if Black capturcs White's KtP, White queens the RP and wins against Black's KIP, Example 303.

When White's king is in the transitional arra, he wins with and draws without thc opposition; when it is on

X PAWN ENDINGS

6A This pattern might bc termed thc natural oppositional fiefd. It mrty be 7 (and usualfy is) disturbed localiy by pawns, as aIrcady smn in Example Z*.

7 A player who has the opposition

the lowcr two ranks, the opposition is not signifimnt.

1 . . . K--QS

need never lose it&-unless pawns inter+ ferc. Here they cfo nat, and Black draws an apparently hopeless position by maintaining the defensive opposition. ?he marked-off areas show thc lower

two ranks as White's domain, and the qumn's side area as Black's. White always wins i f his king gets into Black's

ntiick stays on K5 and Q5 until White plays to the rbird mnk (transitional a~ea) after which Black must take the opposb t i rm

'

The only move to draw, and probably the only instan~u: of the oblique opposition in a practical position; for this ending does accuf in play, e.g. Spietmann v . Makarczyk, Warsaw, 1934.

Black draws only by maintaining thc opposition as in the table &low, which also indicates the sqirarc letters cam- ponding with diagram bA.

domain-rcgrdless of the apposition. 1 Dmwn

White K. Black K.

after S... KR3 6. R x P ~ ~ $ 3 1 - 2 . . . K,,--K5

After 2,.. KF16? 3. PR5 White queens first.

3 K-Kt2 R-,Q5 4 K--I12 K--K5

.. "... 2 K-,-BZ

It is no use sacrificing the RP, 2. PR5 KIM 3. KO3 RKt4 4. RQ4 K x P 5 . KB4 for Black lakes the onmsitian

D KRJ KB3 Q3 KI35 KRS Q4 KR7 KB7 Q2

KR8 Kg8 QKtS

61 Q3 QRr3

ICKtB K3 KKt5 K4 K2

The defensive opposition 11ere takes five forms: vcrticaf direct, diagonaI, horizontal direct, horimntal distant, and oblique.

5 K-R3 8 Triangulation is another frequently used king nlancruvre. (>nc king purpose- fully round a triangle d three board fo bear a unique relationship to a I elsewhere. The Brjlis,l c o m p o ~ r , sq~x'cswhihjlst his rival, who i s in some

C. D. X,ocwk pioncemd such related i WaY ratrified, must shuttle to and fro on sauaw problems (1#92),,,,,,,,fortunatciyY I two squares. Obviously, one 'loses a perhaps, &ch things do not occu~ in ( ~nuve' in this fadlion.

1. TEE OPPOSITION

In practice a situation arises with, say, Whitc? to mow, and it is desirable for him that the same position should be brought about with Black lo move.

Having to move Black must submit to one d two threats: I . . . KQI (Kt1) 2. KQ5 (taking the opposition) Z... KI31 3. PBf KKt2 4. KQ7 KR2 5. KO8 queening the BP; or I... KBZ 2. KB5 KB1 3. KKiS wininng the RP.

Triangulation is often the means by which one or other of two closely related threats may be forced. Whitc lo play bses a tempo by moving round the triztn~le 05-WQ4, whilst Hack must

White plays and wins

from 31 to Ql , or to xtl, for 1, this position Whitc my get to ... 9 2 is always answel& by KB5 QKtj' in fmr moves by moving along winnlng the RP. the rank; he also rakes four moves by

White wins

travelling diagonally via QS; but in the latter case Black's king is kept out.

f K-K6 K-I36 1.. . KQ6 2. KQS KK6 3. K36 KQ5

4. KK17 coma to the same thing. 2 K-Q5

A game, Schlagc v. Ahues, Berlin, 1921, continued 2. KQ6? KQS 3. KR6 KK4 4. KKt7 KQ3 5. K xP, with a draw because Whitc's king is imprisoned after 5 . .. KB2, a stock situation with thc RP. The same thing would have htrp- wnd if White had cornmetlced 1. KK7?

Triangula~ion annot bc demon- m. rte fms his king in time, and the strated with bare kings, for it is the p;iw, qu mns; of marching pawns which restrict the defender. 'rwo sidw of a triangle mCKK6-,-

drawn.

i e a r a t e threats are nwessav, and with- : Q5,-H&-,,,,Kt7) instead of the out the RPs this position would hypotenuse (~-Ky-,-Qy-Bj'-Kt7).

9 Quitc a different rnartmvxe, the diagonal march, i s peculiar to the kings. In travelling from one part of the h a r d to another, the king may make a con- sidaable detour from the straight path, wihoul taking a greater number of

2, KING AND p h ~ s KING The circumstances under which the

pawn wins are sizown in Exampie 2: Whitemust at lea51 obtain the uppusition with his king in front of (clear of

moves. I obstruction by) his pawn; only thus can

7


I PAWN ENRINGS 2 KING AND PAWN v. KING he eventually gain control of the queening square.

IO Tlw kings ax oa the s m side of the pawn, but White's is backward. When his king is one file neawr thc pawn tban Black's, he may be able to gain the opposition by the stratagem of crossing ovcr the queening file in front of his pawn.

White plays and wins Black plays and draws

i K-B2 K-Kt3 2 K-KJ R-Bal 3 K - " 4 4 K-K3 4 K-,-B5 K---Q2 5 K-45.

Taking the dixcct opposition. Black to play draws by moving lo the knight's -.


tion by moving up on thc same side of the pawn. IT herc I . KKZ? KR2 2. -3 White has the distant opposition but it does him no good, Z... KK2 3. KK3 KQ2, and now i f White advances to rhe fourth rank Black takes the oppmition.

Examplm 2, I 0 and I I, show a pawn on Q3; but the same rulm appfy to any pawn (except the KP) on its second, third or fourth rank.

22 A pawn on the fifth rmk wins if the king i s in front of it, whether or not White has the opposition, for in eittlc:r case Whitc gains control of the queening square {except with KP).

With the movc, White plays I. IC- Kt6 {taking the opposition: if I. PRt6?

hle. KBI 2. PKt7 ~ . - K K ~ I 3 . KKt6 stalemate) 1...K-Rt 2. K-37 K--R2 XI It is possible to cross the quaen-

ing fife behind the pawn, for which White's king nee& to lx two fifes nearer 12 than Black's.

1 K-Q2 K-32 2 K-BJ K-K3 3 K--W.

Only this wins; and after 3. RQ3 4. KQ4, or 3 . . . KQ2 4. KQS, White takes the opposition. Hack draws with the movc, by playing to the bishop's file, I . . . KB2, or I... KB1 2. KQ2 KK2 3. KB3 KQ2.

In neither af t h w examples could White have obtained Ihc direct opposi- 1 White wins

8

3. P,--Kt6 ch. K-RI, and Whitc mates in thrm.

BI'ick d m no better with the opposition: ..-""

1 . . . K-K2 Qtting a trap. Instcad, I... K B I ,

taktkiog the apposition, is answered by 2. f Kt6

2 K-B7 K-R 1 3 K-Kt6

Not 3. PKtB? stalenu*.

BPak has the opposiiion, and Whitc m o t outflank, but at this stage a simple pawn advance squmm Black out,

13 A pawn on the sixth wins i f m i t e obtains the vertical direct opposition with his king afongsidc his pawn (except with RP).

I K-BS K-31 2 K-36

14 The heavy line shows 'the square of the pawn' and if Hack's king cannot get into i t , he cannot stop the pawn-a rulc which, of course, applies to all pawns. After I. P-KI Black is unable to eater the square (which has diminishd carrespundinglyj so the pawn rum through without let or hindrance.

With the move Black gets into the square.

I . . a K-B4 Threatening ro stop the pawn. 2. PR4

KK3 3 , KKt4 RQ? 4. KKt5 KB2 5 . KH6 KKti and 6 . . . KRI. In endings with RP thc opposition doesn't matter-,- if BLack's king pts in front of the pawn hc always draws.

Whire plays and wins Black plays and dr;tw$

1 .,, HB5? enters the square, but 1 Black's retreat is then obstnrcted,

2. KIM KIC4 3. KBS KK3 4. KB6 KR2 5. Pa4 KQI 6. KRt7, and the pawn quwns.

I 2K-B4 K-K3 White plays and wins \ 3 K-B5 K - 4 2

4 K-Kt6 K-,,B 1 Taking the opposition. 2. KK6? KKI

3. W 7 ch. KO1 4, KOb staIemates, If Th&w square in the ending with RP. white's kin^ -is not >ontrolling the 1 5 K-R7 Wming sq&rc, the pawn c h ~ k i n g on White prevents Black from blocking the seventh draws. I the pawn only by blocking it himself. 2 ... K-KI With the RP this draws, bwaux the 3 K--KL K-Q 1 crossover stratagem of Exampie I0 is

4 P-47. 1 not possible, 9


5 . . . K-B2 6 p R4 K--B3 6,. . KBI also draws. 7 P-RS If 7. KKt8 KKt3; and if 7. KRG KB2

or evcn 7... KM. 7 ... K-B:!

Not 7... KKt4? 8. PR6 KB3 9. KKt8. 8 P-RB K-B I 9 K ,,,,,,,. Kt6

XC 9. KR8 KB2 10. PR7 KX31 statemate.

9 . . . K-Ktl 10 P-R7 ch. K-R I I I R-R6 stalcmak. The idea of confining White's king to

Not I . KKt1 ? KKt6 2. KBI PB7 3. KK2, when either 3 . . . KKt7 or 3. . . PB8:Q ch. wins.

I . , . K-B4 2 K-I32 K-.,-KS 3 1( ,,,,,,,. K--K6 4 R-K1

White take? the opposition. 4 . . . P-B7 ch. 5 K-B1.

A draw was agreed, for if Rtack guards the PJ37 he stalemates, and if he ahan- dons i t he cannot win with the other pawn.

16 Doubfed pawns {except RPs) win if hrther back. for a tempmove by the exlra pawn gains the opposition.

the rook's file also draws when the kings 1 I i-Q4 arc farther back, e.g. White K at QR3, P at QR2, v. Black K at QB6. Not 1. K M ? KKt3, when the extra 1 Fawrl is lost.

I I . . . K--Kt3 1 KING AND TWO PAWNS v. KING 1 K---B4 K-Kt2 -. --

I If 2... KB2 2. KB5 RKt2 3. PKt6 With a few exceptions this is usually a i sirnpk win. . RR3, White gains the opposition by i 4. PKt7 K R 2 5. PKt8 -0 ch.. but must

15 DouhIed piwns an the fifth and sixth ranks draw if the ddc~dcr obstructs them and if he has the opposilion.

Erom hcrc the 13th match game Eliskases v. Bogoljubow, 1938, continued :

1 K,,-BI

Drawn

not play 4. KB6? stalemare.

M i t e wins

3 K-U2 132) 4 P-Kt6 ch. f~ ~ t 2 5 K-Kt5 K-Kt I 6 K-Rfi K-R I 7 P,,,-KtY ch. K-Kt1 8 P--KtS.

The decisive tempomove.

3 RING AND TWO PAWNS v. KING

17 United pawns {pawns on adjoin- 2. PR6? KR2, or 2. W6? KB2) 2... ing files) always win. 1 K-Kt2 3. K-B4, ek.

Wbitc wins

In this ~i lx a pawn must be sacridoed to gain the opposition: 1. K-K4 K-R 1 2. K - 4 . 5 K-,-Kt2 3. P--RS:Q ~ h . (3. KQ6 KRI 4. KBY? stalemate) 3... K x Q 4. R-B&-diagonitl oppasi- tion.

United pawns can always defend themxlves: if here 1.. . K x P the other pawn goes on to queen.

18 Diwnnecied pawns one file apart also ddmd themsclvm on what- ever rank fhcy stand; but, like united pawns, their advance cannot be forced without the help of their king.

1 . . . K-R 3 Black may play instcat1 I... K-Kt1

2. K-Kt3 {advancing a pawn loses them both, Black attacking the fowrnost om,

If I . . . W3 2. PR6. 2 P-B6 K-R2

If Black captures the rear pawn the other advances to queen.

3 K,,,,,-Kt3 K,,-R 3 Alter 3.. . KKtl 4. PR6, RIack is in

xumang,* for iT4. .. K R I 5 . PB7, or if 4...KBI 5. fR7. Black can be caught in this fashion only when rhc pawns are on the sixth, for then he Ras no suitabk retreat square.

4 K-B4 K-R2 -- 5 K,,,,-Rs K-R3 6 K-,-Q6.

Avoiding a trap, 6. PB7? KKt2 7. KQ6 RBI, when either 8. PR6 or 8 . KB6 stalemates.

19 Curiousty, pawns two fifm apart annot defend themelvc~ if not beyond the fourth rank. With the move Whitc's king succours his pawns; but Black to play successfully attach them.

1 . . . R-R4 2 P-K5

After 2. RKt2 K x P 3. KB3 KKt4

White plays and wins Black pfays and drnws

* Literally. 'compulsior: to move', the term implies that Black must give way to White becatise he is undcf the necessity of

White wins 1 having to move. 11


I PAWN ENDINGS 5 KING AND TWO PAWNS v. KING AND PAWN

lf I . KB4 KK6 2. PRP PB5; or if I . KKt4 KK6 2. PR4 KB5.

I ..+ K-K4 Not I ... KKS ? 2. PR4 KBS 3. KQ4

RRt5 4. KK3 PI35 ch. 5. XIB2 b i d i n g the BP.

2 P-R4 If2, K-Kt4 P-B5? 3 . K-B3 K-K5

4. K--Q2 K-136 5. P-R4 K-Kt6 (5. . . KKtS 6. KK2) 6. Y-,-KS (6. KK2? KKt'l 7. PRS PB6 ch.) 6... P-36 with a draw.

To 2. K-Kt4 Bkack should answer 2...8--K5 3. K-Kt3 (3. PR4 KB5) 3. .. P-35 4. K-82 K-R6 5. K - 4 1 K-B7 6. P-R4 P--336 7. P-RS K-Kt?. and he q w s with check.

24 Three posi~ions with Black RP or KtP on t h ~ second rank: are drawn b u s e of stalemate t hmts .

2 .-. P-B5 3 PC--BQ

After 3, PR5 fE16 4. PR5 KB3 Black queens his piwn, and stops White's.

3 ... K-KS 4 K-B3

If 4. PR5 PI36 5. PR6 FB7 6. PR7, and BIack quens with check.

4 . . . K-K6 5 P--W p B6 6 P-,-R6 P-37

n - i - ~ i K-BI 4, R-K7 K-KII 5. K.---Q8 K-Ri 6. K-I38 (B7) stalemate.

2 4 ~ (no diagram). The four basic positions whew Black has a BP or Centre P on thesecond rank (the position df diagram 24 moved one, two, three, or four files to the right) are easily won. White may either sacrifice the pawd pawn and sq~zee~e Black out, of outflank on thc other side.

7 P-R7 P-B8 -Q 8P-R#=Q Q--RSch. 25 Only one position with Black's

pawn on the third rank is drawn-when Winning White's queen by a skewer

check, a not uncommon device.

5 . KING A N D TWO PAWNS v. KING AND PAWN

An undemranding of the Inany pssible blocked positions is essential; and a fairly thorough examination of these is rhereforc given.

There are 35 different kinds of mition wl~cre White has a protected @ Dawn. and most of these he can usuaiiy win. I Drawn

14

he has a rook's pawn. 1 . K-*. (After I . PKr7 K x P 2. ICQ5 White wins Btack's RP hut his own is useless.) I ... K-Q3 3. K-K4 K.,,,,-H3 3 . K..,- K5 K-Q2 4. R-Q5 K,,-Qi 3. K-Q6 (5. KRS KBI 5. PKt7 ch. KRtl 7 . RKt6 stalemate) 5. .. K-B1 6. K-B6 K-Kt1 7. P-Kt7 R--R2 8. statemate

26 The other six positions are won for White whose simplest way is to sacrifice ORC pawn in order to outflank

White wins

27 Black Ioscs all seven positions where he has a Dawn on the fourth.

White wins

I ... 2 K Q2 K - 4 3

Taking the distant opposition, 2 ... K-,K 3 3 fi-,,B3

Uutftanking. 3 . . . K-Q4 4 M-43 K,,,,"-X4 5 K,--H4 K-Q3 6 K-04 K-I32

If 6., . KC12 7. RB5 KB2 8. PKt6 c KKt2 9. KKt5 KKtl 10. K XP; this is thc usual winning method.

7 K--.Q5 7. KB5 also wins, but not if White

continues 7... KKt2 8. PKtS? KR3 9. KB6 stalemate.

7 ... K--Kt3 White must not sacrifice his passed pawn as in the pl-~ceding example, but should outffank the enc~ny's position. K-Kt2 white must take more care against a K-Kt 3 RP, M u s e of stalcmatc threats.

9 . . . KKt3 10. KB8 KR2 I f . KB7 1 K-A2 transposes. 9. .. RRI prmits mate in 5. Now Black cannot retain the (distant) K,,-R2 opposition by playing to QB3-in fact

his whole defence is obstructed hecause white's pawn controfs this square; for h, mu 12. KKtS wins, - reason, t)le immediate out+ I but White must avoid the stalemat#

12. RB7? or 12. PKr7 ch.? RKtl ".king aim suffices: 3 . KQ3 KG4 / KKt6: 2- KK3 KK4 3. KB3 KQ4 4. K34

xQ3 S. KK4 RR3 6. KQ4 KQ3 11 . . . K-R1 7. m, gaining thc opposition. 12 K-Kt6.

35

I PAWN ENDMCS

28 When Black's pawn is on the fifth, two new dcfendw ideas are possible: thc defensive- opposition, shown in its most extensive form in Example 7 ; and the counter attack with thc BP now to be illustrated.

With the move Black may choose either dcffnee: 1 . . . KWK2 laki np and When While's king is on YB3, or KJ. holding the opposition as in the Examp{e B!=k must be abte to take the vertical quoted, or 1 . . .K-.K4 2. K,,,-Kt6K-x5 I dmct opposition: he has no other 3. K--Kt5 K-,Q6 4. P-Kt5 K x P defcncc- 5. P-,Kt6 K , - 4 7 6 . P-Kt? K-B6 I 5 K-B2 R--B5 7. P--KI8--Q P-87, when the BP on ) If 5 . , . K ~ 4 ? 6. K1O; J.., K- the seventh draws, Example 305.

White is no betlw off with the 1 (w)? 6. KB3.

opposi tion: I 6 K-K2 K-K5 1 E;,.-Kt6

K.,,-W

when ~ f ~ ~ k , ~ is on the fourth, Not 5 . , . IC85(W? 6. KB2 outflank- fifth, or sixth, i t i s no use White S L I C F ~ ~ ~ C - jng On queen's side. ing the passed pawn, 1. PKt5 KQ3 K-K.3 2. KB6 KIM 3, KKS K x P 4- Kw map play 8. .. RKS 9. KRZ KKt3 5% K XI', for Black takes the , RQ3, but not 3. , .KB3? opposition, 5 . , . KB3. 9. KKZ KQ4 10. KB3, when he annot

take the direct apposition. 9 K--81

I The distant opposition is no use,

7. KK2 KB3 8. KBZ KK3 etc. 9 . . . L;-..44

10 K-Kt2 K-B3 11 K-RZ K.--Kt3 Not I I ... KRt4? 12. KR3, when

White wins. 12 K-R3 K-Kt4. White cannot get through on the

Drawn rquen's side. In all this, the opposition only reatly 1 . .. K-R4 mattered when White's king was on R3 2 K-Kt5 K-KS or RB3. 3 K-Kt4 However, the opposition may also &

me o u ~ a f i k i n g J , g B 6 is answeE* significant when White's king is on K8 by J... KQ6. or Q8. If in the diagram position White's

K.,,-K$ king is at Kg (instcad of KKt7) we get 3 ... the following play: Black to move Loses Albin playing a s i n s t Charoustk, (White having the opposition) 1 .. .

Xlertin, 1897, ,made the mistake of play- K-Q3 2, K.--Q8 (2. RB7? KK4 3. ing3 ... RQ6? 4. PKt5 K x P 5 . PKtb KK7 KKS I . ICQ6 KQ6) 2 . , . K-B3 KQ7 6. PIE17 PB6 7. PKt8 =Q P87, (2, .. KK3 OT K4 3. RB7) 3. d,,-K7 K,,,- when White's king was nMr enou& for Kt4 4. K-Q6 K-K5 5 . K-45 K-,- rt mating attack: 8. Q K t t KQ8 9. KB3 Kt6 6. K-W. Mitt to move draws:

I6

5 KING AND TWO PAWNS v. KfNG AND PAWN

j. K-B8 K,-33 (the defensive anoosi- 1 2 . . . Y-K< -- --- tian; the counter attack 1 .. . ~ ~ k - a l s o

an

29 If 1 , . . RBS White ouiflsnks on rhe queen's side, 2. RB2 RKS 3. KKt2 KQ4 4. KH3 KB3 5. KKt4 KQ4 6. KKtS; whitst if I... KQ4 White out- flaaks an the king's side, 2 KK3 KQJ 3. KK4 KK3 S. PQS ch. KQ3 6. KQ4.

White to play Iosw a move by a trianguiation :

W3itc wins

Ji? When aIf the pawns are on the antre files, White atways wins, except when his king is an the hack rank and h ~ W S not have the opposition, i.e. I . KKt8 RKt3 2. KB8 KB3 3. K48 KQ3--Black mainrains the opposition all the rank without leaving the square of White's pawn.

White PI-dys and draws Black plays and loses

oustornary outffa&i% 3 - KKz / Having the opposition, White wins -5 2. KR2 KKS 3. KKfl? fails rf& I.., K K f l 2. KKt8 KR) 3, KB8 '.-. KQ6 * PQ6 KFFI KQ3 4. KQ8 KK3 5. XK8, ouiRankinp 6. Pa7 7. PQ8-Q f'87~ a n i wllh after I . . . KB3 6. KQ7, or 5.. . KQ3 Bkk's on the *night's hit, the BP 6. ~ ~ 7 . ~ 1 d c k cannot by crplw- on seventh here draws, Example 3M. ing j+$iteWs UP. because a centre P on

Black's trouble is &at he cannot stay On the K-file (White's QP interferes, con. wouing KS), and if 1 . . . -5 2. KB2; w k l ~ t after I . . . KQ6 2. PQS R x P 3- -1 the BP is bXwked.

2 K-m w k n i n g . 3. K-K3.

31 Regardless OF the positions of the kin@, this ending is lost for Btack. The defensive opposition d m mt GdVe him bacause he cannot play Us king to the RR file, for then White anrwcrs P-B5. After 1. KKt8 KKt3 mite wins by

X PAWN ENDINGS S KMG AND TWO PAWNS 9. KING A N D P A W 6 K-B3 7 K-&4 K-Kt3 X K-Q5

Not 9. PKtS? KR4 9. K85 stalornatc. 8 . . , K.-KM 9 K-K5

The same finesse as on the first move, bur this time White gains the horizontal opposition because Bktck's king cannot occupy R4 or R4.

9 . . . K-,B3 I0 'K-K6 K-Kt3

White wins K-Kt4 1 12 K g7 K US playing his king via KR8 to KRJ and - around to URt3. a lenathy but simple i If 12.-. KR3 13. Kg6 KR2 14. K ~ t 5 . - . - . process. 1 13 K.-,,,,.B6 'K-Kt6

32 Finalty, two other c a m with Black pawn on the fifth are alwiys won.

This example compares with no. 27. f K---B1.

The KIP, controlling QB5, prevents Black's maintaining the (distant) oppo- sirion. 'Thc routine outflanking is more long-winded, 1, RQ2 K(i5 2. KK2 RKS 3. KB2 KB5 4. KKtZ KK5 (4 ... KKtS 5. PKtSf 5. K K t l .

I . . . g-Q4 2 K OI K-K4 3 ~ - - % 2 lG-435 4 K-Q2 K--,,,,85 5 K-K3 K-Q4

The counter-attack S... KKtCl fails, as

14 P--K~S K X P 15 P-Kt6 K-R7 I6 P--Kt7 K-R8 17 P,,,-Kt8=Q P-R6. A EIP on the sixth is helpless against a

queen : 18 Q-K5 ch. K-Kt8 19. Q-..- K 4 ch. K-Kt7 (19. .. KRS 20. QB2 PR7 21. QBf mate) 20. +Kt4 ch. K-R7 2 1 . K-.,.Qfi. Alternatively, Whitc's king i s near enough for a mating finish: 18. KB5 PR7 19. KK14 KRt8 20. QQ6 PRB-Q 21. QQI ch. KKt7 22. QQ2 ch. KKt8 23. KKt3.

33 When Black's pawn is on the sixth rank, he draws if he ran capture White's rcar pawn.

Whitc wins I

T h i s i s onc of two basic positions 2. KBI KK6 3. RKt2 KQ7 also Ym cormlate to nos. 7 and 28. To win, 1 draws. m i t e needs to have the opposition with '

king on the s a n d rank, I . .. KQS . " K-,,,"g6 2. m3 K&Q 3. RKJ, etc. 3 K-BI K-QS

m w to pjay only draws: I . R-,,,.B2 KwKt' K,,-R4 K-BS 2+ K-,-Kt2 K-K6 (2.. KKt5 1 K-R2 K--KC5 & draws) 3. P-KM (3. KRt3 KQ7) ) K-R' K-Kt4. 3... K--47 (or J... KQ51. instead White I The only move. If 6 . . . KR6 ( 5 , 4)? may try 1. K-Kf K-K6 2. K-+l 1 7. RKtl KKt5 8. RBI KB4 9. KQt K 4 5 (not 2. ..KB6? 3. gfll KKG KQ5 10. KK2; and i f 6.. . RB4? 7. 4,~KtCtl) 3 . K - 4 1 K-84 4.K-Kt1 KKtIKKt4 8.KB1. K-Kt4 {4. .. KKt5? 5. KRZ) 5. K-RI K-R4 6- K-RZ K-KtS. 3 4 ~ (no diagram). In two positions,

where Black has a blocked CCrHre pawn 34 In thm basic positions (as on the sixth, White wilt be ablc to out-

diagrammod, or the position moved om flank on one wing or the orher, and or two files to the Ieft) White wim nnrrnally wins unless Btik's king can

gets to tfie second rank (one exception: regardfarr of the oppasifion, if his king attack White's fear pawn.

not m a r i l y win). in this position White R at QR2 d m -

There are 28 basic positions where Mite plays 1. x-m (or 1 . KB2) White has a backward pawn,

1.. . K-34 2. K--K3 K-K4 3. P-Q4 ch. IC+ 4. K-,,Q3. 35 Two position7 with Black's pawn

Black to pIay: on the second rank offcr stalemate draws 1 . + , K-BA 1 kCause White has u rook\ pawn.

White plays and %ins I Drawn Black ptays and draws I Here an exchanae leaves White a

this particular position White has "Manking threats on either wing; con- WUently I ... KKfi? loses after 2. KQ1 mg 3. KBI KK6 4. RKtf KQS 5- KR2 KB4 6. KKr3.

2 K-41

usclesv RP. I . ~ z K r 6 K--Krl (I ... PxP'! 2. PR7) 2. P. -Kt7 (2. KKtS P x P) stalemate.

36 In the other casc also Black cannot Ix dug out of the corner. I . K-QS K--.B1 2. K-KG K-Kt1 3. K - 4 7

X PAWN ENDINGS 5 KING AND TWO PAWNS v. KMG A N D PAWN

opposition w k n White's pawns are SO far forward.

2 K--424 K-02 3 K--QS K-B I 4 1( ,,,,,,,. Q6 K 4 I 5 K-K5 K-Bi

If 5 , . . KKI 6. PB6 RQI 9. P x P. 5 K-K7 XC-,,,.Kt l 7 R-07 R.--R1.

White mates in five: 8. PB6 PX P. 9. KB7, etc.

Drawn

K-li l 4. K-KtI (4.. . P x P ? The results of all 21 positions wherc 5. xB7) 5. p-.,R7 ch. K-RI stalemate, Black's pawn is on its third, fourth, or frftlz rank depnd upon who has the

37 The five othcr positions with Black's pawn on the second rank may bc won by White regardless oi whether or not he has the opposition.

Xn this particufar ca* Whik is better off with his pawn at QBS than at QB7.

opposition-assuming the kiqgs to be more or less nomaliy placed.

There arc two main groups, a c c o ~ d i n ~ to the basic pawn-configuration: 12 positions where Whitt: has a backward BP or Centre P; and 9 positions, less favourabls for him, where he has a

1 K-K5 I backward KtP or KP. Not 1. PB6 ch? P x P ch.? 2. KB5

KQ1 3. KQij KBl 4. K x p and Whire 38 p~sitiofi of this diagram, and wins; with (Four) othcr pawn configrira- the same moved one file left, o* one or t i~mq this method is decisive, but here two files to the rihrht, andlor one rank Black should reply I... KBI 2. p337 forwards or backwards comprise the K 0 2 . Examnit 24. White must mt his king 'to Q7 'OF Q8 More be advances the BP.

X . . . K-,,,B3 I... KK2 fails against 2. PB6 KQI

3. PxP. Black canno1 maintain the

White wins

Whire plays and draws BIack plays and loses

White wins if he has the vcrtical direct opposition with his king abreast d his backward pawn bemuse of the double threat : either outflanking, 1 ... K - 4 3

2 K-B4 K-,K3 3. K-K4 K--Q3 5. K-B5 soon winning Black's pawn; or exchanging pawns, I . . . K-B4 2 P-@ f x P ch. 3 , K x P K,,,-K3 4. K-B5 (Examplz 10) 4.., K-,,,,Q2 5. K-Kt6 K,,,,,,,,BI, and taking the opposition, 6.

Without thc opposition White can ody set snares:

I R,,-B2 If I. KU3 KB4 2. KKt3 KK4.

I .,. K,,-H3

P x P ch. 3. K x P, White has a useless R P.

However, the tbrcr: basic positinns wherc Black has a blocked RP on i s third, fourth, or fifth, rank can be won for White if he has the opposition with his king one rank farther Forward, on a level with his blmkcd pawn; and if here I . . . K-Kt3? 2. K-Q4 (2. KB4? KB3 draws) K-B3 3. K-FW a simple outflanking follows, 3... KKt3 4. KQS KKt2 5 . KB5.

Maintaining the vertical opposition i s 1 40 The remaining six positions the simpler way, and with Mocked where White has a backward RP or KtP centre pawns (Example 5) it would be 1 arc comprised in the diagram position, the only way; but here I .,. K-K3 also 1 and the same movcd one file to the left draws, 2. K-KZ (the distant opposition and/or one rank forwards or bacttw&rds. is ineRCEiive because there is not enough I Whik lacks the space for outflanking spam to outflank on the other side of I on the side where the backward pawn is. blocked BW or KtPsf 2. . . K-,,,.B3 Black to play: 3. K-02 (3. KR2 KK1 4 KKtI KK4) 1 I . , . K--M 3. .. K-K3 4. K-332 K-Q3 5. 2 K,,,,,,,,Q3 Kt3 K--83 6. K-R4 K,,,,-Kt3.

Other replies lose the opposition: Xf 2. KEJ KK4 3. KKt4 KQ5. 1...KM?2.KB3:1...KQ5?2.KK2 2 . h - K-K4 KK4 3. KK3; or I . . . KR5? 2. KK2 KKt4 3. KK3.

2 K--K2 K-,,K3. Black can always hoid the opposition.

39 Where there arc blocked RPs tExampfc 38 nrovcd two files to the left) there is no rcal threat of exchanging pawns, for aftcr I ... KQ4 2. PKt4

39

Drawn

4 K,,--B2 K-K3 1 5K-,,,-Kt2 K-02 6 K-,R3 K --B3 1 7K-R4 K ,,,,,,,.

i White to play: ! I K-Q3 K-Q3

I... KB3? permiis White to advancc 1 his Ktl', 2. KB3 KK3 3. PKt4 P x P oh. Drawn 1 4. K X P KQ3 5. KKt5, Example 11.

21

I PAWN ENDINGS


3 K-nl 4 K--Ql

K-c? K-KB(K5)

5 K,,,,,-K2 K--B5

If 5... KKS 5. PB3, Example 38. 6 P--Q4

The double pawn movm makes the diirwnce. 6. PQ3? KK4 draws: whitst the outflanking 6 . KB2 KKS 7. KKt3? fails against 7 . . . PB6.

6 . . . K-KS 7 I!--33.

As Exampie 29. With his pawn on the fifth Black has a

new drawing resource (avaifable for the five pawn corlfigurations related to Examples 33 and 34) as here with the move: 1 ... P-B6 2. P,,,,,,,,Q3 K-Kt4 (2 ... KRS? 3. KKt1; Z... K M ? 3. KKt1 KKt4 or KIS 4. KBI).

44 With BP+RtP v. KtP White's c h a m are not less f a ~ ~ u ~ b l c than in the above examples, but a defensive resource of quite a different kind may sometimes be effective against pawns near the edge of the board.

This i s shown in a study bv Griaoriev.

of moves: 4. K-Kt4 K-B7 {4 ... KQ5? 5. KKt5) 5. K-R4 K-B6 (5 ... KKt7? 6. PKt4; or 5. KQ6? 6. KKt5) 6. K-R3 K - 9 6 (6 ... KB7? 7. PKt4; or 6... KQ57 7. KfCt4) 7. R-R4 K-R6 (7. .. KH1? 8 . PKt4 7.,. KQ5? 8.KKt.5) 8. K -R3 K - 4 6 , ctc. If White tries 9. KKtZ KQS 10. KU2, then lo., . PKt4.

The same idea occurs one rank farther forward after I . P-B4? (1. PB37 KB7 2. KKt4 KQ6 3. PI34 RB7 4. PRS KQ6 5. KKr5 KRSj K 4 7 2. P--B5 K-I36 3. K-R4 K - 4 6 4. K .Kt4 K--05 5. K-Kt5 K-B6 6, P-Kt4 K--Kt6 7. K-R5 K-RS.

With pawns nlorr: mtltrallp placed this attack from the rear would fail, White's king having enough space in which to au tnlaneuvre Bhck.

The key move is now clear: I K-.Kt2 2 P-Kt4

K - 4 7


2. P M ? KQ6 leads to variations already given. A dmw follows 2. PB3? KQ6 3. PKt4 PKt3 4. KKt3 PKt4 5. KKt2 KQ7 6. KKt3 KQ&--an un- usual use of the opposition in a variant of Example 38.

placed. 1 If 2. . . PKt4 3. KRt3 follow& by PXW. After 1. P-B4? K-B7 2. K-Kt4

P,,-Kt3 3. K-R3 K--05 (the same 1 3 HL-F3- P-K t4 position occurs after I. - P R ~ ? KB7 K--KtZ 2. P84 K36 3. KR4 PRt3 4. KR3 KQ6) Not 4 KKt31 KQ5 5 . KKt2 RBS White cannot escape the 'closed circle' 6. PB3, and the tempo-move with the

5 KING AND TWO PAWNS v. KING AND PAWN

~p is prematurely spent. White first White may continue his outkanking wants to get his king into the o m . 3. Kf35 KQ4 4. P34 ch., or take the

4 ..- K,-K5 opposition .,. after 3. KK4 KK3 4. PM, Exampie 4u.

lf 4.- KQ5 5, KKg3 KW Mx I T ~ E iS lmved 6. KB3 KKKS KQ2 KQS 8. c h L ~ backwards or forwards one rank gives Exampie 38. i similar WU~CS.

S,.. KR6 is amweml by 6. PB4, when Example dkrraml--the B1ackts king is outside the square of the position of no- 45 moved UP two mFtk$. ~ t p . mik wim b m he ~p has an This is always won because 1. P-36 ontion of moving either o m or two trans- to Exarn~fe 37, Goves at its first Lap: and it would be m t to infer that this position one 45 Whik's king i s in front of rank farthtr forward would be drawn in his pams (when a win is fairly straight- spite of the tempo-move. forward) ha will in genemi need to

6 K--Q2 K--05 manwvre with SOEM a r e to win this 7 P-33 &.

- ending. We first show tfiat with the move Winning as Example 38. Black cannot save himself:

45 Ofthethreebasicpawncon- figurations related to Exampla 33 and 40, #tP+BP v. BP is the last unfavwur-

I T , - K-35 If 1. .. K-B4 ( I .. . KK4 2. KQ.7 KQ4

transpose$ 2. K-Q3 K--Q11(2.. . PB3 abk for White, who usually wins.

f h e critical position occurs when thc pawns arc about to make contact, lhc result depending on the opposition.

This position moved one file to the right would bc won, Whi& btocking: the pawns to get Example 38; but here 1. P-34 draws, Example 40; and 1. K-33 K g B 4 2. K-Kt3 1~18s ~ O W ~ C R after Z... K-K5 Q...PBS? 3. f xP).

Black to play: after I . . . K-Q4 f l++* KB4 2. XQ3) 2 K-BQ R - 4 3

#'

3. KK4 KBS 4. KK5) 3. P-l34 ch. K-BQ 4. K-B3 P-B3 5. P-Kt3 (5. PKt4 ch.? RQ3 draws) S. . . K-Kt3 ( 5 . . . KQ3 6. RM4) 6. K-Q4 K,-KtZ 7. K-IBS K-,-I52 8. K-Kt2 9. K--Q6 K-Kt3 10. P,,-B5 ch.

If I... P-B4 (I ... PRJ 2. KQ3 P34 3. PB4 ch. tmnsposrs) 2. K,,,,,,,.K3 K-K4 3. K - 4 3 K--Q4 4. P-,--B4 ch. K-K4 (now White wants this position with Black to play, and triangulata to this end) 5. K-B3 K - 4 3 {CIS PKt4) 6. K-B2 K-K4 (6. ..KB3 7. KQ3 KQ3 8. KK4 RK3 9. PKI3--tb decisive tempo; or 6... KK3 7. KKi3 outfanking) 7. K--43 K-Q3 (7. .. KB4 8. K83 KK4 9. PKt4) 8. K-'K4 K-K3 9. P-Kt3, Example 40.

In this fast variation, h e option of moving the cartdidate (KtP) one or two squares at its first mow is decisive.

It is good policy to hold back the

White plays and draws Black plays aod 1-

candidate paw, kausepawnexchanges am thus avoidcd, and because it may provide uxfd tempomoves affm the other pawns are blocked. I n this par- ticuIar ending White wins aniy because his king threatens to o~mate on both

25

X PAWN ENDINGS 5 KXNG AND TWO PAWNS v. KING AND PAWN

sides of the pawns; and he travcls to the queen's side vb QB2-QKt3. If fhe cat~di- lfrtte pawn moves to QKt3, this route is biocked.

2 K - 4 2 K-Kt4 If 2...PB3 a series of triangulations

follows, 3. KQ2 KKtG 4. KRI KBS 5. KR2 P M 6. KQ2 KKt6 7. KBI KR5 8. KB2 PX35 9. KQ2 KKt6 10. K B l KR5 I I . KR2 KKt4 12. KQ2 RB4 13. KK3 KQ4 14. K%.

3 K,,,--Kt3 3, KQ3 KB4 leads nowhere, for if

4. KK4? KB5, and Black's counter- attack is successful when his pawn i s unmoved, because it takes White so long to get at it.

White wins

IPlO.,.KR3 i l RB3KR4 112PKtkh 1 1 K-Q4 K Q2 12 K-K5 K-K2 f 3 P-KL4. The tempo-move gives White the

winning oppo$ition, Example 40. White to play triangulates, getling the

diagram posirion with Black to move. 1 K-Q1

If I . K.43 ( I . KK3 KH5 2. KQZ RQ4) K-B4 2. K-,,f32 (2. KK4? KBS) K-,435 3. K-QL K-Q4 White travels in circles-or more pxocisely in triangles.

After I . K - 4 3 K-,,,,B4 2. F'-Kt31 White's access to the queen's side is barred and he draws, 2... K-Q4 3. K,--K3 K-K4 4.5'-Kt4 (4. P34 PB4) 4... 5. X-03 P-B3 6. P-B4 ch. K,-Q3 7 . K-K4 (7. KQ4 PB4 ch.) 7 . . . K-K3, Example 45. 1. afso Imds to ExarnpIc 45 after: I . . . P-B4 2. K--K3 K-K4 (or 2.. . PB5 3. PKt4, ExampIe 28).

1. KBl? is the w r o ~ g way to tri- angulate, I ... PB4 2. KQ2 PB5 3. KK3 KK4, Example 40.

I ... K--B4 A withdrawal, d . . . KQ3(I33), is

answered by 2. KB2 to which Black cannot answer 2,. . RBS.

If f . . . F-Rcb 2. K-K2 K,,&ICS ( 2 , . . KB5 3. KQ2 KQ4 4. RKJ or 2. .. PB5

White plays and dmws Black phys and loses i

3 ... K,,,,-B4 I 3. KB3) 3. f-Kt3, White has the

after I... kC---B4 (if I . . . RK4 2. KB3 KQ4 3. RKt4 KB3 4. KRS-a turning movemsa around the pawn) 2, K-R4, etc., outflanking. The diagram pasition rnovcd one rarik forwards or backwards gives rhe same results.

I f 3. . . PI34 4 PHch. as hefore. 4 P,--B4 K-,KO

If 4... KQ5 5 . RKt4 PB3 6. PKt3. 5 K-Kt4 P-33 6 P--135 ~ h .

48 In contrast to Example 45A w h m the pawns on the fifth always win, here they only draw because 1. P-Kt6 ch. leads to Example 36.

Naverthless White wins if his king can make a turning movement round Biack's pawn, which mmns getting it to QB7 or QB8 before advancing the UP, or to QKt6. Black to play prevents this 0n3y by I... P--Kt3 ~ h . 2. P x P ch. K-Kt2, ExampIe IS. The following attmatives iose:

I...K-Ktf? 2. K-Kt6 K-Kt 3. K-B7 K-K2 4. P-,,,,.KtS ch. for 4. PR6) 4.. K.,--RI, and White mates in h.

i...K-Bl? 2. K,--Kt6 K-Kt1 3. P-R6 R-Rl, (3 ... P x P 4. K x P , Example 12) 4, P x P ch. (4. K137 ? KR2 5 , P x P stalemate) 4... K--....KII 5. g-R6 K..-BZ 6. K-,-R7.

opposition, 3. .. K-Q4 ( 3 ... PBS 4. P X P ) 4. K--B3 K-K4 5. K-K3, Erample 45.

2 K..,,--B~ K-* 3 K--Q2.

I K--Q5 K-Q2 Eithcr I . . . KBI or j . . . KQ1 also

draws. 2 K-KS K-I32

Apin he may play either t ... KBI or I , . . KQI, but not I . . , KKZ? 2. PR6.

3 K-,,,,K6 K--41 Aftcr 3.. . KR1 4. RQ6 KQI 5. PKt6

Whitc pins the opposition, but nothing a h , Example 36.

4 K--Q6 K-331 5 K,-K7 K-, , , -B~ 6 K--K8 K-B 1

Drawn

6. KB3 also wins; but not 6. pKt3? PM cch., Example 40.

6 ... K-R2 7 R-RS K-Kt2 8 F-Kt3

Forcing Black to the QFZ file, for if now 8. .. KB2 9. KRS.

8 . . . K-R2 9 K-Kt4 K-Kt2

10 K-M K-B2

Black must not be tempted by 6... KQ3? 7. KQ8, nor must he play 6.. . K--Kilo! 7. K - - 4 7 R-R2 8. K-137 (or 8 . K88 KRI 9. Pa6 PKt3 10. PR77) 8... K-RI 9. K-I38 (9. PKt6? or 9. PR6? KR2 10. P X P statemates) U... K-K2 9. &-Kt6 ch. K-R1 30. P-R6, and White mates in two.

7 P-,-Kt6. Drawing a$ Example 36.

47 The ending RP+KtP v. KtPdso corresponds to the comparatively ur,- favourable Extlmpfc 40, but is less favourable for White than the p m d i n g exampIe bemuse his king cannot $0 tflcctively threaten to operate on both sides board,

T h i s position is analagous to Example 45. White draws aRm 1. P-Kt4, Emmpfe 40; or after 1 . K--K3 K---K4 2. K-333 K-.,-QS. Black to play loses

26

5 KING AND TWO PAWNS v. MNG AND PAWN

IF3. PR3 KB5 4. KB2 PKt4 5. PKt3 ch. Ksri 6. KQ3 RQ4, Exampie 47.

3 ... K-W First given by Sa.ccani, 1924. Aftcr

3. . . PKt4'! 4. PR3 KB4 5. RKJ KQ4 6. KQ3 White hrts the winning oplposi- tion, Example 47.

4 'K--B3 If 4. P-RJ K,-Q4 S. K-K3 (5 .

PR4 KB4 6. KB3 PKt3) 5... P-Kt3 6. K--Q3 F...--Kt4, Example 47.

4 ... K-Kt4 5 P-R3

10. K-B3 (out&anlring) 10 ... K 4 4 11. R - 4 3 X-R3 32. K-K4 4 - 4 3 13. K+, Example 47. 9 K - 4 3

White can hold the opposition on thc bishop's e e but cannot exploit it h a u s of the w m o n trap, 9. KB3 KB3 10. -4 PRt4 ch.

9 ... R - 4 2 The only move, taking the distant

opposition. 10 K-K3 K--,K2 f l K-B4 K - - 4 3 Not 11 ... KB3? 12.PR5. 12 K--K3. As Example 47. With the move White gets his king in

f~ont of his pawns, and wins by a ddiW attack upon, and turning-movement around, Black's pawn.

1 K-Kt3 Also 1. KQ3 wins; or 1. KE3 KKt4

2. KQ4 KKtS 3. KQS RKI4 4. KQ6 KKt3 5. KQ7, snon attacking Black's pawn--compare Example 4%.

Whitc plays and wins I ... K-Kt4 Black plays and draws

Not 2. PR3? KR4 3. KB4 KEiS An ingenious draw fo1lows 5. PR4 ch. pxt4 10. ~ ~ 1 2 pKtS.

KR4 6. Kn4 PKt3 7. -3 PKt4. -- - . 5 , . . ti P-RI - - --.

K x P 5 KKU, Example 2 With his tf 6. PKt4 ch. KKt4 7 . KKt3 KB3 king in fr;mt of his pawrms White has 8. Kl34 PKt4 ch. reason to fear a r a m exchanae. because 6 ... P-Kt3 he may subsey;ently take &e. opposi- 7 P-Kt4 ch. K-Bf 1 tion. 8 K ,,,,,,,. 32 If 2... K-I34 3. K-B3 P--Kt3

White takes the distant oppwition. 4, %-Kt3 K--Q4 t4... PKt4 5. PKt4

K--B2 ch. j 5. K-K t4 K-R3 6. K-B4 K-B2 IS . . . (6.. . PRt4 ch. 7 . P x P ch.. Examole 16)

g x P, when Black bas the opposition) 51 Unlike the preceding M, 4.. . K-R3 @. . . PK* I. PKt* ch.1 howcver, l a c k draw if bh pawn k on 3. K-Kt4. 1 thc fifth rank, for after I . . . K-B5

The only move, kmping on the same file. White wins i f he gets the distant oppcsition on the qutcn'~ file or farther east, e,g. #... K,,-,Q3? f8.., KQ4?

5, P-Kt3? seems no less eflectivc but ody draws! 5. . . K-R3 6. K-B4 (6, KB5 KR4 7. KB4 PKt3 8. KB3 pKt4) 6... K-,,,,R4 7. K-,,-.B5 P-Kt4 p. P x mmarkabie stalemate,

5 ... K-R 3 6 K-R4 K-RZ 7 K--Kt5 K,-,-KI 8 K-Kt6 K-Ktt 9 P-Kt4.

7. K-Kt5 (the frontal 8ttacirj 7.,; K-Kt2 8. P-Kt4 K-B2 9. K-R6 -the turning-movement.

Winning as shown in Example 43.

9. KQ3 KB3 10. KK4 or 8... KQ27 3' K-R3 IC--.-R3 9. KQ3) 9. K-Q2 K-K3 (9 ... KR3 Tf 3. .. &,-Kt3 4. P-Kt3 (not 3 10. KK3 wmes to the sama thing) / PKU ch.? nor 3. KKt)? PK14 4. P x.

28

50 KtP+RP v. RP is without question the least favourable pawn formation from White's point of view.

When Black's pawn i s on the third or fourth rank the critical positions corr'espond to Examptea 45 and 47. H a 1. K-K3 KKK4 2. K-33

Drawn

2. K-K3 (2. KBZ KQ5 3. PKt4 B X P e.p.Icomes2 ... P,,,,,,,,R6 3.P-Kt 3 e,p. ch. K-B6, Example .M.

52 A similar position with Black's RP unmoved is &ways drawn Wess White's king can get to R6. After

Drawn

X--QS is pointless; if, instead, White plays 1. KB2, Black answers I ... KR3, hiding the (distant) opposition. Black to phy loses, not having the opposition: ! K-34 2. K-,K4 K-B3 3. K-+4

2. F x P, Example 13; but be may piay now or later 1 ... PR3, Example 25) 2. K-,,,,B6 K-Kt1 3. P-Kt7 (3. KKtS P x PI 3 . . . P,--R3 4. K-Kt6, stalemate.

K + w (3 ... KQ3 4. PR4) 4. K-M 1 K--B3 5. P-M. Examole 39. The 53 I f White's king is on Rd he djagr;im position moved ip one rank. cannot make a turning-movement (as

similar results. 1 against a KIP, rtc.), hut he may win if hs 29

X PAWN ENDINGS 5 KING AND TWO PAWNS v. KING AND PAWN

can c~chmge pawns so as to leave him" self the opposition as Exantpic 13.

white here wins with or wirhout the move kecausc he has the option of playing the KtP one or two squaxm at its h t leap. T h i s prrnirs him to lose a move if nmsary: I . P-Kt4 K-Ktl

White wins

2, P-Kt5 K-RI 3. P-Kt6 PxP 4. P x P K-,,,-Ktl 5. P-Kt7 (the pawn on thc seventh m a r not give check]; or Black to piay, I . . . K-Kt1 2 !?--Kt3 wirh play as before.

White could win just as easily if, instead of rhe KtP, his RP were kin- moved; but if neither pawn has this first move option, then tRe: win depends upon whose move it is, White no longer cunuolling eventu,

54 Tn general, against a Black pawn at R2, Witc cannot win unlas he at Imst has his king on the fourth rank, and one pawn (preferably a e KtPf unmovd.

2. PARS K--,-Kt2 3. K-Kt5 K-E11 (3 ... PK3 ch. 4. KU85 KB2 5. PKt4, Example 39) 4. K--R6, Example 53.

t ... PR4 cb. 2. KIM KB3 3. PKt3, Example 39.

I ... P-R3 2. K-B.1 K-R4 (2 ... KB3 3. PKt4, Examplc 50, or 2. .. PR4 3. KQ5) 3. P-Kt3, Whitc m y move his pawns from the secand rank now that Black has done SO, 3.. . K.--,Kr3 4. K,--,Q5 K-R4 5. K-B6 (5 . KB51 stalemate) S.. . K-Kt5 6. K-Kt6 P-R4 7 . K-RC.

White wins

2 K--R5 K-K t2 If 2... K-B4 3. P--Kt3 (now play-

abfs bemuse Black's king cannot p t back to the corner. 3. KR6? KKtS 4. PRS KR5 5. PKt3 ch. KKtS draws) 3 . . . K,,--Q5 4. K-R6 K-B6 5. KXP.

3 K.,-KtS. Either 3. . . K-R 1 (B2, B1) 4. R-86

K-Kt1 5. P-R5, or 3 , . . K,-,-Kt1 4. K-R5 K-,RI 5. P-RS. I d s to . -

%is tmpo-move gains the opposition, p ~ t 3 mite lost.s first- 3. . . PR3 ~ h . 4. KB5 XI32 move o~tion. Black simdv ~ctmtinn I . . . K K ~ 2. K K ~ S KR1 5. K R ~ KILL< when thc cventual exchange of pawns leaves White without tht: opposition. Black's retreat must be calculated =re- fuliy, for if 2... KKil? 3. KR6 While wins. If 1. KB3, Black draws as shown by

1 ... K-33 4 Rcichhelm, 1873, by 1 ... P-R4 2. The alternatives are: I . . . K-,423 1 K.-Kt3 (2. PR3 PR5, Example 39, or

30

2. PKt3 KKf4 3. PR3 KB4, &ample 6. PR4, or 4... KQ4? 5, PR4 RQ3 50) 2.. . K-Kt4 3. P-,-R4 ch. K-R4 6. KQ4, White has the opposition, 4. K-.R3 K ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ . Q 4 , Example 39. White's Examnb 50: bur Black mav nlav 4... tempo-move with the backward pawn is of no significance.

If 1. KQ3 KQ4. 1 . . . R ,,,,,,,. Kt4 2 P.--R3

If 2. PR4 ch. KIM 3. K33 PR4. 2 . . . P-R 3

As shown by vcln der Lass and Bilguer, 1843, this draws.

Othcr moves lm: 2... KB4? 3. KR4 KB5 4. PKt4 KB6

5 . KKt5 KRt6 6. PR4 KRS 7. PKS KKt6 8. PR6.

2. . . P-,R4? 3. K-82(only chis wins, if 3. KB3? KRS, then 4. KB4 stalemtc, or 4. KQ4 RK16, or 4. KI32 KKt4 5, KQJ KB4 7. KB3 PRS, Example 39) 3. . . K-B3 (3 ... KR5 4. K33 KKt4 5. KQ4 KRS 6. KB5; or 3 . . . KKt3 4, KB3 KB4 5. PKt3, Example 50; or 3 . . . KBS 4. PKt3 ch. KQ5 5 . KQ2 KB4 6. RS3, Example 50) 4. P-Kt3 K-Q3 5 , K-Q2. This is Example 50, in which White wins with, or dram without, the distant opposition, S. . . K ;83 6. K-K3 K.-T34 7. K-K4, etc.

2... K-R4? 3. K-B3 (thconly way) 3. . . K--.Kt4 (3 ... KRS 4. K34) 4. K-Q4 K-R5 5. K-34 (5. KBS? KKt6, or 5. KB3'? PR4) S... K-R4 (5 . . . PRJ 6. KB5) 6. K --B5 K-RS 7. K-86.

To Z... K-R4? White must not answer 3. K-B4? when Black stages an instructive counter-attack: 3... K-R5 4. K--B5 (4. KR3 PK4 as Wore) 4... K--Kt6 5. K-B6 K x P 6. P-R4 K-a6 7. P--R5 K-05 S. K-KO K-B4 9. K X P K-H3 10. K-Kt8 (10. PR6 K32) I0 ... K-Kt4.

KB3 '5. ~ ~ t 3 KKt4 6. P R ~ ch. k ~ t 3 . 5 K-Kt3 K-133

Not S... KKt3? 6 . KR4 KB3 7. PR4; nw 5... PR4? 6. PR4ch. and 7. PKr5, Example 27.

6 p , , , , - ~ 4 K-Kt2

Black may here play 6... KQ3 (Kt3, 4 2 ) 7. KBJ RB2, or 7. KB4 KB3; but loss after 6.. K B Z ? 7. KB3, or 6... K W ? 7. KB3.

Drawn

The only move. Black must hold the (direct or distant) opposition when the k i n e are on the open files, Exampk 50. If now 8. KQ3 KQ2 9. KK3 KK2 lo. KB3 KQ3 (10,. . Kf12? 1 I . PKt5).

Black also draws with t h ~ move: I . . . K-I35

t . . .KKtS 2 . K Q 3 W 3.KK4KBS draws; but not I . . . K45? 2, K-Kt3 K-34 (2.. . KQ6 3. KKt4 KB7 4. PKD) 3. K-R4.

K 4. KQ3 PM 5. Kl33 PRS, Example 4. KB3 PR49 mmple 39, or here S. PKr3 KQ4, Example SO. If 2. P-Kt3 ch. K-Kt5 3. K-Kt2

F,,,-R4 4, P-R4 (4. FR3 ch. SXt4 4 . . . K,,-..Kt4 5 . KR3 KB4. Exam~fe MI 4... K--&$

After 4.. . KKt3(Q3)'! 5 . ECB4 -3 ( 5. k-~3 K*, &ampie 39.

X PAWN ENDINGS 5 KING AND TWO PAWNS v. KING AND PAWN 2 . . . f-R4

2.. KQ5 also draws. 3 K,-32

Advancing the candidate 3. PKt3 ch. K-W KKtS leads to an tnxchaage after 4. KB2 PR5. Having the opposition on the queen's

If 3. PR3 KRt6 4. KDI PRS. file does not save Mack: I . . . K--Q4 2. F-Kt4 (2. KB3? KGki d r ~ s ) 2...

3 ... P-RS. P-R3 3. K-B3 K-K4 (3 ... PB4 As Example 5 1.

56 With unpasscd disconnected pawns White's chances are lrrs promis- ing. He cannot in general win unless his king is in front of his pawns, and he must also haw some spare tempo-moves.

White may win by a pawnexchange leaving him the opposition, or by a tum- ing movement of his king around Black's 1 s t pawn, in which thc wgpositian is also important. A third winning idea, which s u m d s only against an unrnovcd BP or Centre P, is the sacriPxce of one TAWn su as to yumn the other.

i K--423 A h 1. K-,,-,B3 ? R-434 Black having

the opposition draws. 2. &-Kt4 ch. (2, KQ3 KKt5 or 2. KKt3 KQS) 2. . .

3. K-Kt3 B-I33 4. K-R3 (PQ3) P-M, and White has nut the opposition. If 1. KKt3? KQ4 2. Kg14 KQ5

3. KKt5 KQ6 4. H(B6 K x P 5 . K x P KQ6, and thc Past pawn faus.

7. P-Gs' P x P 8. K x P ~ 4 3 ' 9: K-B4 K-33 10. P-Q3, mitt has the opposition.

I. . . W3 2. KW PB4 3. PKt3 TCB3 4. PQ3 brings about a standard type of position in which White wins with, but draws without, the opposition. If now 4.. . RQ3 5. PQ4, or if 4... KKx3 5. PKt4; but with the move White wuld not force a f;t~,ourabfe exchaage.

2 K-B3 Hcre, too, While wins with, but draws

without, thc opposition. 2 , a . P-B3

Black m a y leave thjs pawn unmoved, 2... K - w 3. B-Kt4 R - 4 3 4. K-B4 K*K---B3 5. P-Kt5 ch. K,-Kt3 6. K- Kt4 R---,R2 7. K-BS K-Kt2; w h White wins either by a pawn-exchngu 8. PQ3 RBI 4. PKt6, or by a pawn sacrifie 8. PQ4 KKtf 9. K M KBI l O . P Q 5 KQl 11. KKt7KQ2 12.KKt8 KQI 13. PQ6 P x P 14. KR7.

3 P-Kt4 ~ h . K-Kt4 4 #-Kt3 K-R3 5 K-I34 K-Kt3 6 P-43

A tempc-move; 6. PQ4? KKtZ 7. KB5 KB2 draws, Btack having the opposition.

6 ... K-B2 White wins after 6 . . . K-Kt2 7.

K-B5 (7. PKt5? KKt3) 7... K-BZ 8, P-Q4 K - 4 2 (8 ... %Kt2 9. PMS) 9. P--05 exchantxinu oawns: but )re

I - - -

White plays and wins must not attempt a turning-moment, l3Jack plays and draws 9. KKt6? KQ3, for Black can maintain

the horizontal opposition, $0 KECt7 KQZ 1 1. KR7 KK2 (distant opposition) I 2. KR8 KK1, etc.

7 K-B5 K - 4 2 8 x-Kt6 K - 4 3 9 P-44

This tempo-move gains the (hori- mtal) opposition, so tkat the turning- movement may be completed.

9 ... K - 4 2 10 K-Kt? R - 4 3 11 K-38 K--K3 12 K-B7 K--44 13 K-47. With the move Black draws by (and

only by) taking the distlini opposition, I... ES-BJ (1 ... KQ4? 2. KQ3 or I . . . -2 2. KB3) 2. K-I33 (2, KQJ KKt4 or Z KKtJ KQ4) 2... K-34 (Blstck talc= the direct apposiiion on the bkhop1a file) 3. P--Kt4 ch. (3. PKt3 KKM, or 3. PQ3 KQ4) 3.,. K-Kt4 4. K-Kt3 P-B3 5. &-I33 (5. PQ3 PB4) S... P--34 6. PxP K x P , Bkack h a the opposition.

57 Black dots httcr with a knight's pawn. He induces White to advailce his BP, so that ir will most iikeIy be cx- changed, a males RP mmailring.

I K--B3 K--Kt4 I... K-B4? permits White to ex-

change his RP after 2. P-R4 PKt3 3. KKt3 KQ4 4. KKta KB3 5. KB4 KKt2 6. WCtS KB2 7. PR5, or 2.. . U t 3 3. KK14 K33 4. PR5 KQ3 5. KKtS KB2 5. KBS KQ2 7. KKt6 K B I 8. PR6.

2 K-Kt3 The opposition is here of nu account:

to have winning chanm White- must fiave hip, king m fhe fourth rank.

2 + a . K-R4 Alsohereif2 ... K M ? 3.PR4. 3 P-EM

Aher either 3. PR3 KKt4 4. PR4 ch. m4 5. KR3 PKtJ 6. KKt3 PKt4, or

Drawn

3. PR3 PKt4 4. PR3 KR3 5. KKt4 KKt3, Black takes the opposition.

3 ... K-Kt3 J... P-Kt3 also draws, 4. P-R3

I PAWN ENDINGS 5 KXNG AND TWO PAWNS v. KING AND PAWN

58 When White has doubled pawns on the same fife as Black's pawn, he usually wim if they arc cent= pawns, for he may nutflank on either side.

If 2. .. P.,-Q3 (2. . . KB5 3. KK4 PQ3 4. PQ3 ~ h . KHh 5. PQ5) 3. R - 4 3 K-R3 4. K B4 K ,,,,,,,. K2 5. K ,,,,,,,. Q5 K-Q2 6. I'-,43 K.---K2 7. K-B6 K,,,,,,,,K3 8 . P-5 ch, K-K4 9. P-Q4 ch.

3 K-K4 p.,,,,Q3

l'hc tempo-moves of the rear pawn must not be wasted, and here the complete block after 4. M)3? PQ4 ch. draws.

4 . . . K-I33

--m---apa a El I I mwa M m i I m m m m a 2 m I I m a B a , 'i

Whire gets through on the king's side after 4 . . . KK2 5. KB5 KB2 6. PQ3 (04); but after the text move he g m to the qumn's sidc.

'8

K--Q.a K ,,,,,,,. Bt$ 6 P ,,,,,,,. Q3 K-3 3 7 K-R3 So as to answer V. . . KK4 by 8. KB4

7 KIM? KK4 (8. PC$ cb. KKS) draws at one, and is the standard form of counter-a ttack,

White wjns

59 11. is less easy to outflank oil thc shorl sidc of bishops' pawns which are therefore less favourable to White. In this position dtcr Grigoriev, 1436, White wins onfy if he gets his king in front of his pawns-which BIack with the rnove prevents:

Instcad White may try 4. K-K4 K--.K3 (no1 4... KD4? 5 . KQ3 KQ3 6. KQ4, when White has the opposition) 5. K-03 K,,,-K4 6. XC,.,-U.! for 6. KKJ PIM 7, PB3 K W 8. RB3 KK4) 6. . . P,.,,-,,M 7. K-Kt2 (7. KQ3 KB5, or 7. KKt3 KQS-the standard draw) 7.. , K ,,,,,,,. Q 3 8, K-K3 1( ,,,,,,,. 8 3 9. K Kt3 K--182 (Black must stay on the bishop's file for if 9... KQ3'! 10. KR4, or if 9 . . . KKt3? 10. KI33KB3 JI. KQ3 KQ3 12. KK4 KK3 13. PB3) 10. K-,,,,,,R4 K---Kt3.

4 . . . K-K3 5 K-K4 K-B3 6 K--QJ K-KJ

6.. . Kt34 7. KQ4 KK3 also draws. 7 K--Q4

Black's counter-attack depends on answering White's K,---QRt4 by .. . K-Q5; and to ensure this be must also be able to answer White's K-QB4 by K-K4, e-g. 7. KB3 KQ4 8. KKt4 KQ5 9. PB3 ch. KQ4, or 7 . KW KK4 8. KKt3 KQ4 9. KKt4, etc., the standard draw.

By meails of the text-move White tries to outrnanauvre Black.

7 . . . K-B4 Not 7... K-B3? 8. K-B3 K-K4

(S.j.KK3 9. KRt4 KQ4 10. P33)

9. K-334 R-K5 (now Black cannot get back, in rime to prevent a qumn's side ou@anking, brit if 9.. . KK3 10. KKt4 KQ4 1 I . PB3) 10. P-B3 K ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ K 4 11. K--Kt3 K--K3 ( I I ... KQ4 12. gKt4) 12. K-K4 K-Q2 13. K,,,,,,,,R5 KKB2 14. K-R6, a variation which W l d be compared to the text play.

8 K-83 K-K5 9 K-,,,-M K-K4

10 P,,,,-BJ TRc best chance, for either 10. K-Kt4

K . - 4 5 (I0 ... KQ4? X I . PB3), or 10. K--Kt3 K--Q4 (10 ... RQS? I I . $ 3 3 4 KQ4 12. P133) draws at once.

10 . . . K-K3

Whire plays and wins I Black plays and dram

therc is insufficient space for Black's wide-swept counter manmuvres.

1 K-R4 K-,-B3 2 K-,,,Kt4 K-Kt3 3 P-B4 p ,,,,,,,,, ~3

Xf 3. . . P-B4 ch, 4. KWH3 K-R4 (4. KR3 5. KQ3 KQ3 6. KK4 KK3 7. PI33 KQ3 8. KBS) 5. K . 4 2 (5. KQ3? KKt5) 5. . . K-RS 6. K-R3 K-Kt5 7. K.--03 K-RS 8. K-R4.

4. 5-B5 ch. K-62 I f J... KR3 4. PR3 KKt2 5. KB4 as

in the text play. 5 K-RS K ,,,,,,,. 6 P-BJ K-R2 7 K--Kt4 &-Kt2

If 7... KR3 8. KR4 KR4 9. KQ3 but not 9. KQ4? KKt4.

8 K--B4 K ,,,,,,,. B2 9 K - 4 4 K - 4 2

10 K-KS K-KZ 11 P-34 K - 4 2 12 K-36. l'he tempo-moves are prettily us&.

60 Efforts to outRank are uxless against an unmovcd KP, arid Black may simply stay in the comer (QRI, QRZ, QKtl) until White staiemates him fPKt6, KB7).

Even so, there are many drawing positions with the KtP on other ranks,

forced expend a beciause White's attempts to outflank are ~ I u n b f e tmw (10. PB3) B k k hastens limited one side of the pawns, e+g, to prevent Whitds cnfry on Ihc queen's

11 K-Kt3 If 11. KKt4 KQ4. 11 ... K 4 2 12 K-R4 K-B2 13 K-Kt4 K-,,Hl The only move, wakhing both flanks. 14 K-,,,,R5 R,--Kt2 I5 P--B4 K-R2. A dificult draw, Black's counter-

art-, which reached orit to the KB file, deprived White of his tempo-rnovcs.

With the move White at first operates on the short side of the pawns, where I Drawn

X PAWN ENDMGS 5 WNG AND TWO PAWNS v. KING AND P A W

f . K,,,-Kt4 K-Kt3 2 K-W K-B3 3. P-Kt4 P-Kt3 4. K--Q4 K--33 (not 4... KKt4? 5. KR3 KB3 6. K84 PKt4 ch. 7. K W KQ3 8. PKt3) 5. K - 4 3 K--Q4 6. K-B3 P-Kt4, drawn.

Doubled R R arc not usually more significant than single ones.

61 When the doubld pawns are on an adjoining SIC, the essence of Black's play is counter-atlack (except against doubled RPs).

White to play pins Black to the defence, and soon forces a favourable pawn cxcxchange: I . KQ6 KBI 2. PI34 KQ1 3. PB5 KB1 4. PB6.

Against doubted BP5 or Centre Ps, Black usually has enough space for counter-attack, as here with thc move:

I ... K-HZ 2 K-RS

White piays and wins Black plays and draws

Xf 2. P-I34 K-...Kt3 (if 2... KK12? 3. KQ6 KKt3 4. PB3 BIack is in mgzwng) 3. K--Q6 (3. WS ch. KKt4) 3. . . K-R4 4. P-B3 (4. KB5 KRS) 4... K-Kt3 (4 ... KE5? 5 . KXP) 5. PUB5 ~ h . K-Kt4 6. K-Q5 K-R5 {6 ... KR4? 7. PB6) 7. PR6 (7. KQ4 KKt6) 7... P x P ch. 8. K x P K-Kt6.

2 ... K-Kt2 3 P-B4

If 3. KQ6 KKt3 4. P W KR4 as before. 3. K,,-,,-Kt5 K-82 ( ~ t 3. . .

KR2? 4. PB4 KKt2 5. PBS) 4. P-34 transposes to the text play.

3 ... K-B2 Not 3... R-R3? 4. K--Kt4 K-Kt3

5. P-I35 ch. K--R3 (5. .. KB3 6. KB4) 6. G - M K-R2 7. K-I35 K,-,,,Kt2 8. K-Kt5 K-R2 (8 ... KR2 9. PE6) 9. K-B4 K-I33 10. P-B3 K-Kt2 I I. K-c;---Q~ IS-I32 12. P-I34 K--Kt2 f 3. K--Q5 K-BI 14. P-.M 36-QI 15. P-BS.

4 K-Kt5 If 4. RQS KKt3, or if 4. PB3 KKtk

5. KQ6 KKtL 4 ... r;c-c)n 5 K-Kt6

If 5 . PI35 ch. RQ4 6. PB3 RK5 7. KB4 KK6 8. KQS KQ6 9. PB4 KB6.

5 . . . K-K4 6 K-135 IS-K5 7 K-Q6 8 P-B5

K-45 K-BS

9 P-33 L-Kt4. The play is not subtle. Hack strives at

aii times to counter-attack White's pawns.

62 In the prweding cxample, the defending king ranged from the QR to the K files. With KtPs White's cc'nmnm arc somewhat betier bemuse Black m a y bc restricted on one side of the pawns.

If Black's king were a l w d y aggres- sively placd {say at Q6) he would draw

White wins

w i l y enough, krt as things are he hasn't a chance: I... K-Kt2 ( I . , . KQZ 2. pKt4 and 3. KB6) 2. P,-,-Kt4 K-Kt1 (2..* KR2 3. K136 KR3 4. PKtJ) 3. K-B6 K-BI 4. P-Kt5 K-Kt1 5. P-Kt6 8-RI 6. P-.Kt4.

This position moved five files to the a t (KKtPs v. KRP) is atso won for White,

53 Black simply stays in thc corner. this c & , only he plays defensively, fo*

Drawn

an cxchanp of pawns cannot help White.

64 White's chances are always wry goad if he has a passed pawn-a stand- ing threat which hinders the Black king's movements.

Here l a c k threalers to break up the pawns, and indmd draws after 1. KBZ?

White wim

PQ4, for if 2. KKt2 PQS 3. PxP X( x KtP, or if 2. KQ2 PQ5 3. P x P K x QP.

White triangubtcs to lose a move: 1 K - 4 1

Not I. KK2? PQ4 3. KK3 K x P 4. PKt5 PQ5 ch.

I. +.. K-,-Kt4 White answers I... PQ4 by 2. KB2

PQ5 3. PxP, so that if 3 . . . KxQP 4. KKt3, or 3. . . K x K t P 4. KQ3, Example l 1.

2 K--312 K-R 5 3 K - - 4 2 p e 4 K-,-I32 K-Kt4 5 K-Q3

The blockade is retievtd, and a win soon Wlows 5.. . KB3 6. KQ4 KQ3 7. PKtS.

White is fortunate in havine thc right kind of pawns. If this poszion were moved one fiIe to h e left or four files to the right the break-up would lave a RP; an the other hand if the position were nearer White's side of the board a triangulation is not feasible, the rauft then depending on the move.

65 A passed pdwn usually deflects or decoys the enemy king, and if it i s only one file away it is not very ~Rective for this purpose.

When Black hiis a RBP or Centre P on i ts home square, staIemate threats will hamper White. Xn t h ~ s position, and tho same moved one or two film to tke right, White wins only h a u s e his passed pawn i s uamoved.

1 K - - 4 5 White depends on the option of

moving his KP one or two squams at its first Itap, and failing this he draws, 1. P-K3? K--B2 2. K-35 (2. KQS KB3 3. KB5 KK4 4. KKt4 RQJ 5. KKtS KQ4 6. PIC4 ch, K x P) I. . . K-K2 3. K Kt6 K - 4 3 (3. .. KK3? 4. PK4 KQ3 5 . RR7) 4. P K4 K-R3, Black takes the horizonla1 opposition, and 5. K-Kt7 K-82 6. P-KS K-KI

t PAWN ENDINGS S KING AND TWO PAWNS v. KING AND PAWN

White wins

7. K-B6 K-BI 8. P-K6 K-KI 9. F-,-K7 is stalemate.

I ... K-I33 2 K-,, , , ,B~ K-K3(K4) 3 K-Kt5 K-0.4 . -

If 3... KQ3 4. PK4, 4 P-K3 K-Q3 5 P-K4 K.,,-R4 6 K--R6.

White could not outflank in this way if the positioa of this example were moved onc or two f iks to the Icfi, when Black would have a blocked KtP kr RP. A draw would thcn be normal, although a win is sometimes possihlc, as in Example 69.

55 With blocked BFs and passed RP Black has less space for counterplay, and White wins nrovidina his RP is not keyond the fourih rank. "

I K-R5 The immediate outRankitlg fails,

1. K-BS? K--R3 2. K-K4 (2. KK5 RKt3f Z... K-R4, and Black has time to capture the RP. Therefore White first triangulates, forcing Black to retreat.

White wins

KKt3 by RRS-in fact 5. KKS? KKt3 draws.

5 . . . K-R 3 6 K--Q5 #--Kt3 7 K-K5 K-R3

With ;BP,,f-RP v. RP Whitc can win only by outflanking, both here, and in the position of this example moved down thc board one or two ranks.

67 In other cases where Black's pawn i s on the third or fourti1 rarik White wins in a different way: the king and passed pawn advance torether, - . White finishink as in Example 8.

Therc is one exception, here shown. BIack may sometimes capture White's

Wite pfays and draws M i t e wants ro answer Black's ... Black plays and loses

38

gp, and draw by getting his own BP to t~ seventh rank :

I R-43 K-B4 j... K-I35 2. P--K3 ~ h . (2, PK4

-4 3. KK3 KKt5) 2... K-B6 3. K--Q2 K-K5 transpow.

2 P-K3 ff 2. K-B3 K-,,KS 3. K-Kt2

(3. RKt3 KQS) 3. . . K-K6. 2 . . . K-K4 3 K--Q2 K-K5 4 K--K2 K-R4

Not4 ... KK4? 5. KB3 KW 6. PK4 ch. KK4 7. KK3, and White wins.

5 K-I33 K-K4 6 P-K4 K - - a 7 K-I34 K x P 8 P-KS K-Kt6 9 P-K6 P-35

10 P--K7 P-Rb 11 P,-KS:Q P,,,-B7. The queen cannot win. Exampk 304. Having the apposition White wins by

1 ... K M 2. KB3 KK4 3. PK3 KIM 4, PK4 ch. KK4 5 . KK3 KBJ 6. K34 KK3 6. PK5, ctc.-Black is given no chance to counter-attack.

68 When Black's pawn Is on thc fifth or sixth rank he will at least draw, and sometimes win, if he is prrnitted to capture White's blocked pawn, his o w pawn then bacoming dangerous.

Having the opposition White wins as before, I. . . KQ4 2. KQ3 KB4 3. PB4 nmn picking up Black's RP.

Without the opposition White must 10.~43 a pawn:

1 K-,Q2 K-Kt6 2 K A 7 K x P 3 K-62

After 3. PB4 KKt6 4. fB5 Black Queens first. Aftcr the tat-move he hi a ~tFd~1~3ate &fence.

3 ... K-R7 4 P-I34 P-R6 5 P - 4 5 K-R8 6 P-36 P-R7.

White plays and draws Black plays and loss

The pusition of this example moved 1,2,J, or 4, files tto the right, andlor one rank ncarcr to White's side of the Ward gives the SRW results, although the play varies sIightly.

59 When the pawns are not yet btwked White wins unless his king is very backward, as happens hem with Black to play:

J . . . K-B6 2 K--QI P-R3

Btack blocks the pawns, to suit himself. He may instead play 2... P-R4 3. K-B1. PARS 4. K-Ktf (4. PR3 RQS 5. KQ2 KBS) 4... K-Kt5 5. K-,Kt2 P,,-,,R6 ~ h , 6. K,--Ktl K-BS 7. K-Bl K-B6, Example 68.

3 K-31 P-R4 4 K--QI P-R5 S K-Bl

If 5. P--R3 K-Kt7. 5 ... P--,R6 6 K-Kt1 K-B5

Not 6.., KQ7? 7. P34. 7 K-BI K-36.

As Example 68, where. Raving the move, White draws. The win rcquir~ care because i t is

d i h l t for White to get at Black's rook's pawn if he leaves it where it is. n i s ending is not uncommon, SW. Examples 86 and 286.

I PAWN ENDINGS 6 MORE PAWNS: M A m A L ADVANTAGE

In this study of hasic pawn endings we see that the most important principle is that of getting the king into play, as far forward as possible, and in fact this is nwty always the first thing to be done.

6. MORE PAWNS: MATERIAL ADVANTAGE

A pawn up nearly always wins unless onc has a serious positional weakness.

White now wins only becaux he has the option of moving his RP one or two sqcarts at iis first Ieap, and if this is wasted a dead draw resirfts, 8. PR4? KB2 9. PTiS KKZ 10. P x P (10. PR6

71 Najdod v. KO~OV. Saltsjobaden, I KB2-Ktl-RI) 10 ... Fx P, Example 38. 1948. As there arc RPs, White s11ould 8 . . + K,--K2 tab are to avoid the drawn endings of i 9 K-,K3 K-4.2 2 pawns v. 1 pawn, which Grandmaster 1 10 K,-K4 K-Q3 ~ g j d o r i failed to do! 1 Tf instead 10 ... KK3 11. PR3 KQJ

I P-Kt4 K-132 I X2. PR4, as in thc ncxt note. 2 P-Kt5 1 1 P--R3?

Advancing tho candid2 te 2. PR4 KKZ I He should play I I . P - -R~ K-K3 3, PBs isbeat, u m i n g a passed pllwn i 12. I\--RI P x P (12 ... KQ3 1 3 PXP after 3. . . P x P 4. P x P, Exitn~pfe 69, or ( P x P, Exam&' 38) 13- P--,.B5 ch. 3... KB2 4. PB6. decisive gain of a tempo) 1 3 . .. K--03

14. P,,,,-R5 (1 4.. . KQ4 1 5. PK tG 2 . . . K-K2 P x P 36. P x P K K 3 17. KKXS PKS 3 K-45 1 18. KR6) 15. K...-Kt4 K-'ti4 16. P.--I36

Ihis and the following few rnov~r are K,,,-K 3 17. K 'x P 11'--It3 I 8. K-R5 aimkss. 3. PX34 RB2 4. PDS? now draws J'x P 19. K- -Kt& after 4... P X P; hut White wins sirnply 3 1 . . . K-K3 by 3. PI34 KBZ 4. HQB KBI 5. RK6 1 12 p 8 4 K--a3 KKI 6 .KB6K81 1 . P K 3 K K t l 8. i I J ~ . BJ

13 ... PxPch. I There followed 14. K n P KK2 IS. I KKI K82 1 6 PRS when Kotov settled

I K-K1 White wins Nor 1. KQI(QZ)? F Q S 2. P x P

42

White wins

K x QF 3. KB2 KKS 4, KT33 K x P 5. K34 KK4 ant1 Black's king returns in time. Also I. KBl(BZ)? fails after 1...PQ5 2. P x P KxBP.

1 ... P-QS After1 ... KB4 2. RQ2KK5 3 .KK2

Biack. must relieve the blockade, or play P-45 as in the text.

action, and with the text-move (1. PB3) M i r e plans to get a pawxi pawn on the RKt or KK files, sacrificing to that end if neoewry.

1 ... K,- Q4 I f I . .. KQS 2. KR2 PR5 3. PK3 ch.

P xP ch. 4. KR2 KB5 5 . K x P KKt6 6. PB4 P x P cfi. 7. KB3 K Y P 8. PKt5 PR6 9. PxP.

2 K--B2 Bringing the king into the gam. 2 . . . K--QS

3. K-KI K-B5 After 3. . . KKG Whitc gains the oppo-

sition with the tempomove 4. f Kt3, and i f 4 ... KQ5 5. KQ2.

4 K - - 4 2 The gdme continued 4. P-K3? Px P

5. K-K2 K - - 4 5 6. P-Kt3 (although here nmsary, it Is gmmally inadvisable to move the pawns on h a t side of the

2 PxP KxBP h r d which ;s k i n g defended. Ideally White should fiere manauvre ody with

If instead 2. a. K x QP 3. Kfi2 RK5 his king7$ side pawns, and ~ i a ~ k hjs 4. KfCt3 KX14 5. KB3 KB3 6. KK4 side pawns) 5... K , - B ~ 7. KKJ 7. KQ$. P,.,--I34 P x P 8. P-Kt5 K-05 {White

3 K--.Q2 K ,K5 bad overlooked this) 9. P xP 6-h6 ch. 4 K-B3 K- Q4. 10. K X P K--Q6 11. P-R7 P-K7

And White won after 5. KQJ KQ3 6. KIM KR1 7. PQ5 ch. KO3 8. KQ4 KQ2 9. KB5 KB2 10. KKi5.

73 Szaba v. Pirc, Nastings, 1938-9. White's king i s backward, his qumn's side prawns weak; but he wins, not least h u s c Black's blocked king side pawns arc a silting iarget.

I P-.B3 The rlsi~al winning idea is to create a

p t ~ c d pawn which dccoys the enemy forces. Having a wing majority (4 pawns v- 31 on the king's side, Whire will them make his passed pawn; but if I . PK3? P x P 2.PxPPR5 3.RBBKQ4 4 .KK2 fEB5 5 . RQ2 KxP, the RP i s not distant enough to be menacing.

A passed pawn is eEcciivc in propor- tion to its distance from the scene of

12. I?--R8=Q P--K8=Q 13. -8 ~ h . K-B6 14. QxP ch. K x P 15. P,-Kt6 Q-.,,,,Q8 ~ h . IS. K-Kt3. NOW Black carelessly played 16.. . Q x P'! (16. .. QK8 ch. is correct) resigning aftor 17. PIS17 QKt4 ch. 18. K33 Q&Qch.


X PAWN ENDINGS 6 MORE PAWNS: MATERIAL ADVANTAGE

19. KK3 QKt4 ch. 20. KQ4, because st back to stop the Whitc 's king finds a haven at QR7. newlymated passed pawn :

4 ... P-,,,R5 K-,.T14 4.. K p 5 . p ~ 3 trlfnsp-; and if If 1.- . K-BS 2- K-Kt2 canriot

4.. KQ5 5. PKt3 (again this tempo- the bzo@kade* and the move is nmary) 5., , KQ4 fie pK3. opposition, after 2.. KKt4 3. KKt3 or Z... KQ6 3. KKtJ (3 ... KK6 4. KB2

5 P-K3 P X P ch. KR7 5. PM).

I f6 ... KKt6 I.P'B4PxPch. 8.KB3, xB3 4- KR6 KB2 5- KR7 KB3 6, sami*im pawns to mvc time, 8.. . K x P I RR'8 KRt4 7. Km K35 8. RQ6, etch 9. PKt5 Pi6 (now 9... P x P d m not 2 F-134 P x P give chwk) 10. P x P PR7 11. PR7 3 P-QS PxP quwniog with check. 4 P-...K6

7 P--R$ P x P c f i . 8 K x P P-B4 9 P-Kt5 PxPch.

10. K--KJ Not 10. K x P ? P-RS 11. P-RB

(11. KB4 PB6 12. P x P PR6) $1 ... P-,,R6 (I1 ... PBS? 12. PXP PR6 13. PR7 PR7 14. PB4 ch.) 12. P X P P-BB.

10 ... P-85 11 P-R6. White, who after 91 obtained ;a passed

pawn on the KR file, gums first.

74 In king and pawn mdings a backward pawn is in pnerA less of a handicap than in other kinds of cnding. This is hcause ihe enemy king wmot usuaily ho!d a blockade indefinitely, and bsxusc of the. possibility of sacrif~ing the backward pawn.

If White has the opposition he wins easily after 1 . .. K-Kt3 (I . . , KR4 2. PI541 2. R-Kt4 K-I33 (ohwise Whita outflanks, 2.. . KB2 3. RB5, or Z.,, KKt2 3. KRt5f 3 . P-B4 (after 3. K --R5? K-R2 4. KfcKi4 K-Kt3 5. K-Kt3, BIZ& rakes the distant opposition and dmws, by S... K--Kt2, a n d i f 6 . K R 3 K 9 4 3 . . . P r P 4 . K x P . Example 5. White offers the pawn exchange when BIack retrcats lo QB3.

Wtthoui the opposition, White has a

I Nirnzuwi&cfi wits that backward pawns have a natural lust to expand, and ' indeed break through sacrifices of this kind arc by no means uncommon.

White wins

Xf White plays 1. PB4 A. PxP ch. 2. KB3 he regains his pawn Z... KKt3 3. KxP, but loses ih opposition 3... K33, Example 5. Th is idca wins, however, if the diagram position is moved up one rank. whcn exchanges lead to Example 37.

Simiiar positions with RPs are aften drawn, exchanges transposing to Ex- amples 35,36, or 39; whilst if the pawns are nearer White's side of thc board a sacrifice is not feasible, so that White wins only with the direct opposition.

combination. Sacrif~es of backward pawns arc common in pawn endings 79 Persitz v. Paffley, Southend, I hcausc the king is a stow-moving piece, 1955. Ifere White's backward pawn

44

&es no part in the proceedings, its mere -G(: ultimately ensuring victory.

1 . .+ K - 4 2 There is lo be a struggle for the

horizontal opposition, and the alterna- tive is I . . . P-R4 2. K-Kt3 K-QZ (2.., PQS 3. I334 KK4 4. KKtS KQ4 5. PBB) 3. K-,-R4 K-B3 4. K X P g x P 5. (not 5 . PB3? RBS and Black wins) 5. .. 1'-,-Q5 (or 5 . .. RB3 6. PB3) 6. R,-Kt7 R-03 7. K-,,Kt6 (not 7. KB8? KR3, Black holding the

opposition).

2 K-Kt4 K-33 3 K.-.R5 K x P

If3... K-Kt2 4. P-B3 (not 4. PI36 ch. ? K x P 5. R x P PQ5 for Black has the opposition) 4. K-B2 5 , K x P K-B3 6. K,--R7 K-R2 7. PUB6 KxP 8. K-R6 (not 8... K-,W&? 9- K-Kt3) 8... K-ECa 9. K-Kt7.

4 K x P K-B3 If 4... PQ5 5. KKt7, or if 4... KBS

5. WCt6 KB6 6. KBS.

9 K-47 K-83 It) K - 4 6 , Finally not 10. KKS? KK3. After the

text-move WRik wins theKtP, 10 ... K82 I I . KKS KKt3 12. KK6 KKt2 13. ICE15KR3 14, hCB6KR2 IS. KxP,and the two pawm wia.

76 G. A. Ilhomas commenting on rt game in the Boys' Championship at Hastinp, 1949, shows that Black wins in spite of having doubled pawns.

I ... P-K5 ch. 2 P x P c ~ . K-B4

Not 2... KK4? 3. KK3, when White has the opposition.

3 K-BJ P,--K4

Black wins

Gaining the opposition, and wt- Ranking White's position.

4 K,,,-Q3 K--Kt5 5 K.--K2 K-B5 6 K V 3 K-B6 7 K-,-B2 8 K-B3

K - 4 s K-06.

5 P--R3 White fares no 'better with the move, This tcmpo.move p i n s the oppoai- , I . KK3 E'K5 2. PB4 (if-2. PxP cA.

tion. KK4, Blnrk has the opposition) 2... 5 ... K-B4 I P x P ch. 3. K x P KQS 4. PKtS PK6 5 K-Kt7 P-Q5

' 5. PKt6 PK7 6. PKt7 PK8-Q 7. Pa8 -Q QR7 ch. 8. KK15 QKt6 ch.

If 6 . . . KQ3 7. KKt6, hut not < 7. U I ? KBJ. 1 77 Teichmann v. Blackburne, Ber-

7 PxPch. K x P ' lin, 1897. Here the doubled pawn 8 R-Bb K-K4 1 provides rt decisive two-move . Black's

45

1 PAWN ENDINGS

king's sidc pawns are

Documents

the-eye.euthe-eye.eu/public/Books/campdivision.com/PDF/Games... · DOWR BOOKS ON CHESS 'IkR OF ITZE Gm, Paul Kema and Alexander Katcnr. (B31M-9) $6.96 GAME OT? CHESS, Qiegtrt Tmd