The Fall of the The Fall of the Russian EmpireRussian Empire

The End of the Romanov The End of the Romanov DynastyDynasty

Russia Before the Russia Before the RevolutionRevolutionAbsolute MonarchyAbsolute Monarchy

Serfs (the majority) Serfs (the majority) just freed in 1861 just freed in 1861

Late to Late to IndustrializeIndustrialize– New factories were New factories were

run by the Tsar run by the Tsar (state-owned…)(state-owned…)

–

The last MonarchThe last MonarchTsar Nicholas IITsar Nicholas II

–Disconnected from Disconnected from his people’s sufferinghis people’s suffering

–Trade Imbalance with Trade Imbalance with EuropeEuropeTrying to IndustrializeTrying to Industrialize

–Strikes by low-paid Strikes by low-paid industrialized workersindustrialized workers

A Humiliating Defeat- A Humiliating Defeat- 19051905Russo-Japanese WarRusso-Japanese War

Can the Tsar protect us?Can the Tsar protect us?

The Rise of Opposing The Rise of Opposing Voices…Voices… Anger over defeat Anger over defeat

and poor living and poor living conditions conditions

Zemstvos (Local Zemstvos (Local governments) governments) ineffective & weak ineffective & weak – ran roads, health ran roads, health

care & educationcare & education WHERE’S THE WHERE’S THE

TSAR?????TSAR?????

……Gives way to Gives way to CommunismCommunismKarl Marx Karl Marx

Communist Communist ManifestoManifesto–Class War & HistoryClass War & History–Bourgeoisie vs. Bourgeoisie vs. ProletariatProletariat

–Ability vs. NeedAbility vs. NeedRussia = Mensheviks Russia = Mensheviks

Vs. BolsheviksVs. Bolsheviks

The Demise of a Father, The Demise of a Father, 19051905Bloody SundayBloody Sunday

–Fr. Gapon & Fr. Gapon & 200K 200K Peasants ask Peasants ask Tsar for help.Tsar for help.

–Guards fear Guards fear revolt & shootrevolt & shoot

Fear and Fear and DisgustDisgust

The People’s The People’s ResponseResponse–Workers Workers

StrikeStrike–Soviets Soviets organizedorganized

–What’s a Tsar What’s a Tsar to do? How to do? How can he gain can he gain control?control?

The October The October ManifestoManifesto

A New Hope? A New Hope?The DumaThe Duma

–Russian Russian Legislative Legislative BodyBody

–Represents Represents the Peoplethe People

Disaster Disaster Averted?Averted?

An Annoying TsarinaAn Annoying TsarinaTsarina AlexandraTsarina Alexandra

–German born… German born… an issue in WWIan issue in WWI

–Holier-than-thou Holier-than-thou Orthodox convertOrthodox convert

–RasputinRasputinMystical healer Mystical healer of Tsarevich of Tsarevich AlexisAlexis

Russia wallows in MiseryRussia wallows in Misery WWIWWI

––Why Enter?Why Enter?PanPan--Slavism Slavism and Alliancesand Alliances

––ResultsResultsMillions killedMillions killedFuel ShortagesFuel ShortagesFood ShortagesFood Shortages

–– MUCH ANGER!!!MUCH ANGER!!!

The Death of The Death of RasputinRasputin

Priest had Priest had warned of Tsarist warned of Tsarist doom if he dieddoom if he died

Plot to kill the Plot to kill the man who had the man who had the Tsarina’s ear…Tsarina’s ear…

Nov. 1916… his Nov. 1916… his four deaths ?four deaths ?

Petrograd Riots and Petrograd Riots and March RevolutionMarch Revolution

March 8, 1917, Food March 8, 1917, Food RiotsRiots

Army sent in, but backs Army sent in, but backs the peoplethe people

More Soviets formedMore Soviets formed

March 17, Nicholas II has March 17, Nicholas II has to abdicate the throneto abdicate the throne

The Provisional The Provisional GovernmentGovernmentWho will lead… Who will lead…

Petrograd Soviet Petrograd Soviet Vs. the DumaVs. the Duma

Alexander Alexander Kerensky straddles Kerensky straddles the two the two –Should Russia Should Russia keep fighting in keep fighting in WWI?WWI?Pros and Cons…Pros and Cons…

A German GiftA German GiftLeninLenin

–Angry youth sent Angry youth sent to cool off in to cool off in Siberia & Switz.Siberia & Switz.

–Smuggled into Smuggled into Russia in famous Russia in famous “Sealed Train”“Sealed Train”

–Promises “Peace, Promises “Peace, Bread and Land”Bread and Land”Delivering April

Thesis

St. Petersburg Joins St. Petersburg Joins LeninLeninOrganizes strikesOrganizes strikes

Teaches Socialism Teaches Socialism and rails against and rails against the Tsar & Govn’tthe Tsar & Govn’t

Soldiers turn Soldiers turn against the state against the state and join Leninand join Lenin

Nov.6-7, BolsheviksNov.6-7, Bolsheviks seize powerseize power

Brest-LitovskBrest-LitovskPulls Russia Pulls Russia

out of WWIout of WWI

-A steep price -A steep price inin

Russian Russian territory.territory.

A Civil WarA Civil War

Royalists want Tsar back Royalists want Tsar back in Power. in Power. -Cossack’s serve the Tsar-Cossack’s serve the Tsar

as “White” forcesas “White” forces-US aids Tsarist troops -US aids Tsarist troops

Communists are “Red” Communists are “Red” -Resentful of Western aid-Resentful of Western aid

The Final SolutionThe Final SolutionAny challenger Any challenger

to the new to the new Communist state Communist state must be dealt must be dealt with, including with, including the Tsar and his the Tsar and his heirs…heirs…

July, 1918 at July, 1918 at YekaterinburgYekaterinburg

Freedoms Freedoms disappear…disappear…

Felix Felix Dzerzhinsky and Dzerzhinsky and the Chekathe Cheka– silenced and silenced and eliminated eliminated internal threatsinternal threats

Leon Trotsky Leon Trotsky organizes the organizes the Red Army - 1918Red Army - 1918

War CommunismWar Communism Industries nationalized to Industries nationalized to

fight the Whitesfight the WhitesFood distributionFood distribution

–Many peasants won’t Many peasants won’t share equally - HUNGERshare equally - HUNGERForced to by govn’tForced to by govn’tAngry, many Peasants Angry, many Peasants become Whitesbecome Whites

Communist Communist VictoryVictoryAppeal to Russian Appeal to Russian

Nationalism against Nationalism against Western Supported Western Supported WhitesWhites–Give land to Give land to peasantspeasants

The TerrorThe Terror–All Whites and All Whites and supporters supporters “eliminated”“eliminated”

The Creation of the The Creation of the USSRUSSR

The Creation of The Creation of the Soviet the Soviet Union –1923Union –1923

Politburo runs Politburo runs the countrythe country

Soviet Premier Soviet Premier Lenin is in Lenin is in controlcontrol

Totalitarian StateTotalitarian State IdeologyIdeology–Sets Society Goals, glorifies StateSets Society Goals, glorifies State

DictatorshipDictatorship–Charismatic leader with force of Charismatic leader with force of willwill

State ControlState Control– IndividualIndividual (Loyalty, obedience, no (Loyalty, obedience, no liberties) and liberties) and SocietySociety (business, (business, religion, labor, educationreligion, labor, education

–Police Control, Indoctrination, Police Control, Indoctrination, CensorshipCensorship

Chaos at the Chaos at the HelmHelmLenin dies in 1924Lenin dies in 1924

–Effect of ’22 Effect of ’22 strokestroke

Trotsky (Red Army) Trotsky (Red Army) vs. Stalin (Gen. Sec. vs. Stalin (Gen. Sec. of the Communist of the Communist party)party)–Party members all Party members all given their jobs by given their jobs by Stalin…Stalin…

The The PurgesPurges

Paranoid, Paranoid, Stalin kills off Stalin kills off all opponents, all opponents, real or real or imaginedimagined

The NKVD The NKVD (Cheka) hunts (Cheka) hunts down enemiesdown enemies–Secret Secret courts, courts, immediate immediate deathdeath

The Culture of The Culture of TerrorTerror

Kalamar, the Kalamar, the Auschwitz of Far Auschwitz of Far Eastern RussiaEastern Russia

Kids Kids encouraged to encouraged to spy on parentsspy on parents

Officials Officials denounce each denounce each other for gainother for gain

Forced signed Forced signed “confessions”“confessions”

+20 Million die+20 Million die

Life in Life in Stalin’s Stalin’s USSRUSSR

All Media All Media controlled to controlled to glorify Stalinglorify Stalin

Communications Communications monitoredmonitored

Education remade Education remade to glorify Stalinto glorify Stalin

League of Militant League of Militant Godless replaced Godless replaced religionreligion

Women Women werewere equalsequals

StalinizationStalinizationTrotsky exiled 1927, Trotsky exiled 1927,

murdered in 1940 murdered in 1940–Enemies Enemies “disappear”“disappear”

P. 447 in Accel BookP. 447 in Accel Book

Forced Forced Modernization of Modernization of Command Econ.Command Econ.–5 Year Plans. Meet 5 Year Plans. Meet your goal or else…your goal or else…

–Little in consumer Little in consumer goods… life HARDgoods… life HARD

Collective Collective AgricultureAgriculture

Peace, Bread and…Peace, Bread and…Communism?Communism?–1928, 25+ million 1928, 25+ million family farms taken family farms taken and combined into and combined into Government run Government run CollectivesCollectivesOpposition killedOpposition killed5-10 MM die in 5-10 MM die in “protest” as “protest” as more food mademore food made

Ruthless Ruthless EconomicsEconomicsAgriculture Agriculture

CollectivizedCollectivized–Peasants angry Peasants angry over loss of over loss of landland

–Ukrainian Ukrainian Genocide Genocide 5-10 million 5-10 million dead (maybe dead (maybe 20???)20???)

The Effects of the The Effects of the PurgesPurgesThe Cream of Russia The Cream of Russia

(military, scientists, (military, scientists, economists) gone…economists) gone…

Lavrenty Beria, head Lavrenty Beria, head of NKVD, convinces of NKVD, convinces Stalin to use Labor Stalin to use Labor Camps instead- 1939Camps instead- 1939–12 Million die here12 Million die here

Stalin by the late ’30’sStalin by the late ’30’sDictatorship Dictatorship

completecomplete Individual Individual

Creativity Creativity Punished (threat Punished (threat to Stalin’s control to Stalin’s control and societal and societal conformity)conformity)