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Case Hardware (Mother Board) Case Hardware 3
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The Federal University Of Technology Akure
By: Dr W. O Apena Dept. Of Electrical and Electronic
Engineering.
2
What are computer systems?Computer systems includes: Hardware and Operating System.Computer Hardware: This is refer to as physical component of a computer system.
Review Of Computer Systems
Case Hardware Outside Hardware Network HardwareMotherboard Monitor Digital ModemCentral Processing Unit (CPU)
Key board Router
Random Access Memory (RAM)
Mouse Network Switch
Power Supply unit Battery backup (UPS) Access PortVideo Card (VC) Printer, Speaker RepeaterHard Drive (HD) - Internal Hard Drive (HD) - External Bridge
Solid State Derive Network interface card (NIC) Print Server
Optical Derive Controller Card FirewallCard Reader Sound Card
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Case Hardware (Mother Board)
Case Hardware
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Outside Hardware
Monitor
MouseKeyboard
UPSHard drive
Network Interface CardController Card Sound Card
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Network Hardware
Digital Modem
Router
Network Switch
Network Access Port
Repeater Bridge
Print Server- FOFirewall example
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Operating Systems and Utility Programs
Operating System (OS): An operating system (OS) is a set of programs containing instructions that coordinate all the activities among computer hardware devices.
A utility program performs a specific task, usually related to managing a computer, its devices, or its programs.
Note: OS and application program are interface in the system
Example OSLinux, Windows, VMS, OS/400, AIX, z/OS, the Mac OS, OS/2, UNIX, and NetWare
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Common features to most OS
Most operating systems perform similar functions that include:
managing programs, such as multitasking managing memory e.g spooling or storage buffer
and file management scheduling jobs ie assigning process(es) configuring devices accessing the Web monitoring performance ie assesses and reports
information about various system resources and devices
providing housekeeping services administering security such as users name,
password etc
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Stand-Alone OS and Network (NOS)A stand-alone OS is a complete operating system that works on a computer machine. A typical example is notebook system
Notebook computer
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A network OS (also called NOS) is an operating system that supports a network system or topology.
Note: A network topology is a collection of computers and devices connected
together via communications media or devices such as cables, telephone lines, and modems.
In most network, the server has NOS that controls access to the hardware and software in a topology and provides a centralized storage area. Other computers on the network, called clients, rely on the server(s) for resources.
NOS
NOS via cloud
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Examples of Stand-Alone OS and NOSStand-alone OS Network OS (NOS)Disk OS (DOS) – Refer to as several single user UNIX – work for both stand-alone and NOS
Window 3.X – Refer to as early operating environment with DOS
OS/2 Warp Server for E-business
Window 95 – called multitasking Netware – widely used for clients/serverWindow NT Workstation – called client OS Window NT Server – client/server networkWindow 98 – includes internet explorer and window explorer (file manager)
Active Desktop – similarly to web links Window 2000 Professional – complete OS, reliable multitasking client OS
Window 2000 Server – includes e-commerce and database
Window Millennium Edition – good for home user
Window .Net server – e-commerce applications
Window XP – fastest most reliable OS Window XP Home Edition – upgrade of millennium edition
Window XP Professional Edition – upgrade to window 2000 professional
Mac OS – macintosh OS available with ‘apple products’
Solaris – designed for e-commerce
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An OS perform these services for application program:
• Multitasking operating system where multiple programs can be running at the same time, the operating system determines which applications should run in what order and how much time should be allowed for each application before giving another application a turn.
•It manages the sharing of internal memory among multiple applications.
•It handles input and output to and from attached hardware devices, such as hard disks, printers, and dial-up ports.
•It sends messages to each application or interactive user (or to a system operator) about the status of operation and any errors that may have occurred.
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• It can offload the management of what are called batch jobs (switching printing job) so that the initiating application is freed from this work.
• On computers that can provide parallel processing
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Application software and Programming languages
What is an application software?
An application software is a program or group of programs designed for end users and it is use to carry out operations for a specific application. Note:
Application software may simply be referred to as an application such as MATLAB package, Statistical Package for Social Sciences –SPSS, etc.
Application software cannot run on itself but is dependent on system software to execute
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Interactions of Hardware, System and Application Software
System software consists of programs that control the operations of a computer and its devices. Note: System software serves as the interface between a user, the application software, and the computer’s hardware.
Interaction Diagram
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Dependency of Application Software
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Identify the role of the user interface
The role of user (s) interface are:
confirm application software operation(s)check data validity or instruction controls input(s) of data and instructions monitor response(s) and output displayed on
the computer screen (graphical user interface - GUI).
Note: A graphical user interface (GUI) combines text
and graphics Visual images to make software easier to use
and be monitored.
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Programming LanguagesProgramming languages are set of instructions through which one tells the computer(s) to do the desired task.
These set of instructions written in human readable computer language is called Source Code.
Every program has two parts, namely:
code – instruction(s)
data – variable(s) and parameters
There are two models of programming, namely:
Structured Programming e.g MATLAB, C programme and FORTRAN
Object Oriented Programming e.g UML
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Problem Solving Techniques in Programming
To develop the solution for the given problem, the following programming techniques are used.
(1) Algorithm (2) Flow chart (3) Pseudo codes (4) Decision table
1. Algorithm
The word ‘Algorithm’ is the name of one Persian author meaning rules of
restoration and reduction. Once the problem is analysed, its solution is
broken into a number of sample steps. A problem in a finite sequence is
called an algorithm.
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Properties of an Algorithm Finiteness: An algorithm must always terminate after a
finite
number of steps.
Definiteness: Each step must be clearly defined that actions
carried out must be unambiguous.
Input: Input should be provided at the beginning of algorithm.
Output: Algorithm must produce on or more output.
Effectiveness: All the operations defined must be sufficiently basic
that they can be done exactly in finite length of time manually.
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Structure of AlgorithmStart
Step 1:
Step 2:
Step 3:
.
.
.
Step n:
End
Basic Statements Used and Examples
i. Algorithm always begins with the word ‘Start’ and ends with ‘stop’ the word
ii. Step wise solution is written in distinguished steps.
iii Input Statement: Algorithm takes one or more inputs to process. The statements used to indicate the input is Read a or Input b.
ExampleLet a , b be the names of the Input
Input a or Read a
Input b or Read b
Where a and b are variable names.
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vi. Output Statements: Algorithm produces one or more outputs. The
statement used to show the output is output a or print b.
Syntax: Output variable name
Print variable name
Example: output a or print a
output b or print b
where a and b are variable names.
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V. Assignment Statements: Processing can be done using the assignment statement.
i.e. L.H.S = R.H.S
On the L.H.S is a variable. While on the R.H.S is a variable or a constant or an expression. The value of the variable, constant or the expression on the R.H.S is assigned in L.H.S.
The L.H.S and R.H.S should be of the same type. Here ‘ = ’ is called assignment operator.
Example:Let the variables be x, y.
The product be z this can be represented by as
Read x, y
Z = x * y
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vi. Order in which the steps of an algorithm are executed is divided in to 3
types namely
Sequential Order
Example: Task : Write an algorithm to add two numbers.
Step 1 : Start
Step 2 : Read a
Step 3 : Read b
Step 4 : Add a , b
Step 5 : Store in d
Step 6 : Print d
Step 7 : End
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Conditional OrderBased on fact that the given condition is met or not the algorithm selects
the next step to do. If statements are used when decision has to be
made. Different format of if statements are available they are:
a) Syntax: If
if (condition)
Then {set of statements S1}
b) Syntax – if else (condition)
if (condition)
else
Then {set of statements S1}
Then {set of statements S2}
c) Syntax – Nested if else (con.)
If (condition 1)
Then S1
Else
If (condition 2)
Then S2
Else
Then S3
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Iterative OrderHere algorithm repeats the finite number of steps over and over till the condition is not meet. Iterative operation is also called as looping operation.
Add ‘n’ natural numbers till the sum is 5.
Step 1 : Start
Step 2 : set count to 0
Step 3 : add 1 to count
Step 4 : if count is less than 5,
Repeat steps 3 & 4
Step 5 : otherwise print count
Step 6 : End
Example
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2 Flow chartAlgorithm for large problems; complex and there by difficult to write code. Problem
analysts found ‘Flow charts’ an easier way to solve the problem. The
other names of flow chart are flow diagram, process chart, and business flow diagram. Limitations
Alterations and modifications: If alterations are required, the flowchart
may require re-drawing completely, then appear complex.
Types of flow chart
1. System flow chart
2. Program flow chart
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Symbols Used in FlowchartsThe flow chart being symbolic representation standard symbols is used for
each specific operation.
Start or end of the programmer
Computational steps or processing function of program
Input or output operationDecision making and branching
Connector or joining of two parts of program
Subroutine
Database Document printout
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Example: Draw a flowchart to find greater of 2 numbers
Lets the two number be ‘a and b’ Start
Read a, b
Is a<b
Print a
Print b
Yes
stop
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Pseudo codes This is an informal high-level description of the operating principle of a computer
program or other algorithm.
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MATLAB: Introduction and user interface
This is an interactive software program for solving numerical
computations, it can perform powerful operations using just one or two
commands. MATLAB is a good package for scientist and professional. It is
use for complex calculation in a better platform. It has comprises of
1000s of function in multitasking domainMATLAB EnvironmentsIt has 3 important window depending on the version
1. Command window – where operations are carried out
2. Workspace window – ‘variable’ and ‘ans’
3. Command history – shows history of operation done with date and time.
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Commonly used command
‘clc’ in command window – clear all operation(s) on command window
‘clear’ in-specific - to delete specific variable or ans in workspace window % - to make note or expression, (;) do note operateExamples in simple algebraic operation
>> a=6a = 6>> b=7b = 7>> a+b
ans = 13
a=6, b=7
Note: see the
definitions of variable
in workspace window,
such vector and
matrix.
b-a
ans =
1
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Multiplication, Power and Division OperationsNote: second function of key 8 (*) is use for multiplication and 6(^) while division (/)
a*b % a multiply b
ans = 42
>>a^b % a raised to power of b
ans = 279936
Note - negative sign in MATLAB
There are distinct difference in
-a^a and (-a)^a
MATLAB will see as -1 * a^a
Examples:
-2^2
ans =
-4
(-2)^2
ans =
4
a/b % a divided by b
ans = 0.8571
(a*b*a)/(a+b)
ans =
19.3846
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Variable definition and GUI
x=[0:0.1:10]; % take variable of x from 0 at interval of 0.1 to 10.
plot (x, sin(x))
Note: study the GUI display and practice all the menu with the graph
Assignment
x=[0 :0.1: 5];(a)plot (x, cos(x)) ; determine using the GUI menu.
(i) Minimum of the graph (ii) y = -0.8, x =?
Plot (x, sin (x))
(b)plot (x, sin (x))
(i) Maximum of the graph
(ii) What is y at x=1 or 3
Note: ‘who’ will tell you all the existing variable.
‘whos’ will tell detailed information.
X=[0: 0.1: 5]
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Example 1[x y ] = meshgrid (-8 : 0.5 : 8);
>> r = sqrt (x.^2 + y.^2) + eps;>> z = sin(r) ./ r;
>> mesh(z);
plot(x,y), xlabel('x'), ylabel('exp(-1.2x)*sin(20x)'),axis([0 5 -1 1])Example 2
Example 3
x = [1: 5];y = [50,98,75,80,98];bar(x,y), xlabel('Student'),ylabel('Score'),title('Final Exam')
[x,y] = meshgrid (-2*pi:0.1:2*pi);>> z = cos(x).*sin(y);>> mesh(x,y,z),xlabel('x'),ylabel('y'),zlabel('z')Note: replace surfc with mesh to revealed surface reflection.
Example 4
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r = sqrt(x.^2 + y.^2) + eps;>> [x y ] = meshgrid(-8 : 0.5 : 8);>> r = sqrt(x.^2 + y.^2) + eps;>> z = sin(r) ./ r;>> surf(x,y,z,'facecolor','interp','edgecolor','none', ...'facelighting','phong')
Note: colormap jetdaspect([5 5 1])axis tightview(-50, 30)camlight left
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Factorial, Square Roots and nth Roots
MATLAB does not understand (!) in the sign notation.It understand word in ‘factorial (n)’
Example: >> factorial (8)ans = 40320
Square roots
Factorial
The package understand sqrt (N) = N^(1/2)
sqrt (16)
ans =
4
Nth roots The system understand nth roots as (X, nth)
>> 16^(1/2)
ans =
4
>> nthroot(81,2)
ans =
9
>> nthroot(125,3)
ans =
5
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Symbolic MathematicsUsing symbolic sign has wide range of application, it will be linked to sqrt.
>> sqrt (80)
ans =
8.9443
Put ‘ans’ in sym
>> sym(ans) ans = 4*5^(1/2)
pretty(ans) 1/2 4 5
sym(sqrt (1025)) ans = 5*41^(1/2)
>> pretty(ans) 1/2 5 41
>> double (ans)
ans =
32.0156
Simple form
double(ans)
ans =
8.9443
Simple form
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Further readings and MATLAB work
Complex number
Trigonometry
Hyperbolic Function
Logarithm and exponential
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Vector and ComponentMATLAB does not understand vector in the physical locations of I, j and k or x, y and z
Rather MATLAB understands definitions of vectors in variables as shown for x and y:
x=[ 4 7 9]
x = 4 7 9
>> y=[3 2 6]
y = 3 2 6
The statement above revealed direction of the vector
Note: Any of the element could be called for e.g x(n)
>> x(3)
ans =
9
>> y(2)
ans =
2
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More examples:
>> x(3)*y(2)
ans =
18
>> (x(3)*y(2)) / x(2)
ans =
2.5714
>> x(1) / y(1)
ans =
1.3333
>> (y(2)/x(2))/y(3)
ans =
0.0476
Note: value of
vector(s) could be
changed on
workspace. It will
pose like a spread
sheet for
alteration
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Additions, Subtraction and Multiplication of Vector(s) Addition of vectors Subtraction of vector Multiplication of
vector by scalar>> x
x = 4 7 9
>> y
y = 3 2 6
>> z=x + y
z =
7 9 15
>> x
x = 4 7 9
>> z
z = 7 9 15
>> x-z
ans =
-3 -2 -6
>> x=[ 2 5 7]x = 2 5 7
>> y=[6 3 8]y = 6 3 8
>> (2-5^2)*(x-y)
ans =
92 -46 23
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Creating Larger Vectors from Existing Variables
MATLAB allows you to append vectors together to create new ones. Let u and v betwo column vectors with m and n elements respectively that we have created inMATLAB.
Example >> A = [8; 4; 5];
B = [2; 6; 7];
>> D = [A; B]
D =
8 4 5 2 6 7
Column Row>> A=[8, 4, 5]
A = 8 4 5
>> B= [2, 6, 7]B =
2 6 7
>> D = [A,B]D =
8 4 5 2 6 7
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Creating Vectors with Uniformly Spaced Elements
It is possible to create a vector with elements that are uniformly spaced by anincrement q, where q is any real number.
x = [xi : q : xn]
Where xi = first number, q= the real number interval and xn is the last number
Example>> x = [0:2:12]
x =
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
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Creating Stream of Vectors in ExponentialThe set of x values can be used to create a list of points representing the valuesof some given function.
For example, suppose that y = exp (x)
x = [0:0.1:1];>> y= exp (x)
y =
Columns 1 through 9
1.0000 1.1052 1.2214 1.3499 1.4918 1.6487 1.8221 2.0138 2.2255
Columns 10 through 11
2.4596 2.7183
Note: you could have y=x.^2
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Characterizing a Vector
The length command returns the number of elements that a vector contains
>> A=[8, 4, 5]
A =
8 4 5
>> length(A)
ans =
3
Example
Length Maximum
>> max(A)
ans =
8
Minimum
>> min(A)
ans =
4
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Magnitude of a VectorTo perform this operation, we will first take the dot product of a vector with itself. This is done by using array multiplication (.*).
First let’s define a vector:
>> A
A =
8 4 5
>> A.*A
ans =
64 16 25
>> sum(ans)
ans =
105
>> mag=sqrt(105)
mag =
10.2470
Note: Practice magnitude of complex number
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Dot and Cross Product of Vector(s)
Dot Product
The dot product of vector and y
>> xx =
2 5 7
>> yy =
6 3 8
>> dot (x, y)ans =
83
Cross ProductMATLAB does not understand direct cross product
but it can be treated in transpose
>> x‘ % transpose of x
ans =
2 5 7
>> y
y =
6 3 8
>> cross (x', y)
ans =
19 26 -24
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Referencing Vector ComponentsMATLAB has several techniques that can be used to reference one or more of thecomponents of a vector. The ith component of a vector v can be referenced bywriting v(i)
>> A = [12; 17; -2; 0; 4; 7; 11; 19; 27];
>> A(3)
ans =
-2
Example: Note: v(:) tells MATLAB to list all of thecomponents of the vector:
Example
>> A(3:6)
ans =
-2 0 4 7
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Basic Operations with Matrices
A matrix is a two-dimensional array of numbers (row and column). To
create a matrix in MATLAB, we enter each row as a sequence of comma
or space delimited numbers, and then use semicolons to mark the end
of each row.
B= [2 0 1; 1 7 4; 3 0 1]
B =
2 0 1 1 7 4 3 0 1
>> A = [-1,6; 8, 11]
A =
-1 6 8 11
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Addition And Subtraction of Matrix Two matrices having the same number of rows and columns, addition and subtraction
operation is possibleAddition Subtraction
>> A = [5 3; 0 8];
>> B = [2 7; 4 1];
>> A+B
ans =
7 10 4 9
>> A = [5 3; 0 8];
>> B = [2 7; 4 1];
>> A-B
ans =
3 -4 -4 7
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Transpose of Matrix
The transpose of a matrix is compute by switches the rows and columns in a matrix.
Example
>> D = [1 5 4; 5 3 6; 5 8 2]
D =
1 5 4 5 3 6 5 8 2
>> D'
ans =
1 5 5 5 3 8 4 6 2
Transpose
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Matrix Multiplication
Considering two matrices A and B. A is an m × p matrix and B is a p × n matrix, theycan be multiplied together to produce an m × n matrix. To do this in MATLAB, we simply write A*B.
Note: Keep in mind that if the dimensions of the two matrices are not correct, the operation will generate an error.>> A = [1 5 4; 5 3 6; 5 8 2];
>> B = [6 3 2; 4 2 6; 7 4 3];
>> A*B
ans =
54 29 44 84 45 46 76 39 64
>> (A*B)'
ans =
54 84 76 29 45 39 44 46 64
Transpose
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Divisions of MatrixPerforming left (\) and right (/) division on an array. This works by matchingcomponent by component, so the arrays have to be of the same size
Note: Array left division is indicated by writing C = A.\B (this is the same as C = B./A)
>> AA = 1 5 4 5 3 6 5 8 2
>> BB = 6 3 2 4 2 6 7 4 3
>> C=B.\A
C = 0.1667 1.6667 2.0000 1.2500 1.5000 1.0000 0.7143 2.0000 0.6667
>> C=A./B
C = 0.1667 1.6667 2.0000 1.2500 1.5000 1.0000 0.7143 2.0000 0.6667
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Referencing Matrix Elements
A = [1 5 3; 9 5 0; 7 2 9]
A =
1 5 3 9 5 0 7 2 9
>> A(2,3)
ans =
0
Individual elements and columns in a matrix can be referenced using MATLAB.
Consider the matrix
We can pick out the element at row position m and column position n by typingA(m,n).
For example:
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Referencing Column(s)
Note: To reference all the elements in the ith column we write A(:,i)
Example:
A(:,2)
ans =
5 5 2
A =
1 5 3 9 5 0 7 2 9
Note: To pick out the elements in the ith through jth columns we type A(:,i:j).
>> A(:,2:3)
ans =
5 3 5 0 2 9
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Referencing cont.
Note: The elements in the second and third rows that are also in the fi rst andsecond columns, in the same matrix
>> A
A =
1 5 3 9 5 0 7 2 9
>> A(2:3,1:2)
ans =
9 5 7 2
Example:
>> A(1,1)
ans =
1
Note: Picking particular number.