The First Industrial Revolution

By Deborah Koch & Melanie Graupner

A brief overview Beginning in Britain

in the early years of the 18th century

From agrarian population to industrialized towns, mines and factories

Industrial developmentsDevelopments in:Agriculture Textile industry Iron and steel manufacturesWorking and urban conditionsTransport Social system

Developments in agriculture The four field system

Viscount Townsend introduced a new method of crop rotation

Through crop rotation the nutrient level in the field was from year to year on a high level => more food

Year 1 Year 2

Year 3 Year 4

Developments in agricultureThe Seed Drill

Developed by Jethro Tull

Perfect distribution of seed after periods of throwing and broadcasting the seed by hand

Could be pulled behind a horse

No waste of seed anymore

Developments in livestock farming Wheat prices fell because of improvements in

quality Farmers started to feed the cattle and sheep

through the winter because they had enough wheat => increase the number of animals

Start of breeding animals to improve their meat/ wool and milk / Thomas Coke and Robert Bakewell

Developments in the textile industry – The Flying Shuttle

Introduced by John Kay in 1733

The shuttle allowed the thread:

A) to be woven at a faster rate and so the whole process of weaving was faster

B) to be shot backwards and forwards across a much wider bed

Developments in the textile industry- The Spinning Jenny

James Hargreaves introduced the machine which could spin eight threads of cotton yarn without using a foot peddle=> faster production of weaving

The shuttle and the spinning jenny were small enough to use the at home => a big advantage

Developments in the textile industry- The Water Frame Production of a larger spinning machineGot power from a watermill Split of workers at home and workers in

a factory because the Water Frame needed a lot of space (women went to the factory and men stayed at home to produce the weaving)

The Water Frame Developed by

Richard Arkwright in 1769

Samuel Crompton and the Spinning Mule Combined the Spinning Jenny and the

Water Frame to increase the production of cloth

Procuded the best thread and was able to spin yarns for muslin

=> Lots and lots of developments in a very short time

Reverend Edmund Carwright and his inventions

Invented ... a power loom for the weaving industry in 1785

... wool- combing machine in 1789

... A steam engine which produced alcohol in 1797

The Cotton Industry Import from India Bristol, Glasgow

Liverpool, Lancashire became very important places in the world for export of cotton productions

Cotton became fashionable

The Cotton Industry- a brief overview Workers had to work in

factories because the machines were much to expenisve for using them at home => they moved to cities

Spinners and weavers started to work together and shared the money for costs

Industrial Revolution II

Iron an Steel IndustryTechnology and Inventions

Overview The success of the Industrial Revolution has been increased by the

introduction of new technologies and the improvement of the infrastructure.

- Steam engine - James Watt - Canals - Railway and steamships - Isambard Kingdom Brunel - Iron and Steel Industry - Electric Power - Michael Faraday

Steam Engine -the steam engine had been

already been invented in 1698. -improved by James Watt - used in mines - textile industries - paper mills

James Watt - born 1736 in Greenock,

Scotland - first experience with a steam

engine in 1763 - successful introduction of his

new steam engine in 1769 - in 1781 he constructed a

rotary-motion steam engine - 1800 over 500 steam engines

in use - he died in 1819

Canals Canals - important way of transportation - streets were not in the condition to handle the enormous growth in

production - mainly used for the transport of coal and for the pottery business - first canal financed by the Duke of Bridgewater - 1790 completion of a canal system connecting London, Bristol and

Liverpool - Extension of canals up to 6,436 miles.

Railway - in 1825 the Stockton &

Darlington line was the first railway line to open

- Robert Stevenson’s Rocket locomotive

- first long distance lines were opened in 1838 and 1840

- became a popular method of transportation

- great expansion from 2,169 miles in 1840 to 60,465 miles in 1910

Isambard Kingdom Brunel I - born 9th April 1806 in Portsmouth - was educated in France and worked as an engineer for his father - showed a great interest in design and constructing - In 1833 he became chief engineer to the Great Western Railway - Battle of the Gauges

Isambard Kingdom Brunel II - Box Tunnel between Bath and

Chippenham - Brunel took active part in

every work process - 1,000 miles of tracks - famous for his railway bridge

design - interest in marine

engineering

Maidenhead Railway Bridge

Clifton Suspension Bridge

Royal Albert Bridge

Isambard Kingdom Brunel III - He constructed - Great Western 1837 - Great Britain 1843 - Great Eastern 1858 - He died on 15th September 1859 in London

Great Western - first ship to cross the Atlantic in

1837 “Great Western”- saved a lot of travelling time

Great Britain

Great Eastern

Iron and Steel Manufacture - 1709 first successful melting process of cast iron using coke - method became commonly used in the second half on the 18th

century - in 1783 Henry Cort discovered how to melt iron so that it could be

processed immediately - this method was called the "puddling process“ - in 1856 Sir Henry Bessemer developed a "basic oxygen

converter" to change pig iron into steel. - in 1879 the converter was improved so that it could be use

with phosphoric ores

Electric Power - 1831 demonstration how electricity could be mechanically produce

by Michael Faraday - led to the development of the dynamo in 1873

Michael Faraday I - born 22nd September 1791

Newington Butts, London - worked as an apprentice for a

bookbinder - became the assistant of

Humphry Davis, a famous chemist in 1812

Michael Faraday II - electromagnetic rotations (electric motors) - electromagnetic induction - electro potentials (battery) - electric arc (plasma) and the - Faraday cage (electrostatics) - he died 25th August 1867 and is buried in Highgate cemetery

SOCIAL CONDITIONS

Presentation by Hanna Pelludatand Berenice Junginger

Working Conditions in the coal Working Conditions in the coal minesminesWhole family had to earn money in the

mines Men, women, boys and girls worked

together Girls were frightened by men

Primitive working conditions Darkness Rats everywhere

Coal and miners

were pulled up a shaft in a bucket

A lot of accidents happened

Conditions for childrenConditions for children Very young workers Normally 12 hours per

day/ 1hour break Sometimes beaten by

miners Carrying coals

damaged their bones Crawl through small

tunnels for long distances

Perfect body-size for working in the mines

Similar conditions in cotton mills

Work often caused lifetime disability

Why children?Why children?

Ideal employeesCheapNot educated enough to complainSmall enough to fit between machiney

Cotton MillCotton Mill- similar conditions as

in coal mines- Very hot work place

- Steam engines- Long hours of labour

- Physically exhausting- Workers were slower

more dangerous- Children had to

move between dangerous machines- High death rates in

factories

Textile IndustryTextile IndustryCalled Domestic/ Cottage IndustryMany people worked as producers of

woollen and cotton clothWork took place at homeWork was devidedCloth merchant collected cloth from

weaver cottage

Public reactionPublic reactionPublic outrage for better and safer

working conditions Political pressure19th century: worker gathering became

organized Trade Unions

Titus SaltTitus Salt 1833- Salt takes

over his father‘s textile company

Largest employer in Bradford after 20 years

Cares about existing health problems

1848- Salt becomes major of Bradford

Starts to use special smoke burners

Wants changes

He leaves Bradford to build new industrial community

SaltaireSaltaire

Takes 20 years to be built

Textile mill becomes the largest one and most modern in Europe

Modell village with 22 streets and 850 houses

Various important institutions

Salts MillSalts Mill

The better life in SaltaireThe better life in Saltaire 850 houses for worker families Own park Own church School for children Own hospital Own library Various shops Fresh water

Salt‘s ChangesSalt‘s ChangesAppalling conditions turn to ‚slice of

paradise‘Good sanitationReduced crimeNo serious health problems existing

Factory ActsFactory Acts1819- maximum amount of working

hours for children

1833- other limitations for children

1844- maximum amount of working hours for women

1847- maximum amount of working hours for women and children

1850- working only between 6am and 6pm allowed

1874- limited amount of working hours

LiteratureLiteraturewww.saburchill.comwww.bbc.co.ukwww.haworth-village.org.uk

Thank you for your attention!