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The Florida Foliage Plant Industry
Jianjun Chen
Mid-Florida Research and Education Center & Department of Environmental Horticulture
Important Foliage Plants
SpathiphyllumAnthuriumAlocasia Aglaonema
Araceae
Palmae
Rhapis excelsa(Lady Palm)
Chamaedorea elegans(Neathe Bella Palm)
Howeia forsteriana(Kentia Palm)
Caryota mitis(Fishtail Palm)
Important Foliage Plants
Schefflera
Aechmea Neoregelia
Bromeliaceae
VrieseaGuzmania
Other genera
Calathea FicusDracaena Hedera
Interiorscape with Foliage Plants
The Growth of the Foliage Plant Industry (Wholesale Value)
0100200
300400500600
700800
1949 1959 1969 1979 1989 1996 2005
Year
Mill
ion
$
NationFlorida
National level:A 55-fold increase from $13 million in 1949 to$721 million in 2005
Florida:A 278-fold increase from $1.8 million in 1949 to $500 million in 2005
Additionally, total sales by interiorscapers was $1 billion in 2000
California (15.2%)
Florida (69.3%)
Hawaii (2.4%)
Texas (2.8%)
Other states (10.3%)
Leading States in Foliage Plant Production
The national wholesale value was $721 million in 2005
Apopka: Indoor Foliage Capital of the World
• Intensive agriculture practice
• 40,000 to 300,000 pots/acre
• 910 nurseries in Central FL
• Total 24,000 acres (9,713 ha)
• Nursery sizes 1 to 60 acres
• $308 million annual sale in Central FL
• Favorable climate• Dedicated growers• Better marketing• Establishment of the UF Research and Education Centers• Changes in foliage plant
-propagation-production-new species and cultivar introduction-interiorscaping
Attributes to the Foliage Plant Industry’s Growth
Foliage Plant Propagation1. Air layering
2. Cuttings
3. Division
4. Micropropagation5. Seed germination
Meristem Culture and RegenerationSomatic embryogenesisOrganogenesisMeristem culture
Regeneration through Direct Somatic Embryogenesis
Aglaonema
Epipremnum
Homalomena
Monstera
Schefflera
SyngoniumZamioculcas
Sansevieria
Chen, J. and R.J. Henny (unpublished data)
Pothos Regeneration through Somatic Embryogenesis
Pothos(Epipremnum)
Commercial Micropropagation of Foliage Plants
1
2
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4
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• Producing disease-free, uniform liners year-round
• Speedup of hybrid commercialization
• Saving production space
• Worldwide availability
• A viable business
• New cultivar release
Benefits of Foliage Plant Micropropagation
137.1-219.8254.7Total
49.4-82.382.3MusaMusaceae
5.7-9.212.2FicusMoraceae
2.9-5.14.5CalatheaMarantaceae
8.5-21.228.2Asplenium, Nephrolepis, etcFerns
8.0-11.411.4Aechmea, Guzmania, Vriesea, etcBromeliaceae
0.5-0.80.7ScheffleraAraliaceae
1.7-2.02.0CordylineAgavaceae
8.1-11.619.4Syngonium
16.1-24.526.9Spathiphyllum
12.6-21.423.8Philodendron
9.9-12.015.0Dieffenbachia
12.9-16.513.8Anthurium
0.8-1.814.5AlocasiaAraceae
Wholesale value (US$ million )No of plantlets (million)Plant generaFamily or group
Annual Foliage Plant Genera Micropropagated Worldwide
Chen, J. and R.J. Henny 2006
Foliage Plant Production• Potting media• Environmental Factors
LightTemperatureRelative humidity
• Cultural practicesWater NutritionGrowth regulator application
Potting Media Major components of media
Peat Pine bark
Perlite Vermiculite 1.0-2.5 dS/mEC5.8-6.2pH10%-20%Air space50%-75%Moisture content20%-60% by volumeContainer capacity50%-75%Total porosity0.15-0.80 g/cm3 (d.wt)Bulk densityDesired rangeProperty
Ideal potting media
Effects of Media pH on the Bioavailability of Mineral NutrientsSoilless mediaSoil
• Aluminosilicate minerals• Channels/pores in their tetrahedral framework• CEC ranging from 150 to 550 meq/100 g • Absorb H2O up to 30% of their dry weight• More than 50 natural and 100 synthetic species
Zeolites as Container Medium Amendments
Porous zeolite crystals
Zeolite granules
WSF = Peter’s water soluble fertilizer (20N-10P2O5-20K2O) N 250 mg/L weeklyCRF = Controlled-release fertilizer (18N-6P2O5-12K2O) 5 g per potCH, SC, and XY were occluded zeolites incorporated with a medium at 5 g per pot
Chen et al. (unpublished data)
Hypoestes
Environmental Factors-Light Intensity
Light saturation point Light compensation pointCrop (µmol/m2/s) (µmol/m2/s)Aglaonema 125 6Cissus 154 10Fatsia 175 15Philodendron 118 5Field crops >1000 >20
Environmental Factors-Temperature
-Immediate injury
-Delayed injury
-Growth rate reduction
Foliage plants are sensitive to temperatures below 12 oC or 54 oF
(can delay plant growth by more than one month)
Greenhouse and Shadehouse Heating SystemsAir heating
Bottom heating
Water protection
Fog System for Protecting Plants from Chilling Injury
86 oF
59
68
77
50
41
Stamps, R.H., L.R. Parsons, and J. Chen (unpublished data)
Cultural Practices - Water
Drip irrigation and subirrigation are commonin foliage plant production.
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
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2.5
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85 99 113
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Calendar day
Wat
ter u
se (o
unce
s)
AglaonemaDieffenbachia
Quantification of Daily Water Requirement
Beeson, R.C., Jr. and J. Chen 2006
Cultural Practices-Nutrition (Recommended N Rates)
Anthurium 1,014 Maranta 1,370Begonia 1,425 Philodendron 1,998Dracaena 2,339 Schefflera 1,656Epipremnum 1,755 Spathiphyllum 2,017Ficus 2,354 Yucca 1,998
Plant (kg/ha/yr ) Plant (kg/ha/yr )
Cultivars Varying in Nitrogen (N) Requirements
50 100 200 400 800 mg/L N
Claudia
Double Take
Petite
Claudia’s optimal rate: 200 mg/LEquivalent to: 1,272 kg N/ha/yr. 37% < the N recommended rate
Petite’s optimal rate: 100 mg/LEquivalent to: 636 kg N/ha/yr. 68% < the recommended rate
Double Take’s optimal rate is the same as Claudia: 200 mg/L
Chen et al. (unpublished data)
Anthurium responding to three N rates
343 686 1,029‘Krypton’ grown under 1,500 fc. with three N rates (kg/ha/yr)
Chen et al. (unpublished data)
Peace Lily and Pothos in response to N ratesThe optimal N rate:
2.5 g N/6”/yr for Pothos2 g N/6”/yr for Peace Lily
Equivalent to:1,371 kg/ha/yr for Pothos 1,096 kg/hr/yr for Peace Lily
Compared to the recommended rate22% reduction for Pothos.46% reduction for Peace Lily.
Chen et al., 2001
Common Used Controlled-release Fertilizers
Left to right: Polyolefin, resin, and polymer-coated controlled fertilizers
The release of nutrients based on plant growth pattern:
(1) Hi-start(2) Standard(3) Lo-start
Courtesy of Scotts-Sierra Co.
CRFs are Favored in Foliage Plant Production
• Easy, either incorporation or topdress
• Durable, 3-12 months
• Slow-release based on plant growth requirements
• Less nutrient leaching, particularly nitrogen
• Favored by EPA agents and Water Management Districts
WSF (2.2 g N/pot) 0.2 1,350.5 28.4
CRF (2.2 g N/pot) 0.0 0.0 0.00.2 808.4 19.80.4 1067.6 27.6
Fertilizer Leaching NO3-N NH4-Nand rate fraction (mg/6”pot) (mg/6”pot)
Less N Leaching from Controlled-release Fertilizers*
* Both CRF and WSF are 19N-2.6P-10K
Deroose Plants, Inc.-Excellent in BMP Practices
4601 N Rock Spring Road, Apopka, FL 32712. Tel. (407) 889-5228
GA3 0 50 100 150 200 250 ppm GA3 100 0 ppm
Gibberellic acid (GA3) inducing the flowering of Spathiphyllum
Cultural Practices-Growth Regulator Application
Henny, R.J. and J. Chen (unpublished data)
BA Used for Enhancing Lateral Shoot Formation
N-benzyladenine (BA)
A key factor in the industry’s growth
New Plant Introduction
Philodendron scandens oxycardium
0
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1950 1956 1961 1967 1975 1988
Year
% w
hole
sale
val
uePothos and PhilodendronOther plant species
Changes in Cultivar Numbers of Major Foliage Plant Genera*
Aglaonema 10 17 36 (2.4%)** 45Dieffenbachia 7 29 18 (4.2%) 25Dracaena 12 21 32 (6.3%) 35Hedera 25 48 60 (7.3%) 80Ferns 10 21 54 (2.6%) 68Ficus 14 32 46 (5.1%) 50Palms 7 19 22 (9.8%) 25Philodendron 16 24 18 (1.7%) 30Spathiphyllum 6 20 47 (6.9%) 55Syngonium 7 14 17 (1.0%) 30Others (52.3%)
Foliage plant 1974-1975 1988-1989 1988-1999 2004-2005
*FNGLA Locators with modifications. **% of wholesale value-USDA 1998 wholesale $463 million
Emerald BayGolden Bay Silver Bay
Aglaonema Bay Series Hybrids (University of Florida)
Henny, R.J., J. Chen, and D.J. Norman. 2003
JubileeMary Ann
Black Lance Deborah Green Lady
New Aglaonema Cultivars from Thailand
Royal Ripple
Amelia Millie
Somaclonal Cultivars Derived from Syngonium podophyllum‘White Butterfly’
White Butterfly Pink Allusion Bob Allusion Bold Allusion(Selfed)
Regina Red Allusion Neon Neon Tetra
Cream Allusion Cream Supreme
Courtesy of Agri-Starts, Inc., Apopka, FL
Selection of New Cultivars from Somaclonal Variants
Jade
Marble Queen Neon
Golden Pothos?
Chen, J. and R.J. Henny (unpublished data)
Chen et al., 2003; Chen et al., 2006
Banana Allusion, Berry Allusion, Bob Allusion, Bold Allusion, Cream Allusion, Pink Allusion
23Syngonium
Chen et al., 2003Cristina, Domino, Gayle’s Green, Hi Ho Silver, White, Lightening
5Spathiphyllum
Chen et al., 2003; Devanand et al., 2004
Baby Hope, Hope Compact, Gold Queen4Philodendron
Vuylsteke et al., 1996French Revision1Musa
Kristiansen 1992 Cleo1Ficus
Chen et al., 2003Camouflage, Carina, Rebecca, Sarah20Dieffenbachia
Chen et al., 2005Angela, Cora, Dottie, Eclipse, Satum7Calathea
Chen et al., 2003Lady Carmen, Orange Hot, SmallTalk5Anthurium
Chen et al., 2003Polly, Purpley2Alocasia
Henny et al., 2003Diamond Bay, Emerald Bay, Moonlight Bay13Aglaonema
ReferencesCommon cultivarsNo of cultivarsGenera
Cultivars Released from Selecting Somaclonal Variants
81Total
Chen, J. and R.J. Henny, 2006
Characterization of Somaclonal Variants
• Morphology
• Molecular marker-AFLP (Amplified
Fragment Length Polymorphism)
• Ploidy level-DNA Cytometry
Somaclonal Cultivars of Aglaonema and Anthurium
Aglaonema ‘Silver Bay’
‘Moonlight Bay’ ‘Diamond Bay’
Anthurium ‘Red Hot’
‘Orange Hot’
0.79* 0.80 0.92
*Jaccard’s similarity of coefficient
Indoor Air Quality Improvement by Foliage Plants
Dr. Bill Wolvertonand associates atJohn C. Stennis Space Center, MS
Three Compounds Removed in 24 Hours by Five PlantsPlant species varied in removing the chemicals
Bamboo palm absorbed highest amount of formaldehyde.
Peace lily was the most effective plant to remove benzene.
Marginata and peace lily were equally effective in reducingtrichloroethylene.
0
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70000
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English
ivy
Marginat
Peace li
lyBam
boo p
almJan
et Crai
g
Con
cent
ratio
ns (µ
g/pl
ant) Benzene
FormaldehydeTrichloroethylene
Interiorscape with Foliage Plants
Summary
• Foliage plant production has become one of the fastest growing agricultural enterprises
• The success of the foliage plant industry in Florida can be attributed to advances in propagation and production technologies, new plant and new cultivar introduction, and favorable geographical location
• Foliage plant production is an international business, and we should work together to keep Florida as the leader in foliage plant production in the world