The Forest at the Heart of my learning

The Forest at the Heart of my Learning

The Forest Resources of Québec

This document is specifically designed for studentsand teachers of the Secondary 3 course, Geographyof Québec and Canada. It contains teaching materialfor Module 3, which deals with forest resources. Theinformation also provides insight into the forest sec-tor – a driving force in Québec’s economy.

An entire team of teachers and forestry specialistsworked to prepare this document. Its contents are set

out according to the Secondary 3 geography program.The statistics it contains were, for the most part, sup-plied by the government.

Finally, to provide students with information on pos-sible career choices, the last section briefly describessome of the jobs available in the forest sector.

Enjoy reading!


Table of ContentsForests – A Collective Heritage 4

Vegetation Zones ____________________________________ 4Natural Forest Dynamics ______________________________ 4A Management Plan Tailored to Each Forest ______________ 6Increasingly Intensive Silvicultural Practices ______________ 6Wood Allocated According to the Allowable Cut ___________ 7

Public Forests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Private Woodlots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Forest Protection ____________________________________ 8Fire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8Insects and Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Historical Overview _________________________________ 10A Law That Oversees Forestry Practices_________________ 11

Management and Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11Wood Harvesting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Wood – A Renewable Resource 13

Processing 14The Lumber Industry ________________________________ 15

Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15Major Investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16Markets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17Fierce Competition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

The Paper Industry__________________________________ 18The Paper-Making Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18A Resource-Developing Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19Better Environmental Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20Evolving Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20Quality Jobs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Exporting Around the Globe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Challenges for the Industry 23Internal Challenges _________________________________ 23External Challenges ________________________________ 23

Trades and Professions 24

Québec forests are a collective heritage. Everyonebenefits from the wildlife, plant life, water and woodresources they contain. In addition to managementand harvesting activities for the purpose of processingwood, forests are also used for a wide array of recrea-tional and educational activities, such as hunting, fishing and nature study.

Forests are one of the main driving forces behindQuébec’s economy. The forest industry alone directlyor indirectly provides 200,000 jobs. Each year, the prod-ucts it ships are worth a total of $19 billion, represent-ing close to 16% of all Québec’s manufactured goods.In terms of recreational activities involving wildlife andplant life, this industry creates roughly 32,000 seasonalor full-time jobs. In 1996, some 4.3 million people spent$2.9 billion in this sector.

3The Forest at the Heart of my Learning

?Did you know that…

the most frequently practised recreational activ-ities in the forest are, in order of importance:

• various types of excursions (on foot, bicycle,skis, snowmobile, etc.);

• wild berry picking;

• camping and canoeing;

• hunting and fishing?

Québec covers an area of 1,668,000 km2. The greatmajority of this land (92%) is government-owned. As aresult, citizens are its collective owners.

Close to half of Québec’s territory is covered with trees(750,300 km2), mainly south of the 52nd parallel. Theboreal forest (also called coniferous or softwood for-est) is found in the north and the deciduous forest (alsocalled hardwood forest) in the south. Where the borealforest overlaps with the deciduous forest lies themixed forest.

Close to 70% of Québec’s forests are considered pro-ductive. This means they can support managementand wood harvesting activities.

Vegetation ZonesThe type of vegetation growing throughout Québecdepends chiefly on weather-related factors, which aregenerally less favourable towards the north. In the St. Lawrence lowlands, the climate changes graduallyfrom the south-west, where mostly hardwood speciesare found, to the north-east, where softwood forestsare widespread. Finally, variations in altitude, when-ever significant, sometimes lead to a layering in the veg-etation, similar to what occurs with latitude changes.

The type of soil, topography and disturbances, such aswildfires, insect epidemics and logging, also affecthow vegetation is distributed. In general, hardwoodsare usually found more towards the south, whereassoftwoods are more prevalent towards the north.

Natural Forest Dynamics Even without human intervention, forests have naturaldynamics which reflect the surrounding biophysicalconditions, the life cycle of trees and a variety of dis-turbances that occur all the time (fire, insects, dis-eases, etc.).

The boreal forest, also called the softwood forest, ismainly composed of black spruce, jack pine and fir.Nature renews these types of stands using methodsthat are sometimes radical and spectacular. Wildfire,wind and insects can, over the course of a few days ormonths, cause the rejuvenation of tens, hundreds oreven thousands of hectares of forest. Since the begin-ning of time, these three principal agents have contin-ually changed the face of Québec’s forests (forest firesin the North Shore region in 1991, spruce budworm epi-demic in the 1980s, etc.).

Fire plays a specific role in the natural regenerationcycle of boreal forests. For example, the heat from thefire helps the jack pine cones to open so that seeds

Forests – A Collective Heritage


Ownership of Québec’s Land Area

Source: Ministère des Ressources naturelles du Québec

Government of Québec: 91.8 %

Government of Canada: 0.4 %

Private property: 7.8 %

Overview of Québec’s Land Area

Source : Ministère des Ressources naturelles du Québec 1998 Ecological Classification

Boreal forest: 541,500 km2

Mixed forest: 98,600 km2

Deciduous forest: 110,200 km2

Water: 166,500 km2

Southern Arctic: 232,100 km2

Forest tundra: 224,800 km2

Taiga: 294,300 km2


the area of public forest harvested annually (3,500 km2) represents less than 1% of the produc-tive forest land (448,500 km2)?Source: Ministère des Ressources naturelles du Québec, 1999

Productive Forest Land in Québec


Public forest:448,500 km2

Private woodlots: 66,000 km2

Federal land: 3,100 km2

4

can disperse and a new stand can be established.However, when fire is too intense, it burns the humuslayer, often resulting in a soil that remains unproduc-tive for many years.

Wildfire, insect epidemics or major windfalls lead tothe creation of even-aged stands, which means thatmost trees are of the same age. Forest ecosystems inthe boreal zone are well adapted to these frequentlyoccurring natural disturbances. With the advent ofthese disruptions comes a succession of large standsof spruce, jack pine and fir, in which may also appearwhite birch or trembling aspen.

The deciduous forest, located in southern Québec, is typi-cally composed of uneven-aged stands, i.e., stands withtrees of different ages and heights. Maple, birch, ash andbeech are the main species. As a general rule, theseforests are very rarely subjected to major disturbancescaused by fire or insect infestations. Should such distur-bances occur, certain hardwood species, such as aspenand white birch which benefit from the light created by thenew openings in the stand, take root temporarily.


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A complete description of these zones is available on Internet at: www.mrn.gouv.qc.ca/3/30/300/zones_vegetation/zone_vege.asp .

ARCTIC ZONE

Southern Arctic subzone ■■■■ Herbaceous Arctic Tundra ■■■■ Shrub Arctic Tundra

BOREAL ZONE

Forest Tundra subzone ■■■■ Forest Tundra

Taiga subzone ■■■■ Spruce-lichen forest

Continuous Boreal Forest subzone ■■■■ Spruce-moss forest■■■■ Balsam fir-white birch forest

NORTHERN TEMPERATE ZONE

Mixed Forest subzone ■■■■ Balsam fir-yellow birch forest

Hardwood Forest subzone ■■■■ Sugar maple-yellow birch forest■■■■ Sugar maple-basswood forest■■■■ Sugar maple-bitternut hickory forest

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Windfall is an area in the forest where trees have been blown down by the wind.

Vegetation subzones and bioclimatic domains in Québec

The mixed forest is located between theboreal forest and the hardwood forest.Although fir is the dominant species, allother softwood species and most of thehardwood species characteristic ofQuébec forests are present. Insect epi-demics and wildfire are often the impetusfor the renewal of this type of forest.

A Management Plan Tailoredto Each ForestIn today’s woodland management, forestryspecialists try to imitate nature as much aspossible. Silvicultural activities, includingharvesting, are based on the life cycle andnatural dynamics of forests.

Companies responsible for harvestingwood in Québec’s boreal forest currentlypractise what is called “cutting with regen-eration and soil protection” (CRSP). At firstglance, this method is similar to the tradi-tional clearcut since it is used to harvestmost trees in the stand having reachedmaturity. However, there is a fundamentaldifference in that the type of machineryused and the way this equipment is movedat the site make it possible to protect thesoil and young trees. This new growth isalready well adapted to the area and oftenthrives compared to manually plantedseedlings. Since 1994, this harvesting

method has become a requirement of the Ministèredes Ressources naturelles.

In deciduous forests, trees generally vary in age andsize. As a result, selection cutting is often the mostappropriate method to use. Harvesting trees of differ-ent ages, here and there, aims at giving more space topromising or smaller trees while regularly obtaining asupply of wood. Diversity in terms of age can thereforebe maintained and crop trees have time to grow. Thismethod requires professional foresters to return to thesite once every few years to harvest a new crop oftrees.

Increasingly Intensive Silvicultural PracticesThe term “silviculture” owes its origin to the words cul-ture and sylva (forest in Latin). It is defined as the sci-ence and art of cultivating forest stands, i.e., creatingand helping them grow and develop, based upon prac-tical knowledge of forest ecology.

In Québec’s forests, several techniques are used toreach these objectives. First there are the harvestingmethods, such as cutting with regeneration and soilprotection, and selection cutting. However, there arealso several silvicultural treatments carried out to helpforest stands regenerate better and provide higheryields.

In young developing stands, precommercial thinning ispractised to reduce the number of trees and to fostertheir growth.

Commercial thinning makes it possible to give morespace to crop trees, thus increasing diameter growthbefore harvesting takes place, most often some fifteenyears later.

When it becomes necessary to re-establish a forestcover where there is little natural regeneration, sitepreparation is often needed before reforestation cantake place. This operation creates conditions in whichseedlings are more likely to thrive.


Boreal forest

Deciduous forest

Mixed forest


in the years following the harvesting of trees, for-est technicians and engineers return to the site tosee how much regeneration is present and howwell it is doing? If regrowth is insufficient, theunderstocked areas are replanted. In Québec, 80%of harvested areas regenerate very well naturallyand do not require any further plantings.Source: Ministère des Ressources naturelles du Québec

Wood Allocated According to the Allowable CutTrees grow, develop and continuously make wood. Theamount of wood produced must be assessed carefullyso that shortages never occur and forests can be sus-tained over an indefinite period.

Each year, Québec’s public forests and private wood-lots produce the equivalent of roughly 57,000,000 m3 ofwood. More than 75% of this new wood fibre capitalcomes from government-owned land. This volume(43,700,000 m3) represents what is called the allowablecut, i.e., the wood harvest volume that the government,as owner and manager of this resource, can allocateon an annual basis to forest companies, without com-promising the forests’ sustainability.

Public ForestsIn practice, the Ministère des Ressources naturellesallocates to companies, on average, about 85% of theallowable cut of forests in the public domain. This rep-resents some 38,000,000 m3 of wood. This percentageallows to maintain a certain leeway. Moreover, theaverage annual volume harvested in Québec’s publicforests is actually closer to 33,000,000 m3, of which27,500,000 m3 are softwoods and 5,500,000 m3 are hard-woods. For various reasons, such as production shut-downs or mill upgrades, a portion of the volume allo-

cated is not used by companies. Industrymembers are also responsible for ensuringthat all wood harvested is used in an opti-mal way.

Private WoodlotsPrivate woodlots, which are mostly locatedin the southern part of the province, repre-sent about 10% of all Québec productiveforests and play an important economicrole. About 120,000 owners share thiswoodland which is characterized by fertilesoil and easy access to roads. Since 1995,regional private woodlot developmentagencies have been created in Québec toprepare protection and development plansand to provide financial and technicalassistance to owners who adopt sustain-able forest management practices on theirwoodlots.

Harvest From Private Woodlots in 1998-99(Millions of cubic metres)

Allowable Harvest Volume Harvested

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Harvest From Québec’s Public Forest in 1998-99


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Volume Allocated Volume Harvested

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(Millions of cubic meters)?Did you know that…

without the sustained effort made in the area ofresearch and development (R&D), the objectivesset forth in the forest management plan could notbe achieved? This is why some $75 million isinvested in Québec each year to gain furtherknowledge and to develop leading-edge tech-nologies and new products. More than 450 scien-tists and technicians work in universities andindustrial or governmental research institutesthroughout Québec. Source: Québec Forest Research Council

7

Forest ProtectionForests are at the heart of the life of all Quebeckers,whether for economic, cultural, recreational or socialreasons. This is why so much effort is put into protect-ing these forests from fire, insects or diseases. Even ifthese elements play a crucial role in forest ecosystemdynamics and in maintaining biodiversity, it is impor-tant that their devastating effects be controlled.

FireIn 1972, the government of Québec created seven fireprotection agencies known as the Sociétés de conser-vation des forêts. Their mission was to protect forest-ed areas from fire. In 1994, these sociétés merged tobecome one provincial fire agency called the Sociétéde protection des forêts contre le feu (SOPFEU).

To support the effort put into protecting forests againstfire, Québec acquired a computerized data collectionsystem that makes it possible to analyze a series ofindices pertaining to drought, availability of forest fuels(trees, shrubs, moss, etc.) and the fire’s rate of spread.These tools help pinpoint areas where the fire hazardis high. When a fire breaks out, action taken in the for-est must be swift and effective. Priority is given to pro-tecting human lives and infrastructures.


Over the years, Québec’s forest fire protection system has gained international recognition.


over the last twenty years, fire has destroyed64,000 hectares of forests, on average, each yearin Québec? This area might seem insignificantcompared to the immensity of Québec’s wood-lands, but it represents roughly 18% of the landharvested. The last spruce budworm epidemicalone, which ended in 1992, wiped out the equiva-lent of 10 years worth of wood harvest. Source: Ministère des Ressources naturelles du Québec, 1999

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Insects and DiseasesQuébec’s forests also fall prey to insect infestationsand diseases. These events do not always lead to sig-nificant economic losses, and the stands, left to them-selves, are able to recuperate and regenerate.However, certain insect populations reach epidemicproportions on a cyclical basis. This is the case, amongothers, of the spruce budworm and the hemlock loop-er. When these epidemics hit, damage may be con-siderable, especially if the stands are mature or overmature.

Detection and prevention are the responsibility of thegovernment. At the request of the Ministère desRessources naturelles, the Société de protection desforêts contre les insectes et maladies (SOPFIM) plans,prepares and carries out response plans to counter theeffects of certain insect pests.

When a disturbance looks like it will be quite seriousand major economic losses are expected, SOPFIMproceeds, after receiving ministerial permission, with

the aerial spraying of insecticide. Since 1987, only thebiological insecticide known as B.t. (Bacillusthuringiensis) is used to control epidemics. Sometimes,it is better to harvest the stands, even if the trees havenot yet completely reached maturity. This allows to sal-vage the wood and also to limit the epidemic’s impact.

Giving priority to harvesting the most vulnerable standsis without doubt the most reliable method for avoidingthe negative effects of an insect infestation. No matterwhich methods are used, the goal is not to eradicatethe insect population or to completely eliminate thedisease-causing pathogens since these have a role toplay in a forest’s ecological balance. The effort put intoprotection is mostly for limiting wood loss to accept-able levels.



pesticides are used far less in forestry than in agriculture? Even though Québec’s forests cover an area tentimes greater than farmland, they only receive 1.3% of the pesticides used annually in Québec. The remain-ing 98.7% is used for farming purposes, golf courses and lawns!

In 1997, pesticide use in Québec was as follows:

• Agricultural production, farming and breeding

operations 81.5%

• Domestic and ornamental horticulture

(insecticides, lawns, golf courses, parks) 11.5%

• Industrial sector (cooling water) 2.8%

• Pest control 1.4%

• Forest sector 1.3%

• Other sectors 1.5%Source: Ministère de l’Environnement du Québec, http://www.menv.gouv.qc.ca/sol/pesticid/bilan97/index.htm

Historical OverviewBefore the arrival of Europeans, North Americanforests were home to many Native communities whoused the forest’s resources. The first settlers inNouvelle-France changed the relationship Man hadwith the forest. The newcomers wanted to clear thetrees away so they could farm the land. They saw theforest as an obstacle to development. Only oak andwhite pine, tremendously valued for building ships andmaking barrels, enjoyed some protection.

In France, in 1808, when Napoleon decreed a conti-nental blockade against the United Kingdom, the tradein white pine and red pine became somewhat morebrisk. The wood harvest in Eastern Canada took anindustrial turn to meet the increasing needs of theshipbuilding industry. Protectionism for Canadianwood, through preferential British tariffs and otherpolicies, enabled the Québec forest sector to trulyprosper. Then, the increasing demand for newsprint,especially on the New York market, contributed to fur-ther this development. From the eighteenth century tothe early nineteenth century, the expansion of inhab-ited Québec was directly related to its emerging industries.

This growth forced the government of the time to intro-duce measures to oversee the harvesting of wood. Oneof the first measures, implemented in 1868, was toimpose a diameter limit. In 1910, officials began requir-ing that forest operators provide information on the

work they carried out. This measure led to the first for-est inventories, starting in 1915.

However, it was only in 1922, when the 1909 Act toamend the Law respecting the administration and saleof public lands, woods and forests was amended, thatforest management in Québec truly began. To reachthe initial objective of making forests sustainable, thegovernment proceeded to impose increasingly restric-tive regulations. Today, Québec’s forest management policy is based on the application of the Forest Act.Adopted in 1986 and amended a few times since, thislaw governs the planning, execution, control and follow-up of all management activities in the province’spublic forests. In practical terms, this Act put an end tothe forest concession system and made forest usersmore accountable.


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Since the beginning of the century, the face of the Québec pulp and paper industry has changed considerably.


deforestation is the act of removing the tree pro-duction capability in a given area? Over thecourse of history, several regions in Québec sawtheir land change vocation. The need for newfarmland, urbanization and the establishment oftransportation routes have been the main causesof deforestation in Québec. Land settlement in theAbitibi region is the most recent example.

A Law That Oversees Forestry PracticesQuébec’s forest management policy is based on a law,from which stem contractual agreements, regulationsand instructions governing the planning, execution,control and follow-up of activities taking place inforests under public ownership. There are two funda-mental principles underlying the Forest Act:

• Forest management must allow harvesting, in per-petuity, of a volume of wood without reducing theproduction capabilities of the forest environment;

• Forest management must protect all forestresources, and be compatible with all activities carried out in the forests.

In addition, a Forest Protection Strategy, adopted in1994, restricts the use of pesticides in wooded areas.These pesticides are to be completely eliminated by2001. Furthermore, the Strategy also outlines the con-cept of forest management. A certain number of fun-damental principles are described, namely:

• the conservation of biological diversity;• the respect of natural dynamics of forests;• the promotion of natural regeneration of stands;• the taking into account of the specific characteris-

tics of each forested area;• the reduction of the vulnerability of forests;• the giving of proper consideration to the concerns

expressed by the population.

Management and Protection The Regulation respecting standards of forest man-agement for forests in the public domain (RSFM) obligesthe company owner to use practices deemed appro-priate for harvesting wood, to ensure the regenerationof all sites after harvesting and to protect other forestresources, such as wildlife, watercourses, fragile habi-tats and areas used for other human activities (camp-ing, vacationing, etc.).

Wood Harvesting The government guarantees forest industry memberslong-term supplies. In return, those companies arerequired to manage the forest in such a way as tomaintain, even increase its potential. The two-waycommitments of the government and forestry compa-nies are set out in Timber Supply and ForestManagement Agreements (TSFMAs or CAAFs inFrench).

These contracts specify the volumes of roundwoodthat the companies can cut in public forests. Thesevolumes are established according to three criteria:

• the annual allowable cut; • the requirements of the mill;• the other available sources of wood supply.



the Ministère des Ressources naturelles is themanager of Québec’s public forests? It establish-es rules and standards for the management,preservation and development of forests. It alsodefines the framework for forest management.

The Forest Act aims, among other things, to protect wildlife habitats.

This is to ensure that all wood harvested (roundwood,chips, sawdust, shavings or bark) is used in a rationaland optimal way. Holders of TSFMAs pay stumpagedues1 along with a portion of the costs to replant andprotect the forest. Their contributions to a ForestryFund2 serve to finance other activities related toseedling production, forest inventory and forestresearch.

Based on the assessment of the forest managementpolicy undertaken in 1996, a public consultationprocess was held in 1998 in all of Québec’s regions.This led to proposals for improving the 1986 policy.These proposals are found in Bill 136 – An Act toamend the Forest Act and other legislative provisions.

This bill, studied in the fall of 2000, outlined concretechanges, namely with regards to:

• public participation in forest management; • the granting of forestry rights;• forest management practices;• the control and follow-up of forest-related work;• the protection of the forest environment.


1 Stumpage duesStumpage dues are fees that forest management permit holders must pay to harvest a certain volume of wood inforests under government ownership. These fees are based on a rate (in dollars per cubic metre of wood) that variesdepending on the species and quality, for 65 tarification areas established throughout the province. The table of ratesis updated three times a year, and takes into account, among other things, the development of price indices for forestproducts on international markets.

2 Forestry FundIn 1998, Québec created a Forestry Fund to guarantee the financing of certain specific forest management-relatedactivities, such as seedling production, forest inventory and forest research.


the responsibilities in terms of harvesting andprotecting the forest are apportioned as follows:

• reforestation costs come out of the stumpagedues1 paid by TSFMA holders;

• costs associated with the protection of forestsare shared equally between the governmentand the agreement holder. This protection isprovided by SOPFEU and SOPFIM;

• forest road building costs are entirely support-ed by the agreement holder?

In 1999, some $182.2 million in stumpage dues1 was paid by companies to the government. An additional $38.2 million in Forestry Fund2 contributions, permit costsand other fees was also spent, resulting in a total of $222.4 million.Source: Ministère des Ressources naturelles du Québec

As they grow, trees fix in their cell membranes cellu-lose and lignin, which are basic substances used tomake wood fibres. Generally speaking, a rapidly grow-ing tree produces short cells with low or medium den-sity. The cell walls are thinner and break easily. Aslower growing tree makes longer cells that aredenser and more resistant. As a result, its fibres are ofbetter quality. This is the case of the black sprucewhich dominates Québec’s boreal forest. The quality ofits fibres is renowned worldwide in the pulp and papermanufacturing industry.

Trees perform important ecological functions. Duringtheir period of growth for instance, they absorb and fixcarbon dioxide contained in the air to manufacture,among others things, glucose and cellulose. At thesame time, they release oxygen back into the air. Whena tree reaches maturity, it no longer grows. Becauseits metabolism has slowed down, it absorbs consider-ably less carbon dioxide. Its ability to act as a “set oflungs” is therefore greatly diminished.

A mature tree is much more vulnerable to decay (rot),disease, insects, freezing rain, the effects of violentwinds (windfall) and forest fires. This is why it is justifi-able to harvest trees that have reached maturity, aslong as enough older trees are left standing, here andthere at the site, so they can continue to play their rolein maintaining biodiversity.


Wood – A Renewable Resource

Unlike concrete, steel and plastic, structural lumber is the only material that ismade from a renewable and renewed resource, which contributes to the qual-ity of the environment.


the number of wood products and by-products isestimated at more than 10,000? Maple syrup andfurniture are the first to come to mind. However,there are several other surprising products:

• from certain types of pulp are made clothes,film, plastic moulds, detergents and paints;

• with certain essential oils from softwoods, it ispossible to make perfume, shampoo, chewinggum and medical drugs;

• with lignin from softwoods, various types ofglue can be manufactured;

• turpentine is another wood by-product.Source: Ministère des Ressources naturelles du Québec,www.mrn.gouv.qc.ca/3/36/pdf/encartsaf.pdf

Forestry companies have settled in Québec because ofthe excellent quality and abundance of wood fibre, thecloseness to the American market, the availability ofthe power to operate the mills and effective groundand water transportation.

The forest environment is present in the Québec’sthree major economics sectors:

• primary: forest management and wood harvesting,mainly carried out by lumber companies, are thebasis of the forest industry;

• secondary: the trees harvested are processed intolumber, pulp and various types of paper and paper-board; several other products are also derived fromthis first processing: boards, doors and windows,furniture, covering and finishing lumber and alltypes of packaging, without forgetting a wide arrayof by-products;

• service industry: several service companies, suchas transportation businesses, distribution centres,retailers and all types of consultants, work directlywith the forest industry.

14

Processing


Forest Industry-Related Jobs and Establishments in Canada in 1997Québec British Columbia Canada

JobsForest Management 11,367 19,306 45,501Wood Industry 36,515 40,357 130,644Pulp and Paper 35,095 17,240 103,446Total 82,977 76,903 279,591

Number of establishmentsWood Industries 1,056 686 3,019Pulp and Paper 2061 75 691

Source: http ://www.nrcan.gc.ca/mms/efab/mmsd/forest/default.html

1 Includes the sixty or so pulp and paper mills and board mills in Québec.

The Forest Industry and the Québec Economy - 1999(in millions of dollars)

Manufacturing Production Net Trade Industry Value Balance

Wood 8,383 4,277

Pulp, paper and 10,973 6,070paperboard

Food 12,953 541

Machinery 3,799 -1,920(except electric)

Transportation equipment 13,752 -3,776

Primary processing 9,549 4,662of metals

Chemicals 8,778 -2,094

Electric and 12,731 -2,967electronic products

Plastic products 2,980 255

Textiles 3,827 -710

Other manufacturing 36,380 906industries

All manufacturing 124,105 5,244industries combined

Source: Institut de la statistique du Québec

The Lumber IndustryThe Québec lumber industry includes some 1,300 mills(in 1999), representing close to 13.5% of the province’smanufacturing establishments. It provides direct jobsto 37,000 workers (forest and mill) in Québec’s regionsand municipalities. In 1999, the total value of goodsproduced reached $8.4 billion.

In several respects, the lumber industry is at the verybase of Québec’s immense forest industrial pyramid.The wide variety of products and by-products derivedfrom the primary processing of logs supplies severalsectors in the wood processing industry: pulp andpaper, milled wood, boards, prefabricated houses,doors and windows, hardwood floors and furniture, etc.

ProductionQuébec is ranked second among the lumber producingprovinces in Canada. This situation enables it to be aninfluential player on Canadian and North Americanmarkets, with about 26% of the Canadian production. In1999, Québec produced 18.5 million cubic metres oflumber. British Columbia produced 31.9 million cubicmetres.



the economy of close to 250 Québec municipal-ities is based on the forest sector? Because of itsmanagement and processing activities, the forestindustry supplies virtually all the manufacturingsector jobs in 150 towns and cities throughoutQuébec.Source: Ministère des Ressources naturelles du Québec

Canadian Lumber Production - 1999(in thousands of cubic metres)

Province Softwoods Hardwoods Total

British Columbia 31,833 100 31,933

Québec 17,331 1,185 18,516

Ontario 6,475 256 6,731

Alberta 6,185 24 6,209

New Brunswick 3,273 205 3,478

Nova Scotia 1,667 - 1,667

Saskatchewan 996 - 996

Manitoba 475 - 475

Canada 68,235 1,770 70,005

Source: Québec Lumber Manufacturers’ Association

Over the last 25 years, Québec’s softwood lumber pro-duction more than tripled to reach 17.3 million cubicmetres in 1999. Close to 51% of the total output is com-posed of planks called “2 x 4’s” (pieces of wood whosethickness is 2 inches and width is 4 inches, or 5 cm by10 cm), the main product manufactured by Québec’ssoftwood lumber industry. Furthermore, Québec is, byfar, the leading producer of lumber from hardwoods inCanada, with close to 1.2 million cubic metres in 1999.British Columbia’s production is of minor importance inthis area.

In recent years, the forest sector in Québec has pro-gressed toward value-added wood products. Superiorquality species and logs are used to manufacture fur-niture or in interior design, whereas inferior qualitylumber is used to produce pallets, furniture frames andrailroad ties, or for other industrial purposes. The mar-ket for engineered wood is currently experiencingtremendous growth. For Québec, this is a promisingmarket, especially for engineered joists, which are

made using assemblies of small dimension wood thatwas previously unused by the lumber industry due tothe lack of market opportunities and profitability.

Major InvestmentsSince the beginning of the 1990s, investments inQuébec’s wood industry have always been on the rise.Profits made during this period were massively re-invested into the implementation of new technologies.These investments have enabled mills to increase theirproduction levels along with their productivity, tolessen the impact on the environment, to reduce manu-facturing costs and finally, to be more competitive oninternational markets by offering quality products atcompetitive prices.


Fleuve Saint-Laurent

Saint-JeanLac GASPÉSIE

11

Trois-Rivières

0 40 80 120 km

ABITIBI-TÉMISCAMINGUE08

NORD-DU-QUÉBEC10

OUTAOUAIS07

LAURENTIDES15

LANAUDIÈRE14

QUÉBEC03

MONTÉRÉGIE16

BAS-SAINT-LAURENT01

CÔTE-NORD09

SAGUENAY–LAC-SAINT-JEAN02

ESTRIE 05

Montréal

Longueuil

Rouyn-Noranda

Rimouski

Gaspé

Sherbrooke

Hull

Sept-Îles

DrummondvilleSaint-Jérôme

Joliette Saint-Georges

Québec

Chicoutimi

CHAUDIÈRE-APPALACHES12

CENTRE-DU-QUÉBEC17

MAURICIE04

Lumber Mills

Region capitals

Location oflumber mills

MarketsThe lumber industry also contributes to Québec’seconomy with its annual exports of some $4.5 billion.The very little importing done by this industry enables itto boast a positive trade balance of $4.3 billion, sur-passed in this area only by the pulp and paper industryand that of the primary processing of metal. Québecexports its lumber by train (51%), by truck (45%) and,occasionally, by boat (4%).

Fierce CompetitionIn addition to facing competition from the United Statesalong with that of British Columbia and Ontario,Québec now has to deal with new lumber producers.European countries are seeing their post-war treeplantations reach maturity, resulting in a considerableincrease in the amount of wood available for process-ing. Russia and certain South American countries alsoenjoy an enviable position because of their low pro-duction costs.

The Québec lumber industry must therefore be activeon several fronts to remain competitive. Different fac-tors come into play:

• the cost of wood represents 40% to 70% of the pro-duction costs. The distance between this raw mate-rial and the mill, the expenditures related to buildingforest roads and the dues paid to the government,all have an important bearing on the cost of woodfibre;

• labour is the second most important consideration,varying around 17% of the total operation cost;

• energy represents 5% of the overall production cost;

• the foreign exchange rate is a variable the industrycannot control; fluctuations in the dollar can affectQuébec’s ability to compete with the United States;

• other environmental and regulatory issues can alsoinfluence the competitiveness of Québec’s lumberindustry.


Over the last decade, more than $3.5 billion has been invested by Québecsawmills in capital expenditures and maintenance.

Shipments of Québec Lumber in 1999

United States: 50%

Canada: 48%

Others: 2%

The Paper Industry The Québec pulp and paper industry has some sixtymills whose total production capacity is close to 11 million metric tons per year. Shipments reach $11 billion, the equivalent of 8.9% of all manufacturedgoods in Québec. This industry is a driving force of oureconomy, especially in Québec’s regions. Of the 17 administrative regions in Québec, 16 (Laval is theexception) have at least one pulp and paper mill.

The Paper-Making ProcessWood is composed of long cellulose fibres joinedtogether with a substance called lignin. To make thepulp that is used to manufacture paper or paperboard,the lignin must be removed and the fibres separatedfrom each other. Three different methods areemployed, depending on the type of wood fibre usedand the type of pulp wanted:

• mechanical process: pulp is obtained by grinding,on an abrasive surface, roundwood or wood chipsmixed with water;

• chemical process: pulp is made by mixing woodchips, water and certain chemicals, after which thismixture is cooked in a huge autoclave;

• recycling: the recycled pulp comes from second-hand papers and paperboard which are shredded ingigantic grinders (pulpers) to which water is addedso that ink can be subsequently removed.

The pulp is then spread on a long moving wire cloth. Anenormous vacuum removes the water from the pulp.The long intertwined fibres (similar to spaghetti) formthe sheet of paper. It is then pressed and dried


Pulp, Paper and Board Mills


Québec is the leading pulp and paper region in thecountry, with 33% of the Canadian production?Despite its small population, Québec produces 3%of all paper and paperboard and 11% of allnewsprint manufactured in the world.

Number( )

Location of pulp, paper and board mills

between enormous rolls. Depending on the type ofpaper wanted, the sheet can undergo various treat-ments. Coated for instance with a thin layer of clay(kaolin), the sheet enables higher printing quality. To bepressed and smoothed, the sheet passes through sev-eral cylinders called calenders.

More than 800 different types of paper are made inCanada. Manufactured using various recipes, eachtype has its own characteristics. Grocery bags aresturdy, photocopier paper is very white, directorypaper is thin, magazine paper shows off colours per-fectly, coffee filters are porous, tissue paper isabsorbent and paperboard can be flat, corrugated orcoated with wax. In short, the possibilities are virtuallyendless.

A Resource-Developing IndustryWhen manufacturing processes and workers’ skillsare looked at closely, one quickly realises how muchthe Québec pulp and paper industry puts into develop-ing natural and human resources. For example:

• Most of the today’s production uses wood chips, aby-product of the lumber industry;

• The paper industry consumes about 12% of theenergy produced by Hydro-Québec; electricity fromthe Crown corporation is therefore given high addedvalue through the pulp and paper industry;

• Because of specialized training programs, Québec’slabour force is increasingly skilled; the paper indus-try requires that these specialized workers from awide variety of fields be able to operate its leading-edge technology.

Faced with increasingly stricter environmentalrequirements, high labour costs, an electricity bill thatis going up faster than inflation, and an eight-foldincrease in the cost of wood fibre since 1986, the pulpand paper industry was forced to make massive invest-ments to reduce its operating costs and improve itsenvironmental performance. Between 1995 and 1999,Québec mills spent $4.3 billion, representing 17% of allmanufacturing investments made in Québec.Approximately 30% of this spending was in the area ofenvironmental protection.



it is possible to obtain further information on howpaper is made by consulting a poster designed bythe Québec Forest Industries Association? It isavailable at the following Web site:

http://www.aifq.qc.ca/english/machine/machine.html

In a mere hour, a machine can produce a strip of paper measuring 100 kilo-metres long with a thickness varying only by 1/1000 of a millimetre. Hundredsof researchers and engineers work on a daily basis to make this feat possible.

The wood used to make chips is most often found at the outermost part of thetree or at the small end of the tree where it no longer has the size required toproduce lumber.

Better Environmental PerformanceQuébec pulp and paper mills, once considered terriblepolluters, have invested massive sums of money intoimproving their environmental performance. The sus-pended solids in their wastewater have decreased by88% since 1981, and substances dissolved in this samewater, by 97%, during the same period.

Between 1981 and 1999, the quantity of water used bythe mills dropped by 43% per ton of paper and boardproduced. According to data supplied by the Ministèrede l’Environnement du Québec, emissions of green-house gases from the paper industry also decreasedby 5% between 1990 and 1997. About 60% of the wastegenerated by pulp and paper mills is now reclaimed,mainly for energy-related and agricultural purposes.This percentage was 44% in 1993.

Canada is also the leading importer of used paper andpaperboard in the world, especially since the quan-tities it can collect within its borders do not allow tomeet the requirements for recycled fibre content in thepaper and paperboard sold in the United States. TheCanadian recycling rate for used paper and paper-board jumped from 21% to 45% between 1983 and 1999.

Evolving ProductsLike all other industries, the pulp and paper industrymust adapt to the needs of its customers. The paperused today in photocopiers is far superior to that usedjust fifteen years ago. Newspapers no longer stain fin-gers as much either, and soon they won’t even yellowany more.

Apart from these innovations, the types of papers cur-rently manufactured in Québec have also changed.Québec’s paper mills produce 44% of the newsprintmade in the country. With Québec’s output, Canada isthe world’s leading newsprint producer today. In NorthAmerica, however, this type of paper seems headedtowards slower growth than printing and writingpapers. With E-commerce thriving, packing paper alsohas a promising future. For example, it takes a lot moreof this kind of paper to send 500,000 copies of Harry Potter by mail or courier service to individual


Source of the Wood Fibre Consumed by the Québec Pulp and Paper Industry

Sources 1970 1999(’000,000 m3) (%) (’000,000 m3) (%)

Roundwood 18.1 85.4 4.1 15.8

Wood chips, sawdust, 3.1 14.6 16.5 64shavings

Recycled fibre N/A N/A 5.21 20.2

Total 21.2 100 25.8 100


1 According to the MRN, 1 m3 of wood equals 0.384 dry metric ton (water free) of recycled fibres.

Cost of Producing a Ton of Newsprint in 1997

Source : PricewaterhouseCoopers. The Primary Forest Products in Québec,1999.

Fibre: 24%

Labour: 16%

Energy: 16%

Chemicals: 4%

Maintenance and supplies: 11%

Administration: 13%

Amortization, interest, etc.: 16%


in the past, tree parts that were not used by thelumber industry were left at the logging site orburied? As a result, Québec lost a considerableamount of usable fibre. Today, following changesmade to their manufacturing processes, papercompanies use considerably more wood chips,sawdust and shavings than roundwood. It hasbeen possible to strike a balance between theprotection of the environment and the optimal useof resources and the quest for profitability, bothfor the lumber industry and for the pulp and paperindustry.

20

customers than to ship 500-copy orders to 1,000 differ-ent bookstores.

Quality Jobs Québec’s production of pulp and paper comes from thehard work of some 35,095 employees. Close to 31% ofall manufacturing jobs in the North Shore, NorthernQuébec and Gaspé-Magdalen Islands regions, 21% ofmanufacturing jobs in the Outaouais region, 16% ofthose in Abitibi-Témiscamingue region and 15% ofthose in the Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean region, are

concentrated in the pulp and paper industry. Thesalaries paid to these employees rank first among the22 major industrial groups compiled by the Institut de lastatistique du Québec and exceed by 49% the averagewages paid by Québec’s manufacturing industries.


Phot

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The environmental performance of pulp and paper mills has greatly improved in recent years.


in Québec, the recycling of old papers and paper-board makes it possible to reduce the need forlandfill sites and to reduce the transportationcosts related to importing recyclable paper fromthe United States? It also contributes to reducinggreenhouse gas emissions by preventing paperfrom being dumped in landfill sites where it rotsand produces CO2 and methane.

Québec’s Pulp and Paper Production(’000 metric tons)

Product 1970 1999’000 mt % ’000 mt %

Newsprint 3,766 66 4,007 40

Paperboard and 1,298 23 4,489 44other papers1

Market pulp 648 11 1,596 16

Total 5,712 100 10,092 100

1 Includes, among others, specialty papers (magazines, directories,etc.), fine papers (book paper and writing papers, etc.) and sanitarytissue.

Furthermore, 60,000 other indirect and induced jobsstem from the Québec paper industry. The purchase ofgoods and equipment, contracts for the maintenance,transportation, manufacturing and machining of partsand the wide array of services (engineering consult-ants, environment specialists, computer analysts,lawyers, bankers, etc.) are provided for the most partclose to the mills, i.e., in the region. This partnership isone of the main foundations for economic and socialstability throughout Québec.

Exporting Around the Globe Québec ranks among the leading pulp and paperexporters in the world. Of the 10 million tons of pulp,paper and paperboard produced annually, 10% aresold in Québec, 13% in the rest of Canada, 59% to theUnited States and 18% elsewhere in the world.

The value of Québec exports3 in pulp and paperreached $6.9 billion in 1999. The industry’s trade bal-ance (difference between exports and imports) ofroughly $6 billion is on the plus side. This means a netinjection of money from outside Canada. If the contri-bution from the pulp and paper industry is combinedwith that of the lumber industry, the net contribution ofthe forest industry to Québec’s international trade bal-ance exceeds $10 billion annually.



the papermaking industry’s workforce is fromQuébec and the bulk of its purchases in terms ofelectricity, wood chips or roundwood are made inthis province? A considerable portion of its trans-portation costs stay within Québec and many ofthe support services it needs are provided byQuebeckers. It is not very often that major indus-trial groups so seldom call upon foreign suppliers.

3 Québec exportsQuébec exports comprise sales made outside Canada’s borders, whether it be in the United States or elsewhere in theworld. Shipments to other Canadian provinces as well as inside Québec are therefore not included.

Every year, close to two million tons of pulp, paper and board produced inQuébec are shipped by boat.

People and companies are forever faced with chal-lenges over the course of their lives and development.The forest sector in Québec is no exception. Moreover,the challenges it must meet are commensurate with itsimportance.

Internal ChallengesCost effectiveness: Sawmills and pulp and paper mills

must constantly strive to remain competitive and controltheir production costs at the same time.

Modernization: Sawmills and pulp and paper mills mustremain at the cutting edge of technology in terms of pro-duction and protection of the environment.

Availability of labour: Forestry companies must suc-ceed in keeping a steady supply of workers and jobs arerequiring more and more skills. Between the years 2000and 2005, about 20% of the pulp and paper labour willneed to be replaced. Training programs will need to bestepped up.

Forest productivity: Québec’s forest productivity willhave to be increased while at the same time preservingecological balance. This will make it possible to increasethe volume of wood used in processing and to make larg-er areas of forest land available for other uses, notably forconservation purposes (protected areas).

External ChallengesMill supplies: To remain competitive, forest companies

must make sure they have an ongoing supply of qualitywood fibre at competitive prices. These companies there-fore have a vested interest in the sustainability of forests.Most of the wood they use comes from forests in the pub-lic domain and it is the government that determines thevolume of wood that can be harvested and the amount ofdues to be paid.

Protection of the environment: Forest companies inQuébec must constantly deal with the pressure to remaincompetitive and the increasing demands in terms of pro-tection of the environment.

Energy costs: Manufacturing pulp and paper requireslarge amounts of electricity. For mills, a lower energy billis an ever-present challenge.

Transportation costs: The hauling of logs from the forestto the mill, along with the transportation of productstoward various markets, represent huge costs.Dependable services is therefore an ongoing concern.

Forest protection: Fire and disease can cause consider-able losses of wood. As a result, it is important for pre-vention to be effective. This requires a large amount offinancial, technological and human resources.

Harmonization of forest-related activities: Inforests of the public domain, companies have to harmo-nize their management activities with those of other usersof the forest environment, such as Native communitiesand outfitting operations. This working together requiresgreat effort, since it aims at striking a balance between allparties’ needs and expectations.

Protected areas: Québec aims to increase the area of for-est land dedicated to conservation purposes. Establishingthese new protected areas is a challenge because of theneed to maintain the level of economic activity related tothe forest sector. Forest management needs to be intensi-fied on land where forest production will continue to bepermitted.

Competition: On the world forestry scene, the leading roleQuébec and Canada play is continuously being chal-lenged. Widespread availability of wood, climates wheretree growth is better, technology, labour and energy atlower costs are a few of the advantages increasinglyenjoyed by some competing countries. Constant vigilanceis required to counter the imposition of barriers to inter-national trade. In addition, various substitute products(steel, concrete, plastic, etc.) are always eating away atmarket shares held by forest products. Sawmills andpaper mills must therefore continuously promote the ben-efits of their products compared to products using othermaterials.

Consumer demands: As with any other type of produc-tion, the forest industry must constantly adjust to con-sumer expectations.


Challenges for the Industry

“My grandfather was a lumberjack; I am a loggingmachine operator. He worked with an axe and a saw; Iuse a multi-function tree harvester!” This is what youmight hear a forestry worker say today. Of course thereare still workers who cut down trees manually, butusually this operation is done using heavy machinery.

Forest jobs have changed considerably. The lumber-jacks have stepped aside to make way for skilled work-ers whose training may come from a vocational school(silvicultural worker) or a university (forest engineer).

The lumber industry, with its modern mills, must meetthe requirements of local, national and internationalmarkets. Several of its components are computerizedor automated, which make its employees highly skilled.

The paper industry provides a wide range of jobs,especially in the mill, but also in head offices and atcertain suppliers. The type of training sought is at thesecondary, collegiate and university levels.

All companies have administrators and managers, sur-rounded by office automation technicians and supportstaff.

Following is an overview of some of the jobs related tothe forest sector.

24

Trades and Professions



Québec is home to several teaching establish-ments in the field of forestry? This teaching is dis-pensed by three universities, five CEGEPs andseven school boards, not to mention many popu-lar education organizations. Université Laval is theonly university in Québec to train future forestengineers.Source: Ministère des Ressources naturelles du Québec


High School – VocationalSilvicultural worker Removes undesirable vegetation, plants

seedlings, fells trees manually.

Filer Repairs, sets and sharpens high-precision sawsand does maintenance on adjustment tools forsawing equipment.

Sawyer Operates the many controls related to the con-veyors, laser scanners and computers used tooptimize the sawing of logs.

Grader Sorts the various size pieces of wood accordingto quality.

Logging machine operator Operates a variety of specialized machines:skidders, delimbers, slashers, multi-functionmachines, flat-bed trucks, tractors, loaders, etc.

Other jobs Cooks, welders, pipe fitters, machinists,mechanics, electricians, etc.

High School Diploma Unskilled jobs Maintenance worker, day labourer, manual

worker, all types of helpers, etc.

Forest jobs The lumber industry The paper industry


CEGEP VocationalForestry technician Supervises infrastructure work, forest inventory,

harvesting and silvicultural operations; ensuresthat regulations are followed.

Technicians in electricity, Conducts controls on quality and processes inthe mill; takes part in the planning, maintenanceand design of machines or processes.

Puts into practice concepts pertaining to com-puters, robotics and automate programming.

Calibrates, repairs, sets up and installs controlinstruments and electronic, mechanical,hydraulic and pneumatic systems; does preven-tive maintenance on machines.

Water treatment and analytic Is responsible for protecting the environment;analyzes samples and controls effluent.

Pulp and paper technicians Supervises the production of pulp and paper.

University Training Forest engineering Supervises forestry operations in a logging

sector; oversees the provision of quality woodfibre while promoting the sustainable develop-ment of forests; plans forest management activities.

Civil engineering, Works in management or production positions:mill director, superintendent or supervisor;designs and makes equipment and structures.

Chemical engineering, chemists, Supervises and controls production quality;applies environmental standards; carries outwater quality control procedures.

Environment engineering Conducts sampling of gaseous emissions andeffluent; ensures the environment is protected.

electronics, electrodynamics,instrumentation and controls, computerscience, mechanical engineering, civilengineering, electrical engineering,computer engineering, draftsperson

pulp and paper engineering

chemistry technicians

mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, computer engineering

Joint Project:• Québec Forest Industries Association

(QFIA) (coordination)

• Québec Lumber Manufacturers’ Association(QLMA)

• Ministère des Ressources naturelles du Québec(MRN)

Research and Writing• Laurent Lebel, Scientific Writer

• Gilles Bouchard, Teacher

Special Contribution• Louis-Paul Perras, Geographer, Geography Teacher

• Paule Têtu, Forest Engineer

• Valerie Leger, Forest Engineer, Translator

DistributionQuébec Forest Industries AssociationPlace Iberville II1175, avenue Lavigerie, bureau 201Sainte-Foy (Québec) G1V 4P1

Telephone: (418) 651-9352Fax: (418) 266-2015E-mail: [email protected]

© Gouvernement du QuébecLegal Deposit – 4th trimester 2000Bibliothèque nationale du Québec, 2000

ISBN : 2-550-36630-1

Une version française est aussi disponible.


ASSOCIATIONDES INDUSTRIESFORESTIÈRESDU QUÉBEC

Quebec LumberManufacturers’Association

1175, avenue Lavigerie, bureau 201Sainte-Foy (Québec) G1V 4P1

Tel.: (418) 651-9352Fax: (418) 266-2015

[email protected]

1175, avenue Lavigerie, bureau 200Sainte-Foy (Québec) G1V 4P1

Tel.: (418) 657-7916Fax: (418) 657-7971

[email protected]

5700, 4e Avenue Ouest, bureau 302Charlesbourg (Québec) G1H 6R1

Tel.: (418) 627-86001 800 463-4558

Fax: (418) 643-0720

[email protected]

Société des professeurs de géographie du Québec

www.geocities.com/spgq

Documents

The Forest at the Heart of my learning