The Formation of Western Europe, 800–1500 QUIT Chapter Overview Time Line Visual Summary SECTION Church Reform and the Crusades 1 SECTION Trade, Towns,

The Formation of Western Europe, 800–1500

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Chapter OverviewChapter Overview

Time LineTime Line

Visual SummaryVisual Summary

SECTION Church Reform and the Crusades 1

SECTION Trade, Towns, and Financial Revolution 2

SECTION England and France Develop 3

SECTION A Century of Turmoil 4

14CHAPTER

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Chapter Overview

The Church is revitalized but its Crusades fail to capture Jerusalem. Rising prosperity and trade create thriving towns. France and England develop more representative government. Bubonic plague and the Hundred Years’ War bring an end to the Middle Ages.

14CHAPTER The Formation of

Western Europe, 800–1500

910 Benedictine Abbey founded at Cluny, France.

987 Capetian dynasty begins in France.

1066 Norman invasion of England.

14CHAPTER

Time Line

800 1500

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The Formation of Western Europe, 800–1500

1453 Hundred Years’ War ends with French victory.

1347 Bubonic plague strikes Europe.

1096 First Crusade begins.

1215 King John approves Magna Carta.

A spiritual revival leads to Church reform, new religious orders, and the building of Gothic cathedrals. The Crusades, though unsuccessful, strengthen European monarchies and increase trade with the Middle East.

OverviewOverview AssessmentAssessment

Key Idea

Church Reformand the Crusades

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MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW

The Catholic Church underwent reform and launched Crusades (religious wars) against Muslims and others.

The Crusades resulted in trade and exploration between Christians and Muslims but left a legacy of distrust.

Overview


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AssessmentAssessment

• simony

• St. Francis of Assisi

• Gothic

• Urban II

• Crusade

• Saladin

• Richard the Lion-Hearted

• Reconquista

• Inquisition

TERMS & NAMES

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1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List six key events that summarize the Age of Faith.


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Section 1 Assessment

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900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500

910Benedictine monastery founded at

Cluny.

1090sPope calls for the

First Crusade.

1099Jerusalem

is captured by Christians.

1187Jerusalem

falls to Saladin.

1204Christian knights

loot Constantinople.

1492Reconquista ends in

Spain.

2. Which of the Church’s problems—marriage of priests, simony, lay investiture—do you think was most harmful to the Church? Why? THINK ABOUT

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1

1 Assessment

• the effects of each problem • the reforms that corrected each problem

ANSWERANSWER

• Priests’ marriages undermined the authority of the Church.

• Simony rewarded wealth, not merit.

• Lay investiture made bishops the pawns of kings.

Possible Responses:

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New farming methods and a growing food supply lead to expansion of trade and finance and the growth of towns. Interest in learning is revived as universities are established and ancient works are rediscovered.


Key Idea

Trade, Towns, and Financial Revolution

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European cities challenged the feudal system as agriculture, trade, finance, and universities developed.

The various changes in the Middle Ages laid the foundations for modern Europe.

Overview


• three-field system

• guild

• burgher

• vernacular

• Dante Alighieri

• Geoffrey Chaucer

• Thomas Aquinas

• scholastics


TERMS & NAMES

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1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Describe how medieval society changed between 1000 and 1300.


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Changes in Medieval Society

Agriculture improves Population increases

Towns growTrade expands

Universities arise

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2. What was the effect of towns on the feudal system?THINK ABOUT


• where the new townsfolk came from • the saying “Town air makes you free” • the changes experienced by townspeople

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Towns undermined the feudal system by offering former serfs and new town dwellers economic and social opportunities. These burghers worked together to secure their freedom from lords.

Possible Response:

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2 Assessment

ANSWERANSWER

• Guilds set standards for quality, weights, measures, and prices for their goods, such as a loaf of bread.

• An individual had to master a craft before becoming a guild member.

Possible Responses:

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3. How did guilds improve the quality of goods and business practices? THINK ABOUT

• who enforced standards of quality • who could become guild members

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England, united under the Normans, and France, united by the Capetian dynasty, take the first steps toward representative government. King John is forced to sign the Magna Carta, and Philip IV includes commoners in the council.


Key Idea

England and France Develop

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As the kingdoms of England and France began to develop into nations, certain democratic traditions evolved.

Modern concepts of jury trials, common law, and legal rights developed during this period.

Overview


• William the Conqueror

• Henry II

• Eleanor of Aquitaine

• Magna Carta

• parliament

• Philip II

• Louis IX


3


TERMS & NAMES

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1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Name each major step toward a democratic government and describe why it was important.


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Centralized government

Policies of English and French kings applied to all

Courts

Led to a unified body of law in England and an appeals court in France

Magna Carta

Guaranteed basic rights

Parliament/Estates General

Included commoners/middle class in making laws


3


ANSWERANSWER

William led an invasion of England in 1066 and granted fiefs to 200 Norman lords. Although Hugh Capet was a weak ruler, Capetians gradually consolidated their power.

Possible Response:

2. Contrast the way in which England and France began developing as nations. THINK ABOUT

• the character of William, duke of Normandy, versus the character of Hugh Capet

• the rise of the Normans to power in England • the rise of the Capetians to power in France

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Church teachings are challenged, and the papacy loses prestige. The bubonic plague kills nearly one third of Europe’s population, and the Hundred Years’ War brings an end to the Middle Ages.


Key Idea

A Century of Turmoil

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During the 1300s, Europe was torn apart by religious strife, the bubonic plague, and the Hundred Years’ War.

Events of the 1300s led to a change in attitudes toward religion and the state, a change reflected in modern attitudes.

Overview


• Avignon

• Great Schism

• John Wycliffe

• Jan Hus

• bubonic plague

• Hundred Years’ War

• Joan of Arc


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TERMS & NAMES

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1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Identify the main cause and the long-term effect of the three events listed below.


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continued . . .


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Main Cause Long-Term Effect

Split in Church

Bubonic Plague

Hundred Years’ War

Choice of Urban VI as pope Pope’s authority undermined

Fleas carried disease Social destruction and pessimism

England’s King Edward III claims French throne

Promotes democratic institutions


ANSWERANSWER

2. What problems did survivors face after the bubonic plague swept through their town? THINK ABOUT

• the number of dead


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• the social, political, and economic chaos

Survivors had to bury the dead, provide for other survivors, replace town leaders and skilled workers, and try to rebuild their world.

Possible Responses:

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continued . . .


ANSWERANSWER

3. Do you think John Wycliffe and Jan Hus posed a real threat to the Church? Why or why not? THINK ABOUT

• the two men’s ideas


4

• the condition of the Church at the time

Yes. Their ideas undermined the authority of the pope and the Church.

No. Their criticism of worldly, wealthy clergy and their call for a return to the authority of the Bible reflected sound Christian beliefs.

Possible Responses:

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End of Section 4

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The Formation of Western Europe, 800–1500 QUIT Chapter Overview Time Line Visual Summary SECTION Church Reform and the Crusades 1 SECTION Trade, Towns,