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The Fundamental Role of
VisionVisionin
- CognitionCognition- Behavior
- Social OrganizationSocial Organization
Jim Sheedy OD PhDJim Sheedy, OD, PhDPacific University
We can be aware of these a b a a odifferences in our consciousness
• Awareness–No words–Vision based
• ThinkingW d–Words
–Speech/hearing based
Consciousness
• Primary consciousness–State of being mentally aware of State of being mentally aware of
things in the world
• Higher order consciousnessHigher order consciousness–The ability to be aware of being
awareaware
Right brain/Left brainGerald Edelman, MD, PhD
l b hSplit brain research
• Roger Wolcott Sperry and Michael Gazzanigag–shared the 1981 Noble Prize in
Physiology and Medicine with David y gyHubel and Torstein Wiesel
• Animal studies• Human patients with epilepsy
Split brainSplit brain
Vision perceptionHearing and speech
Ri ht id f b dLeft side of body Right side of body
Advanced cognitive skills use neural frameworks established neural frameworks established for vision and hearing/speech
Higher level skills built upon vision g bu upo oand hearing/speech
• Vision based• Verbally based
Left BrainRight Brain
• Parallel processing• Holistic
• Verbally based• Serial processing• Words
• Understanding• Feelings
Intuition
• Words• Thinking• Logic
• Intuition• Beliefs• “Silent” – no words
g• Deduction
• Silent no words• Survival
• 4 billion - simple cells• 3 billion - photosynthesis, • 2 billion - complex cells• 2 billion complex cells• 1 billion - multicellular life, • 600 million - simple animals
570 illi th d
Pre-Cambrian
• 570 million - arthropods • 550 million - complex animals • 500 million - fish and proto-amphibians,
Cambrian
• 475 million - land plants, • 400 million - insects and seeds, • 360 million - amphibians
Life on earth (in years)
• 360 million amphibians, • 300 million - reptiles, • 200 million - mammals,
150 illi bi d (in years)• 150 million - birds, • 130 million - flowers, • 65 million - dinosaurs died out• 6 million – divergence from ape line• 100,000 – homo sapiens
The Cambrian explosion • 570-530 million years ago• Prior to this most organisms were g
simple, composed of individual cells occasionally organized into colonies.
• All basic body plans developed here – heads, tails, and appendages
• Evolution of all current animals has come from this era.
d f• Rapid appearance of most major groups of complex animalsFi t f i i• First appearance of vision
Visioni th C b i E l iin the Cambrian Explosion
• Rapid development of eyes• Rapid development of eyes
• Large survival benefits from vision
• Vision drives survival and evolution
• Strong evolutionary pressure to develop vision
• Behavior driven by vision
• Vision drives neural processing
In the Blink of an Eye, Andrew Parker
David Plachetzki and Todd Oakley
Genesis of vision?David Plachetzki and Todd Oakley
University of California at Santa Barbara
Opsin genes (pictured in blue) offer the first evidence of sight in animals.
The hydras have opsin proteins all over their bodies and are reactive to light, but have no eyes.
Source: National Science Foundation web-site
Genesis of vision?
An eye cupeye cup
OFF ONReceptive field –communication with muscle with muscle movement
Genesis of vision?
P d Proposed evolutionary ydevelopment
of eyeof eyeNilsson, Dan-Erik:Department of Zoology, Lund University in Sweden.
Vision provided…
• a “map” of the external penvironment
• a sense of “self”a sense of self–survival
• a sense of “group”• a sense of group–protection and survival
d ti d i l– reproduction and survival
dGravity detection
• Perfect partner with Vision
O i t ti i ld–Orientation in world
• For the most part, all vertebrates p ,
and invertebrates contain some
t f ( ) th t ll th type of organ(s) that allows them
to maintain equilibrium with
respect to gravity and movement
Statocyst• Balance organ
Likely occurred early in evolution
http://moteprime.org/article.php?id=7
y y
Evolution of hearingg• Much less is known• Probably early in evolution but not as • Probably early in evolution, but not as
early as eyes– Possibly as early as 260 million years agoPossibly as early as 260 million years ago
• Lateral line in fish• Reptiles sensed sound with jaw bones• Reptiles sensed sound with jaw bones• Jaw bones transformed in mammals
– Transitional mammal “Yanoconodon allini” – Transitional mammal Yanoconodon allini lived 125 million years ago
Hearing perceptionHearing perception• Major advance was j
speech• Speech partners Speech partners
with hearing• Speech is unique • Speech is unique
to humans
Speech developmentp p
• Many questions remain:
• 500,000 years ago
– Throat and ear bones of Stone Age ancestors indicate some speech, but archaic.p
• 100,000 to 40,000 years ago
– transition to facial and neck traits needed for modern speech in H sapiensspeech in H. sapiens.
• 40,000 years ago
– eight hearing-related genes show signs of having eight hearing related genes show signs of having systematically evolved (John Hawks of the University of Wisconsin–Madison)
• Some alterations on these genes occurred as recently as 2,000 to 3,000 years ago.
Early Human Development (years ago)• 6 million
– divergence of apes and human ancestors from a
• 12,000 –11,000– beginning plant selection
and agricultureu a a cesto s o acommon ancestor
• 2.5 million– first stone tools
a d ag cu tu e
• 8,000– first cities
• 5,000• 150,000 – 30,000
– Neanderthal man
• 100,000 years f f
,– first Civilizations (e.g.
Egyptian), wheel invented, writing invented
• 3 500– first appearance of Homo Sapiens (us)
• 70,000 – 50,000– first burials
• 3,500– first alphabetic writing
• 3,500 to 2,500– Old Testament is writtenfirst burials
• 60,000 years – first boats
• 60,000-30,000 years
Old Testament is written
• 3,000– first New World Civilizations
(e.g. Inca, Aztec)60,000 30,000 years – first art and religion
Development of Human Perception and Mind
• We emerged from a vision based world (right g ( gbrain)
– “self’
– “group”
– survival
• Our visual mind played (and plays) the major role in defining our perception of world and relationships relationships
• Speech-based perception (left brain) is an overlay on the visual perceptionoverlay on the visual perception
Development of Human Development of Human Perception and Mind
Vision (R) Speech (L)
“Self” Ego
thoughts
Hearing &
Group
Seeing
“G ”
Hearing & Speaking
thoughts “Group”
What is ego?• Cogito ergo sum
– Rene Descartes (1596-1650)
• 2 components to Ego– Sense of “self”
• Vision based
– The thinking self• Hearing/speech based• Hearing/speech based• Uniquely human
What is “group”?g p• Sense of “group”
Vision based– Vision based– Cooperation for survival– Cooperation for successCooperation for success– Carl Jung’s “collective unconscious”
• Group thoughtsp g– Speech/hearing based– Governance and cooperation– Knowledge base– Foundations for towns to civilizations
h kThe Greeks (750 BCE – 350 BCE)
• Written language - 750 BCE–Oldest known literary writingsOldest known literary writings
• Iliad and the Odyssey – 700 BCE
• Formally developed the left brainFormally developed the left brain–Conscious inquiry into life and nature–Rules of reasoning and logic–Rules of reasoning and logic– Introduced reason and thought into
human guidancehuman guidance
Socrates (470 B.C. - 399 B.C.)
• Athenian philosopher• Method of inquiry
– “Socratic method”C ti d ti i– Continued questioning
– Not taking a point of view• Great teacher• No writings• No writings• Known through most famous
pupil– Plato
Diffi l di i i h h i – Difficult to distinguish their ideas
• Chose to drink hemlock instead of being banished
Plato (427 BC -347 BC)Plato (427 BC -347 BC)• Knowledge gained
th h th through the senses always remains confused and impurep
• True knowledge is gained through contemplation by the soulthe soul
• Soul alone can have knowledge of the formsg– World is an imperfect copy
• Idealist and rationalist
Allegory of the Cave and the Divided Line (Plato)
• 2 worlds• 2 worlds– Sensible (Visible) world that surrounds us
• World of change and uncertaintyg y• Illusions and beliefs• We can only have opinions in this world
Intelligible world (Speech)– Intelligible world – (Speech)• Unchanging products of human reason• Contains eternal “forms” (Visual cognition?)• Ideas• Reason and intelligence• World of realityWorld of reality• We can have knowledge in this world
Allegory of the Cave and the Divided Line (Plato)
• The 2 worlds each have a lower and • The 2 worlds each have a lower and upper region– Sensible (Visible) world that surrounds usSensible (Visible) world that surrounds us
•Lower region – Illusion•Upper region - BeliefUpper region Belief
– Intelligible world (Speech)
•Lower region – ReasonLower region Reason•Upper region - Intelligence
Plato’s 2 worldsVision (R) Speech (L)
“Self” Ego
thoughts
G
Seeing Hearing & Speaking
Group thoughts “Group”
S ibl I t lli ibl Sensible world
Intelligible world
Plato’s 2 worldsVision (R) Speech (L)
“Self” Ego
thoughts
G
Seeing Hearing & Speaking
Illusion Reason
Group thoughts “Group”
S ibl I t lli ibl Sensible world
Intelligible world
Plato’s 2 worldsVision (R) Speech (L)
“Self” Ego
thoughts
G
Seeing Hearing & Speaking
Illusion Reason Belief Intelligence
Group thoughts “Group”
g
S ibl I t lli ibl Sensible world
Intelligible world
The Sensory MindVision (R) Speech (L)
“Self” Ego
thoughts
G
Seeing Hearing & Speaking
Group thoughts “Group”
The Sensory MindVision (R) Speech (L)
“Self” Ego
thoughts
Feelings Reason
G
Seeing Hearing & Speaking
Feelings
Logic
Deduction Beliefs
Group thoughts “Group”
The Sensory MindVision (R) Speech (L)
“Self” Ego
thoughts
Feelings Reason
G
Seeing Hearing & Speaking
Feelings
Logic
Deduction Beliefs
Intelligence
Understanding
Creativity
Group thoughts “Group”
g
Sigmund Freud Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
• Large unconsciousness driven by sexual and driven by sexual and other aggressive drives
• Goal of therapy is to make the
i unconscious conscious
• Id ego superego• Id, ego, superego
The Visual, or “unconscious” side of our mindside of our mind
http://www.abundance-and-happiness.com/images/iceburg.jpg
Carl Jung (1875-1961)Carl Jung (1875 1961)
• Psyche divided into 3 parts–Ego–Personal
unconscious Vision (R) Speech (L)
– Collective unconscious
“Self” Ego
thoughts
Hearing &
• He missed “group thoughts”
Group thoughts
Seeing
“Group”
Hearing & Speaking
( )Myers–Briggs test (1962)
• Isabel Briggs Myers (daughter) I – Ey ( g )
• Katharine Briggs (mother)
I – EN – S(mother)
• Paper and pencil test based on
T – FP Jtest based on
Jung typologiesP - J
( )Myers–Briggs test (1962)
• Isabel Briggs Myers (daughter) I – Ey ( g )
• Katharine Briggs (mother)
I – EN – S(mother)
• Paper and pencil test based on
T – FP Jtest based on
Jung typologiesP - J
N f JNot from Jung
l lJung personality typology
• Attitude scale
–Introversion ego oriented towards –Introversion – ego oriented towards the personal unconsciousness
E t i i t d t d –Extroversion – ego oriented towards the collective unconsciousness
l lJung personality typology
• Judging scale
Thi ki–Thinking• Preference for deciding via objective
impersonal logicimpersonal logic
–Feeling• Preference for deciding via subjective and
emotional responses
Vision (R) Speech (L)
“Self” Ego
thoughts
Feelings Reason
I
G
Seeing Hearing & Speaking
Feelings
Logic
Deduction Beliefs
Group thoughts “Group”
E
Vision (R) Speech (L)
“Self” Ego
thoughts
Feelings Reason
I
G
Seeing Hearing & Speaking
Feelings
Logic
Deduction Beliefs
F T
Group thoughts “Group”
E
l lJung personality typology
• Perceiving scale
–Sensing–Sensing• Preference for obtaining information
through the senses as facts and detailst oug t e se ses as acts a d deta s
– INtuition• Preference for obtaining information as • Preference for obtaining information as
relationships, patterns, and possibilities
Vision (R) Speech (L)
“Self” Ego
thoughts
Feelings Reason
I
G
Seeing Hearing & Speaking
Feelings
Logic
Deduction Beliefs
F T
Group thoughts “Group”
E
Vision (R) Speech (L)
“Self” Ego
thoughts
Feelings Reason
I
G
Seeing Hearing & Speaking
Feelings
Logic
Deduction Beliefs
Intelligence
Understanding
Creativity
F T
Group thoughts “Group”
g
E
Vision (R) Speech (L)
“Self” Ego
thoughts
Feelings Reason
I
S S
N N
G
Seeing Hearing & Speaking
Feelings
Logic
Deduction Beliefs
Intelligence
Understanding
Creativity S S
F T
Group thoughts “Group”
g
E
The Four Circles of Skeffington*The Four Circles of Skeffington
Centering Identification
IC
g•Where is it? •What is it?
V
Vision•The Emergent
S/AASpeech Auditory•What do I know b t it?Anti-gravity about it?
•What can I tell you about it?
Anti gravity•Where am I?•Where are my body parts one relative to
*From Paul Alan Harris
relative to another?
The Four Circles of Skeffington*The Four Circles of Skeffington
Centering Identificationns
IC
g•Where is it? •What is it?
onnec
tion
V
Vision•The EmergentVision
(Right brain)Speech(Left brain)
d o
ther
co
S/AASpeech Auditory•What do I know b t it?Anti-gravity lo
sal an
d
about it?•What can I tell you about it?
Anti gravity•Where am I?•Where are my body parts one relative to
Cal
*From Paul Alan Harris
relative to another?
The Visual, or “unconscious” side of our mindside of our mind
http://www.abundance-and-happiness.com/images/iceburg.jpg
The Fundamental Role of
VisionVisionin
- CognitionCognition- Behavior
- Social OrganizationSocial Organization
Jim Sheedy OD PhDJim Sheedy, OD, PhDPacific University