The future of the Diesel engine public perception vs ... · KIT – Die Forschungsuniversität in der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft The future of the Diesel engine – public perception

www.kit.edu

INSTITUT FÜR KOLBENMASCHINEN Leiter Prof. Dr. sc. techn. Thomas Koch

KIT – Die Forschungsuniversität in der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft

The future of the Diesel engine – public perception vs. physical facts Dr.-Ing. Uwe Wagner, KIT

EUROFORGE General Assembly Stuttgart, 05.04.2019

2 Institut für Kolbenmaschinen

Prof. Dr. sc. techn. Thomas Koch

05.04.2019 The future of the Diesel engine – public perception vs. physical facts

Dr. Uwe Wagner

Media Headlines

Poor air quality in Stuttgart




Dr. Uwe Wagner

The future of the Diesel engine

Immission situation

Emission regulation / RDE certification

CO2-challenge and e-fuels

Agenda




Dr. Uwe Wagner


Immission situation



Agenda




Dr. Uwe Wagner

Combustion engine and its emissions

Exemplary composition of Diesel engine exhaust

Nach AGN: Angabe in Masse-%

Unwanted immissions

Carbon monoxide CO

Unburned hydrocarbons HC

Sulfur oxide SOx

Particulates PM

Nitrogen oxide NOx

Today not critical anymore



Particulate matter

Nitrogen oxide (mainly NO+NO2)

?

?

1

Immission situation

H H

H H

H C C O OH H

O

Fuel Oxygen

..

Mechanical work Emissions Water CO2

Combustion + + + + c o o




Dr. Uwe Wagner

PM10-situation Großräumiger

Hintergrund 28%

11,0 μg/m3

Straßenverkehr Auf/Ab 31% 12,6 μg/m3

Road traffic Exhaust 6% 2,2 μg/m3

Sonstige 1% 0,5 μg/m3

Industrie <1% <1 μg/m3

Straßenverkehr Auf/Ab 8% 3,2 μg/m3

Industrie, Gewerbe

1% 0,3 μg/m3

Offroad, Biogene, Sonstige

2% 0,9 μg/m3

Kl. u. mittlere Feuerungsanlagen

15% 6,0 μg/m3

Road traffic Exhaust

1% 0,6 μg/m3

Kl. u. mittlere Feuerungsanlagen 7% 2,7 μg/m3

Local sources

45%

Background 55%

PM10

Quelle: Christoph Erdmenger; Ministerium für Transport und Infrastruktur Baden

Württemberg; IFKM/KIT – NOX Conference, Heidelberg, 01.2016

The contribution of engine tailpipe exhaust to PM immissions is very small!

2

PM10-daliy average

# of excess days of 50mg/m3

(limit 35 d/a)

Particulate matter + nitrogen oxide




Dr. Uwe Wagner

PM10-situation over time

2


1990 2000 2016

Quelle: [1] www.stadt-zuerich.ch/gud/de/index/umwelt_energie/luftqualitaet/messdaten/schadstoffkarten.html; Abruf 28.02.2018, Gesundheits- und Umweltdepartement, Stadt Zürich

[2] BAFU (Hrsg.) 2017: Luftqualität 2016. Messresultate des Nationalen Beobachtungsnetzes für Luftfremdstoffe (NABEL). Bundesamt für Umwelt, Bern. Umwelt-Zustand Nr. 1723

http://www.stadt-zuerich.ch/gud/de/index/umwelt_energie/luftqualitaet/messdaten/schadstoffkarten.html






Dr. Uwe Wagner




Unwanted immissions

Carbon monoxide CO


Sulfur oxide SOx

Particulates PM

Nitrogen oxide NOx




Particulate matter


?

?




Dr. Uwe Wagner

Emission formation: NOx

What is NOx?

NOx: collective term for various nitrogen oxides

Relevant for combustion engines: almost exclusively NO and NO2

Relevant as engine emission

Formed mostly during combustion

Formula Name

N4O Nitrosylazide

N2O Nitrous oxide

N4O2 Nitryl azide

NO Nitrogen monoxide

N2O3 Dinitrogen trioxide

N4O6 Trinitramide

NO2 Nitrogen dioxide

N2O4 Dinitrogen tetroxide

N2O5 Dinitrogen pentoxide

Relevant as immission

reacts with

O2 to NO2

2

NO is formed in the presence of oxygen and high temperatures (>2000 K).





Dr. Uwe Wagner

Quelle: Bayerisches Landesamt für Umwelt, Lufthygienischer Jahresbericht 2016

Immission situation

NO2-immissions in exemplarily in Bavaria




Dr. Uwe Wagner

NO2-sources and NO2-distribution

Quelle: Christoph Erdmenger; Ministerium für Transport und Infrastruktur Baden

Württemberg;, IFKM/KIT – NOX Conference, Heidelberg, 01.2016

Road traffic 53% 47,3 μg/m3

Background 7%

6,0 μg/m3

Local sources

59% Background contribution

41%

Industry <1% <1 μg/m3

Others, Offroad 2% 1,5 μg/m3

Small and medium sized

heating 10%

8,9 μg/m3

Industry, Offroad,

others 5%

4,9 μg/m3

Road traffic 19% 17,2

μg/m3

Small and medium sized heating 4% 3,2 μg/m3

NO2

Close to roads, NO2 immission limits are partly exceeded!

3

Yearly average 2010

Quelle: LUBW http://www4.lubw.baden-wuerttemberg.de/servlet/is/242644/





Dr. Uwe Wagner

NO2-immission at Stuttgart Neckartor and „Schlossgarten“


Reference is the official measurement

location at Stuttgart Neckartor (>70.000

vehicles per day)

Reference value at hot spot = 83 µg/m³

Average in “Schlossgarten” = 35 µg/m³

30m




Dr. Uwe Wagner

Quelle: [1] www.stadt-zuerich.ch/gud/de/index/umwelt_energie/luftqualitaet/messdaten/schadstoffkarten.html; Abruf 28.02.2018, Gesundheits- und Umweltdepartement, Stadt Zürich

[2] BAFU (Hrsg.) 2017: Luftqualität 2016. Messresultate des Nationalen Beobachtungsnetzes für Luftfremdstoffe (NABEL). Bundesamt für Umwelt, Bern. Umwelt-Zustand Nr. 1723

NO2-immission situation over time


1990 2000 2016 N

O2 [m

m/m

3]







Dr. Uwe Wagner




Unwanted immissions

Carbon monoxide CO


Sulfur oxide SOx

Particulates PM

Nitrogen oxide NOx




Particulate matter


?

?




Dr. Uwe Wagner


Immission situation



Agenda




Dr. Uwe Wagner

Time [s] ~ 30 min

Distance ~23 km

vmax = 131 km/h

1992 1996 2000 2005 2009 2014 2021

NOx 0,5 0,25 0,18 0,08

0,05 0,10 0,14 PM10 0,025 0,005

EURO 1 EURO 2 EURO 3 EURO 4 EURO 5 EURO 6 EURO 6dTemp EURO 6dfinal

Time [s] >90 min

Distance >48 km

[g/km]

WLTP RDE

Emission regulation, driving cycles and emission limits

Quelle: LUBW

0,7* 0,97*

* HC+ NOx

0,08

0,0045

0,08

0,0045

vP

kw[k

m/h

]

vP

kw[k

m/h

]

RDE (Real Driving Emissions)

2017

0,0045

In the last 20 years, target emissions were decreased considerably. Starting with

EURO 6dTemp (2017), NOx emission limits are also prescribed during driving.


vP

kw[k

m/h

] NEDC

vP

kw[k

m/h

] Time ~20 min

Distance ~11 km

vmax = 120 km/h

Time [s]

EURO 1-6a/b




Dr. Uwe Wagner

NOx real driving emissions

The NEDC NOx emission limits of 180 mg/km (EURO 5) and 80 mg/km (EURO

6a/b) are exceeded notably during real driving.

Fahrt/ Fzg.1

Fahrt/ Fzg.2

Fahrt/ Fzg.3

Fahrt/ Fzg.4

Pressefahrten

heute

IFKM-

Fahrten


NEDC

Quelle: Vehicle Emissions Testing Programme, Department for Transport, UK 2016




Dr. Uwe Wagner

Test drives with 2016 RDE-ready vehicles (EURO 6d, temp)

AUDI Q7 3.0l V6

• Max. power 200 kW

• Exhaust gas treatment DOC and SDPF

• High-pressure EGR

BWM 730d 3.0l R6


• Exhaust gas treatment DOC-NSK, DPF and SCR

• High- and low-pressure EGR

Mercedes-Benz E220d 2.0l R4


• Exhaust gas treatment DOC and SDPF


Volkswagen Tiguan 2.0l R4


• Exhaust gas treatment DOC und SDPF



Compact, highly

integrated and EAT

close to the motor

Quelle: Daimler AG, 2017




Dr. Uwe Wagner

Vehicle emissions NOx in real driving (RDE)

On the road, NOx emissions are notably below the limits. (Acceptable values

are 168mg/km for RDE EURO 6dtemp and 120mg/km for EURO 6dfinal)

Drive/ Vehicle 1

Drive/ Vehicle 2

Drive/ Vehicle 3

Drive/ Vehicle 4

Media drives IFKM

drives

3





Dr. Uwe Wagner

Pollutant emissions



Unwanted immissions

Carbon monoxide CO


Sulfur oxide SOx

Particulates PM

Nitrogen oxide NOx




Particulate matter


?

?




Dr. Uwe Wagner


Immission situation



Agenda




Dr. Uwe Wagner

GHG reduction: Temperature increase <2°C

Agreement of the UN Climate Summit 2009 in Kopenhagen


Requires drastic reduction of CO2

emissions in all sectors




Dr. Uwe Wagner

CO2-emissions transportation Germany

Increased efficiency and 100% passenger car BEV not sufficient for

Copenhagen CO2-Target

1

Quelle: R. Leonhard, KIT-E-Fuels Workshop 2017, Daten basierend auf Tremod 5.3 1960-2030, IFEU

CO2-target according

to Copenhagen 2009

„CO2-gap“





Dr. Uwe Wagner

Fuel-cell Hydrogen H2 H2-Tank

Energy Pathways for Mobility Applications

1

Bio-Fuels

Oil& Gas

Coal

Biomass

Solar Wind Hydro

Nuclear

Energy Resources Energy Storage Powertrain Veh.

Energy Carriers & Fuels

Synthetic Hydrocarbons

Combus-tion

Engine

Gasoline, Diesel, Gas

Fuel Tank

Batt. Electr. Veh.

Battery

Elec

tric

ity

eFuels from renewable energy resources





Dr. Uwe Wagner

Additional issues

e.g. infrastructure

e.g. tank / battery size / mass

1

Quelle: R. Leonhard, KIT-E-Fuels Workshop 2017

Quelle: MWV; Energie Informationsdienst; Tank & Rast ID 2621


Electric powertrain efficiency considered with 95%

Diesel fuel

67,2kg / 80l

504kg / 600l

1.092kg/ 1.300l

25.200kg / 30.000l

Battery Li-ion

350Wh/kg

723kg

7.876kg

17.066kg

393.834kg

Future battery?

1.100Wh/kg

230kg

2.506kg

5.430kg

125.311kg

# of petrol stations




Dr. Uwe Wagner

Advantages of O2-containing Fuels in Combustion

Example OME (Oxymethylenether): comparable properties like Diesel fuel,

miscibility, significantly reduced soot formation

1

Quelle: Homepage Profilregion Mobilitätssysteme Karlsruhe

Quelle: Lumpp et al., „OXYMETHYLENETHER ALS DIESELKRAFTSTOFFZUSÄTZE DER ZUKUNFT “, MTZ 03I2011





Dr. Uwe Wagner


Emission issues from combustion engines are solved

Fleet penetration has to take place

engine exhaust related immission issues are solved

With EURO6d and RDE strongly needed regulations

are in power

Contribution of combustion engines for climate protection

possible and necessary (not all applications

purely e-driven possible)

Summary and Conclusions

www.kit.edu

INSTITUT FÜR KOLBENMASCHINEN Leiter Prof. Dr. sc. techn. Thomas Koch

KIT – Die Forschungsuniversität in der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft

The future of the Diesel engine – public perception vs. physical facts Dr.-Ing. Uwe Wagner, KIT

EUROFORGE General Assembly Stuttgart, 05.04.2019

Thank you for your attention.

Documents

The future of the Diesel engine public perception vs ... · KIT – Die Forschungsuniversität in der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft The future of the Diesel engine – public perception