© 2009 The MITRE Corporation. All rights reserved.Approved for public release, distribution unlimited

The Future of the Electromagnetic Spectrum in Aerospace Testing

Darrell Ernst

10 February 2009

Presented at Aero India 2009

NIMHANS Convention Centre, Bangalore

© 2009 The MITRE Corporation. All rights reserved.

Page 2

Agenda

■ Use of radio spectrum in aerospace testing

■ Responding to the threat

■ The future of the radio spectrum

■ Spectrum as a commodity

■ Summary and conclusions

© 2009 The MITRE Corporation. All rights reserved.

Page 3

Agenda

■Use of radio spectrum in aerospace testing

■ Responding to the threat

■ The future of the radio spectrum

■ Spectrum as a commodity

■ Summary and conclusions

© 2009 The MITRE Corporation. All rights reserved.

■ Land space

■ Air (and/or Sea) space

■ People

■ Instrumentation

The Fundamental Test Resources

Page 4

and

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■ Radar

■ Telemetry

■ Time, space & position information (TSPI)

■ Test command & control

■ Range safety

■ Data relay

■ Radar cross section & radio reflectivity

■ Weather (rawinsonde)

Use of the Radio Spectrum

Page 5

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■Radio spectrum is fully allocated from 3

kHz to 300 GHz

–Addition of new radio services means that

existing users must share or decrease their

usage

■Demand for spectrum is direct result of

the Information Age

Demand for Spectrum

Page 6

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The Exploding Information Age

7Source: The Diverse and Exploding Digital Universe , www.idc.com. Study funded by EMC

2006 2007 2011

180 X 1018

281 X 1018

1800 X 1018

Growth of Inform

ation

NOTE: 1 X 1018 bytes = 1 Exabyte. Total of all printed matter in world = 5 exabytes

5All printed matter

© 2009 The MITRE Corporation. All rights reserved.

■ Military

■ Civil aviation

■ Medical

■ Emergency management & response

■ Commercial sector (banks, petrochemical, transportation)

■ Consumer services– Cellular

– WiMax/4G

– Digital audio radio (AsiaStar/WorldSpace)

– Concierge

■ Science– Radio astronomy

– Atmospheric research

The Wireless Age is Upon Us

Page 8

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The Crowded Spectrum

Page 9

The two laws of spectrum physics

1. The greater the data rate, the greater the bandwidth

2. The higher the frequency, the greater the difficulty

2,500 bps

2,500,000 bps 2,500,000 Hertz bandwidth

2,500 Hertz bandwidth

10,000,000 Hertz 1 Rupee per mile (12,000 miles)

10,000,000,000 Hertz 1,000 Rupees per mile (300 miles)

© 2009 The MITRE Corporation. All rights reserved.

Demand for Telemetry Spectrum

Page 10

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 201010

100

1 103

1 104

1 105

Year

Dat

a R

ate

(kbp

s) ri

vri

yi

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Demand for Telemetry Spectrum

Page 11

© 2009 The MITRE Corporation. All rights reserved.

Page 12

Agenda

■ Use of radio spectrum in aerospace testing

■Responding to the threat

■ The future of the radio spectrum

■ Spectrum as a commodity

■ Summary and conclusions

© 2009 The MITRE Corporation. All rights reserved.

■ US aerospace organizations establish iNET

integrated Network Enhanced Telemetry

■ Airbus develops packet telemetry system using

commercial OFDM * Technology

■ International test organizations form ICTS

International Consortium for Telemetry Spectrum

■ International collaboration at 2007 WRC* results in

more spectrum for telemetry

– 59 MHz worldwide, 1.4 GHz in ITU Region II

Aerospace Test Organizations Respond

Page 13

*OFDM=Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing WRC=World Radiocommunication Conference

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14

WRC Telemetry Item Outcome

Lyons

Summary

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Page 15

Agenda

■ Use of radio spectrum in aerospace testing

■ Responding to the threat

■The future of the radio spectrum

■ Spectrum as a commodity

■ Summary and conclusions

© 2009 The MITRE Corporation. All rights reserved.

The Regulated Radio Spectrum

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The Threat

17

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More Threats

18

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Page 19

Agenda

■ Use of radio spectrum in aerospace testing

■ Responding to the threat

■ The future of the radio spectrum

■Spectrum as a commodity

■ Summary and conclusions

© 2009 The MITRE Corporation. All rights reserved.

■Most nations charge a fee for licenses or

allocations

■Many nations studying ways to increase

revenue from spectrum– Spectrum auctions very popular in some nations

■Test community may have to learn how to

charge range users

The Spectrum as a Source of Wealth

Page 20

All costs are passed on to the user!

© 2009 The MITRE Corporation. All rights reserved.

Costing Strategies for Test Ranges

■ Amortized Costing

■ Usage Based Costing

■ Composite Costing (Amortization + Usage)

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Fee = Hours used x [($NRE + $O&M)/(available hours)]Fee = Hours used x [($NRE + $O&M)/(available hours)]

Fee = Hours used x (X $/Hertz)Fee = Hours used x (X $/Hertz)

Fee = Hours used x {(X $/Hertz) +

[($NRE + $O&M)/(available hours)]}

Fee = Hours used x {(X $/Hertz) +

[($NRE + $O&M)/(available hours)]}

NRE= Non-Recurring Expenses O&M= Operations and maintenance

© 2009 The MITRE Corporation. All rights reserved.

Page 22

Agenda

■ Use of radio spectrum in aerospace testing

■ Responding to the threat

■ The future of the radio spectrum

■ Spectrum as a commodity

■Summary and conclusions

© 2009 The MITRE Corporation. All rights reserved.

Summary■Demand for radio spectrum will continue to

increase

■Test usage of spectrum will increase

■Threats to access will increase

■Access will require multiple strategies

■Economics of spectrum will probably lead to fee system

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