The gamma-delta T-cell cytokine response to peritonitis

Experimental Animal Science

The gamma-delta T-cell cytokine response to peritonitis

RAMON BERGUER and DAVID FERRICK

The Departments of Surgery, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis

With 2 figures

Summary

The inflammatory cytokine response of peritoneal and splenic ,/8 T-cells and macrophages to polymicrobial bacterial peritonitis was investigated. The production of intracellular Tumor Necro- sis Factor-c~ (TNF) and Interleukin-10 (IL-10) was measured using flow cytometry at 6, 24, and 48 hrs following cecal ligation and puncture or sham laparotomy. TNF-ct production was induced in peritoneal - but not splenic - ,/8 T-cells in response to both sham surgery and peritonitis. ,/8 T-cells demonstrated no IL-10 production. Peritoneal and splenic macrophages demonstrated earlier TNF and IL-10 responses to CLP than ,/8 T-cells. We conclude that ,/8 T-cells are local mediators of inflammation.

Key words: peritonitis, gamma-delta T-cells, tumor necrosis factor, mice

Introduction

3'8 T-cells express the surface y8 T-cell receptor (TCR) (HAAS et al. 1993), and are

located primarily in the epithelial surfaces, lymph nodes, and intestinal lining. In contrast to T-cells expressing the a[3 TCR, y8 T-cells can recognize non-processed mycobacterial

antigens and heat-shock proteins, y8 T-cells are increasingly being recognized as playing

an important role in the early recognition of and resistance to infection (ScIAMMAS et al.

1994) through the production of the cytokines Tumor Necrosis Factor-or (TNF), Inter- leukin-10 (IL-10), y-interferon, and Interleukin-4 (FERRICK et al. 1995, FOLLOWS et al.

J. Exp. Anita. Sci. 2000; 41:159-i67 Urban & Fischer Verlag http://www.urbanfischer.de/j ournals/jeansc 0939-8600/00/41/04-159 $15.00/0

160 R. BERGUER and D. FERRICK

1992, GOODIER et al. 1995, LANG et al. 1995, RAZIUDDIN et al. 1994, SUBAUSTE et al.

1995, YAMAMOTO et al. 1993). Recent studies suggest that 78 T-cells also play an impor-

tant role in the local modulation of cell-trafficking, inflammation, and tissue repair (BoIS-

MENU et al. 1996, BOISMENU and HAVRAN 1994).

78 T-cells have also been reported to potentiate macrophage production of TNF in

response to intraperitoneal endotoxin (NISHIMURA et al. 1995). We have previously

shown that 78 T-cells produce higher levels of 7-interferon that c~3 T-cells in response to

polymicrobial peritonitis (BERGER and FERRICK 1995). The role of 78 T-cells in the

inflammatory cytokine response to polymicrobial peritonitis has not been well studied.

Materials and Methods

CD1 mice (35 gm body weight) were obtained from Charles River Laboratories (Charles River Laboratories, Willmington, MA) and housed in clean conditions with 2 mice per cage and wood chip bedding for one week prior to experimentation. Alimentation consisted of water by bottle and standard mouse chow. Non-fasted mice were anesthetized with 1-2% inhaled Isoflurane via mask and underwent midline laparotomy and cecal ligation with 4.0 silk suture, followed by a single cecal puncture with a 25 ga needle (CLP). Control mice underwent sham laparotomy (SH) with manipulation of the cecum. All animals were euthanized at either 6 hr., or 48 hr after CLP or SH. Normal mice were studied as a "zero" hr time point. Following euthanasia, peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) were harvested by careful peritoneal lavage. Twenty ml of low Ca++/low Mg ++ Hanks Bal- anced Salt Solution was infused through a 20 ga needle placed just below the xyphoid process. Using a 20 ml syringe, 8-10 ml of the lavage fluid were slowly recovered from the peritoneal cavity. The abdominal cavity was then opened and the spleen was harvested and mechanically dissoci- ated into a single cell suspension by pressing it through a fine metal screen. There was a visible increase in the concentration of PEC cells following CLP, however, the concentration of harvested cells was not recorded since the subsequent methods permitted a cell-by-cell cytokine analysis. Spleen and PEC cell suspensions were washed in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and incubated in complete media for 4 hr at 37 °C with 10 ~g/ml Brefeldin A (Epicentre Technologies, Madison, WI) to disaggregate the Golgi complex, enabling the intracellular accumulation of proteins and increasing the sensitivity of intracellular cytokine detection (F~RRICK et al. 1995). No in-vitro stim- ulation was employed. Ceils were then washed in PBS and incubated with either Phycoerythrin (PE)-conjugated anti-mouse y6 TCR (Pharmingen, San Diego, CA) or Tricolor-conjugated anti- mouse F480 (Macrophage surface marker, Caltag Laboratories, Inc., San Francisco, CA) monoclonal antibodies at 1:100 dilution for 15 min at 25 °C for phenotypic surface identification. Cells were then washed and fixed in 75 ~1 of the fixation solution A (Cell perm & Fix kit. Caltag Labora- tories, Inc., San Francisco, CA) for 15 rain at 25 °C, washed again, and re-suspended in 75 gl of the permeabilization solution B (Cell perm & Fix kit. Caltag Laboratories, Inc., San Francisco, CA) containing either FITC-conjugated anti-mouse TNF-o~ (Pharmingen, San Diego, CA) or FITC-conjugated anti-mouse IL-10 (Pharmingen, San Diego, CA) monoclonal antibodies at 2 ~g/ml for 15 min at 25 °C. Irrelevant anti-mouse IgG isotype controls (Pharmingen, San Diego, CA) for both surface and internal staining were used in pooled specimens at the same concentrations and with the same fluorochromes as the primary anti-cytokine antibodies. Isotype controls demonstrated less than 3% non-specific staining. Cell fluorescence was measured using a FACScan flow cytometer and Lysis II software (Beckton-Dickinson, Santa Clara, CA). Macrophage and 78 T-cell popula- tions were identified by side-scatter and surface staining (PE = FL2 or Tricolor = FL3).

Intracellular cytokines were identified by gating on the desired population and measuring the FL1 (FITC) fluorescence. Results are expressed as mean _+ SEM for the 5 animals in each group at

The gamma-delta T-cell cytokine response to peritonitis 161

each time point. Statistical analysis was performed using STATISTICA ® software ver. 5.0 (Stat- Soft, Inc., Tulsa, OK) and consisted of 2-way ANOVA with significance set at the p < 0.05 level.

Results

There was a marked increase in the percentage of PEC y8 T-cells with demonstrable intracellular TNF in both CLP and SH groups compared to baseline (p < 0.05), peaking at 24 hr and returning to baseline by 48 hr (Fig. lb). At the 24 hr peak, there was a significantly greater number of TNF + y5 T-cells in the SH group (p < 0.05). There was no TNF production in splenic y8 T-cells (Fig. la), and neither PEC nor splenic y8 T-cells pro- duces any detectable IL-10 (Fig. lc and ld). PEC macrophages in normal mice (time zero) demonstrated a high percent of intracellular TNF. This constitutive production of TNF by PEC macrophages increased after 6 hr in the CLP group and was significant greater than in the SH group (p < 0.05, Fig. 2b). Splenic macrophage TNF production peaked at 6 hr after both CLP and SH (Fig. 2a and 2c). IL-10 production in both the spleen and PEC also peaked at 6 hr, and was significantly higher in CLP vs. SH animals in PEC (p < 0.05, Fig. 2d).

Discussion

The present study demonstrates that both traumatic injury (sham laparotomy) and polymicrobial peritonitis induce a substantial number of peritoneal y5 T-cells to produce TNFc~ with a peak response at 24 hr. Interestingly, PEC y8 T-cell production of intracellular TNF was significantly higher after sham laparotomy than after CLP. This effect may have been due to the higher peak production of the counter-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 observed in PEC macrophages 6 hr following CLP. TNF production by y8 T-cells has been previously reported in a mouse model of colitis (S1MPSON et al. 1997), Nip- postrongylus infection (FERRICK et al. 1996) and in various clinical inflammatory conditions (ARCK et al. 1997, NORTH et al. 1996). In the present study, y~ T-cells in the spleen showed no inflammatory cytokine response to peritonitis or sham surgery suggesting that this T-cell subset is mainly reactive in the immediate vicinity of the insult (PEC). Similar findings have been reported in mouse model of abortion (ARCK et al. 1997). Our study failed to demonstrate any IL-10 production in splenic or PEC y8 T-cells in response to peritonitis or sham surgery during the initial 48 hr. IL-10 production has been reported in splenic and PEC y8 T-cells in response to systemic Listeria infection (HSIEH et al. 1996) and this difference in cytokine responses may reflect the earlier time points selected for our measurements, or differences in the host response to fecal peritonitis and systemic Listeria infection.

We found that the y~ T-cell inflammatory cytokine response peaked approximately 18 hr later than in macrophages. This observation suggests that the initial response to polymicrobial peritonitis is mediated by macrophages, which may themselves modulate

162

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Fig. 1. Intracellular TNFc~ and IL-10 production by "18 T-cells measured by flow cytometry in response to cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) or sham laparotomy (sham). Data are expressed as mean +_ SEM for 5 animals at each time point. The ordinal axis represents the percent of mouse y~

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Fig. 2. Intracellular TNFc~ and IL-10 production by macrophages measured by flow cytometry in response to cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) or sham laparotomy (sham). Data are expressed as mean _+ SEM for 5 animals at each time point. The ordinal axis represents the percent of mouse F480 +


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subsequent T8 T-cell inflammatory cytokine response. Other investigators, using 3'8 T-cell

knockout mice, have demonstrated that Y8 T-cells prime macrophages to produce TNF

via the release of y-interferon (NISHIMURA et al. 1995). Further studies are underway

using a T8 T-cell knockout model to further clarify the interaction between y8 T-cells and

macrophages in the early stages of peritonitis.

In summary, our results are consistent with the hypothesis that peritoneal T8 T-cells act

as local mediators of inflammation in response to bacterial peritonitis.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by a grant from the University of California Davis.

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Corresponding author: RAMON BERGUER, MD. 150 Muir Rd. (112), Martinez, CA 94553, California Phone: 9 25-3 72-20 84; Fax: 9 25-3 72-22 82

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The gamma-delta T-cell cytokine response to peritonitis