Eur J Wildl Res (20 11 ) 57:9>-IOS DOl 10.10071<10344·010-0-JOJ·,

ORIGINAL PAPER

The German wildlife information system (WILD): population densities and den use of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and badgers (Meles meles) during 2003- 2007 in Germany

Oli"cr Kculing • Gril Greiscr • Andreas G rauer • Egbcrl Srraun • Mnrrlna llartci-Sicinbnch • Roland Klein • Ludger Wcnzcl.idcs • Armin Winter

Received: 22 Scp1cmbcr 20091Rcvisl-d: II Moy 2010/ Accc:ptcd: 21 Moy 20101Publishcd online: S Jomc 2010 ' Springer-Verlag 2010

Abstract Moniloring the populations of badgers and red foxes may help us to manage tlte_o;e predator species as a mauer of wildlife conscrvarion and regulation. To fir the needs of a monitoring progranune, the most practicable method has to be sclcclcd. 1-lunting bag srarislics deliver large but inaccurate data amounL~ with low effon. Indirect and also oflen direct counts rnighl deliver on ly presence­absence data with high effon. Direct couniS with high accumey arc very cosily. Den mappirtg by volumeer local hunters can deliver reliable dara on density and addirional biological variables while being feasible and cos1 eflec1ive. Within reference orcas all O\•Cr Gennany. fox and badger dens and liucrs were recorded, and spring and summer

Communicated by II. Kic:rdorf

0 . KculinJI (~) • A. Groucr · E. StrauB lrL<tirucc for \\C,Idlifc R=rch, VeccrioiOI)' Medicine University of 113nno,cr, Found3cion, B~hof>holer Oamm IS. 30173 Hannover, Germany e-mail: Oli,·cr.Kculioglii tiho-banno-er.dc

G. Grci<cr LFE. l:iberswaldc Forestry Compdence Cencre. R~rch lnsricuce of tl>c Publie l;nccrpci<e I' om Bmndenburg. Alfn:d·MC!IIer-Scmllc I, 1622S !:belli\\ aide. G<:nnany

M. Oanci·Stcinb.>ch · R. Klein· L \\'en,ctidc> J)qJarrment of Oiogcogrnphy. Uni,en.ily of Trier. Wi<-<cnseh.•O.<pork Tricr-Pctri~bcrg. S4286 Trier. Gemm11y

A. Winlcr Gennan lluntint! Associucion (Oetotschcr JagdschuiZ· \'crb:md c. V.). Johonncs·llcni)'·SIT. 26, SJ ll 3 llonn. Genoony

densities cstimalcd as well as polcnlial annual population increases were calculated for 2003 2007. Habitat pn:ferences for breeding dens were crl,;o analysed. Additionnlly. in 2006. the distribulion of badgers wa.~ surveyed by a nationwide que~tionnairc. Fox and badger arc di tribut~'d all over Gennany with some small gaps and regionally differing der\silics. During 1hc cnoniroring period. fox and badger densities and reproduction srayed stable. at a high level corresponding to hunring bags. llowever, dcnsiries varied between geogmphical regions, witlt lower densities in the sparsely wooded lowland regions. A !>reference for fores1 and habi1a1s offering sheller was clear for breeding seus and dens. Badgers especially preferred sci IS of natural origin.

Keywords Moniloring · Reference areas · Popularion density· Small game prcdarors · Manngcmcnl · Sell u.sage

lnll·oduction

The Gcrmon wildlife information system "WILD" (Wildticr­lnfonnalionssystcm der Uinder Dcurschlands) was founded in 200 I and is I he fi~>l moniloring progrrunme recording population si1.es of huntable game species throughout Gcnnany. T11c projccl was iniriotcd on behalf or the Gcmt:Ut huming as.~i ation (Deutscher Jagdschutz-Verband e. V. (DJV)) ~ a pcnnancnt inrcgral part of cnvironrnenr.al assessment witlt the aim of developing strategies for conservarion and sustainable usc of game popular ions (see Slrnull ct al. 2008) by monitoring live animals in~tcod of esrimating popularion sizes from hw11ing bags. Especially for crypric or mrc species. many detection errors persist wilhin any survey rncrhod (Elphick 2008). Therefore, with in twery rnoniroring programme. the mosl praCiicnble mC1hod has 10

96

be e~tabl islted, as different methods have diffen.'ltt levels of cost- benefit ratios, i.e. accuracy and pn.'Cision versus co>t cnlciency (Gaidel-Drapier et al. 2006; Lyra-Jorge et al. 2008: Vine ct al. 2009). Hunting bag statistics are most practic-.tl for large area mon i1oring. as 1hey deliver area-wide data casually. I hulling bags give a good view on loflg-tenn population tendencies; however. they depend very much on the willi ngness and ability of hunters as well as on weather conditioos (Gaillard et al. 2003: Grnuer and Konig 2009). Titerefore. WILD established a live survey network of so­called reference an.'aS. in which the densities of the European hare (Lep11s I!III'OfKieus. first results pn.--sented in StrauB et al. 2008). the red fox ( Vt~lpes l'lllpes). the badger (Metes metes). the carrion crow (Con~.s coro11e) and the hooded crow (Con.,s oomL<) arc n.'<:ordcd using srandordised methods (DJV 2003). As the accuracy of such live surveys depends a lot on accessibil ity to area and interaction with local people (Gaidet-Drnpicr ct al. 2006). the reference areas arc moniton::d by lhe local hunters. At periodical intcrvnls. other small game species arc estimated by querying hunters area­wide all over Gennany.

R~-d fox populations. as indicated by annual hunting bags. decreased in Gennany owing to rnbie..~ and the gas~ing of dens in lhc 1960s. Since g~ss ing ~lopped in the mid (FRG) and later (GDR) 1970s. the populn1ion increased a lit tle but remained ~table until the stan of vaccination against rnbies in 1986 (DJV 1990; Bellebaum 2003: Pegc l 2004). Since the late 1980s. the population has increased \'cry mpidly and has varied since 1995 at a high level. The annual hun ting bag in Gennnny increased from about 180.000 in the late 1960s to around 630.000 recently. with a tendency for a slight decrease (DJV 1990, 2009: Bellebaum 2003). Monitoring fox populations is imponant for the conservation of endangered prey spec ies. manage­ment of small game (Reynolds and Tapper 1995: Baker ct al. 2006) and for disease control (e.g. rabies or ech inococ­cosis. J3ellebaum 2003: Konig et al. 200R: Vos ct al. 200S).

Badger populations. as indicated by annual hunt ing bags. wen: reduced much more by rab ies and gassing (Schwie.-.r. and Wachcndiirfcr 1981 ) than was fox density. Since the end of gassing of selL~. the annual hunting bag has incrcas4.'<1 from less lhan 5.000 in the 1960s ond 1970s and now remains stable at a high level of about 50,000 since 2003 (DJV 1990. 2009: Pcgc l 200 I). However. reliable large-scale population data are sparse today in most parts of Europe (Gri fliths and Thomas 1997: Kowalczyk et al. 2000: Sleeman et al. 2009). Monitoring badgers is irnponanl for wildlife management (Eichstlidt and Roth 1997: Revilla et al. 200 I: Sleeman et al. 2009). agricultural dnmoge (Roper e1 al. 1995: Moore et al. 1999: Schley 2000: De lahay et al. 2009) and disease contro l (e.g. bovine tuberculosis in Britain and Ireland, Griffin et al. 2005: Woodroffe ct al. 2008).

t) Springu

Eur J \\C,Idl Res (2011) S7:9S lOS

Our aims were to assess densities and density changes of foxes Md badgers in Gcnnany betw<.'Cn lite years 2003 and 2007 as well as to monitor di nerences of densities between geographical regions. We discuss tl1c rel iab ility of the methods and data. Addilionally, we queried the distribution of badgers from every Gem1an hunting ground. Besides po1mlation data. also habitat parnmeters for breeding dens were evaluated from 1he mapping data. The data from WILD may serve as a basis for funher research.

Material and methods

Since 2002. the project has estab lished more than 800 reference areas. rnndornly distributed over all Gennun agricultural regions. Tite mean size of these reference areas is 738 hn (min imum 95, maximum 4,500 ho). For sevcml reasons (e.g. organisational matters and weather). the number of reference areas providing data differs between years. In lotal, 360 reference areas delivered density data for fox ond badger populations.

Hunters moni toring the rcfcren4.'C areas were instmcted and trained according to the WILD manual. which includes dctn ilcd descriptions of the methods used (OJV 2003). The local hunters fami liar with their hunting ground.~ map all fox dens and badger sens c' cry 11 inter. Thcrclore. the humers visit every known den and sell. Additiona lly. lltey search for dens and scus sy~tematically. Unknown dens might be found by following fox and badger tracks in winter (Briedennnnn and Dittrich 1982: Stubbe 1989). especially during fox mating and in snow (January and Febntary). In spring, during rearing of puppies (April June). the hunters control the mapped dens and sctts and noted severn! parruncters: type. location and habitat of den. number of entrances. inhabited or not. species inhabiting. breeding den or nol, Iilier size and additional notes.

The sex rotio of red foxes is male biassed (Goretzk i and Paustian 1982; Tryjanowski et aL 2009). Thus. for calculating the minimum spring fox density. we multiplied the number of litters by the factor 2.5. adding non­rcproducth c females and surplus males to the litters' parents (\V(mdclcr t111d Uips 1993: Stubbe and Stubbe 1995). l'olential minimwn summer densities were calculated by adding the spring adult d<.:nsity and cub density. The cub density was the observed mean number of cubs per Iiller at the breeding den mu ltiplied by lhc number of ob~cd litters.

For calculating badger densities. every scu was observed carefully during spring and early summer. to record the liuer density and size. The sex ratio of badgers was assumed to be I: I (Macdomtld and cwman 2002). although I)OI>ulations arc ol1cn slightly female biassed (Do Linh San 2002). As badgers live in their setts all the year.

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