The Global Environment Facility-funded Integrating ... · SMMA Soufriere Marine Management Area SSS Sun, Sea and Science (Tobago) ... whilst the case studies were written against

The Global Environment Facility-funded Integrating Watershed and

Coastal Areas Management (GEF-IWCAM) Project

Capture and Demonstration of Good Practice and Lessons Learned

Common Threads and Trends in IWCAM Demonstration projects

FINAL

January 2012

Prepared by

Sylvester Clauzel

Managing Consultant Scribal Consultancy Services

PO Box CP 6151, Castries, Saint Lucia

GEF-IWCAM Case Study | Common Threads and Trends in IWCAM Demonstration Projects 2

ABBREVIATIONS

AFEEPO Anse Formager Ecological Environmental Organisation (Tobago)

BRT Buccoo Reef Trust (Tobago)

CARDI Caribbean Agricultural Development and Research Institute

CEAC Centre for Environmental Education (Cuba)

CES Compensation for Environmental Services

CITMA Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment (Cuba)

CRLJ Coral Reef Learning Journey (Tobago)

DNRE Division of Natural Resources and Environment (Tobago)

EHMPC Elizabeth Harbour Management Partnership Committee (Exuma)

GPS Global Positioning System

IPWMS Integrated Pig Waste Management System

IWCAM Integrated Watershed and Coastal Area Management

LID Low impact development

NEPA National Environment and Planning Agency (Jamaica)

NGO Non Governmental Organisation

PEPA Portland Environment Protection Association (Jamaica)

PCU Programme Coordinating Unit

PMU Project Management Unit

RWH Rain Water Harvesting

SBA School Based Assessment

SIDS Small Island Developing States

SMMA Soufriere Marine Management Area

SSS Sun, Sea and Science (Tobago)

STP Sewage Treatment Plant

TBL Triple Bottom Line

THA Tobago House of Assembly


TMR Trust for the Management of Rivers (Saint Lucia)

WMC Watershed Management Committee (Saint Lucia)

WWTS Wastewater Wetland Treatment System

WRMA Water Resources Management Agency (Saint Lucia)


TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................................................................2

TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................................................... 4

Introduction ......................................................................................................................................6

Rationale ...........................................................................................................................................6

The Approach ....................................................................................................................................7

Community Mobilisation ....................................................................................................................8

Early Stakeholder engagement ................................................................................................................. 8

Addressing community priorities .............................................................................................................. 9

Stakeholder participation and partnerships ............................................................................................. 9

Public Awareness and Education ...................................................................................................... 11

Outreach ................................................................................................................................................. 11

Education through practical application ................................................................................................. 11

Public Awareness .................................................................................................................................... 13

Environmental Stress Reduction Demonstrations.............................................................................. 14

Rain Water Harvesting ............................................................................................................................ 14

Soil Conservation .................................................................................................................................... 14

Tree Planting ....................................................................................................................................... 14

Training ............................................................................................................................................... 15

Lombriculture ...................................................................................................................................... 15

Other Technical Measures .................................................................................................................. 16

Waste Management ............................................................................................................................... 16

Wastewater Wetland Treatment System (WWTS) ............................................................................. 17

Integrated Pig Waste Management System ....................................................................................... 18

Pump-out Services .............................................................................................................................. 18


Solid Waste Management ................................................................................................................... 18

The Economic Imperative ................................................................................................................. 19

Potential for viable small businesses ...................................................................................................... 19

Opportunities for entrepreneurial activity ............................................................................................. 20

Business opportunities linked to environmental improvements ........................................................... 20

The role of economic incentives ............................................................................................................. 21

Capacity Building ............................................................................................................................. 22

Coral Reef Learning Journeys .................................................................................................................. 22

Sun, Sea and Science ............................................................................................................................... 23

MSc. / Diploma in IWCAM Programme .................................................................................................. 23

Governance ..................................................................................................................................... 25

Governance at a local/community level ................................................................................................. 25

Governance at a national institutional level ........................................................................................... 25

Legislative and Policy environment ................................................................................................... 27

Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................... 29

References ....................................................................................................................................... 30


Introduction

Small Island Developing States (SIDS) in the Caribbean with high population densities, combined

with high population growth rates, urbanization and increased development, particularly

residential and tourist resort development, have experienced the contamination of underlying

aquifers and surface water, and deterioration of coastal water quality. To this end, the Global

Environment Facility-funded Integrated Watershed and Coastal Area Management (GEF-

IWCAM) Project was conceptualized with an overall objective to strengthen the commitment

and capacity of the participating countries to implement an integrated approach to the

management of watersheds and coastal areas. The long-term goal was to enhance the capacity

of the countries to plan and manage their aquatic resources and ecosystems on a sustainable

basis.

A major component of the project was to undertake specific demonstrations of targeted

IWCAM activities in order to deliver actual achievements in mitigation and finding resolutions

to threats and root causes. This component was expected to be achieved through a process

that would identify good practices and lessons learned from amongst demonstration projects.

These projects sites are spread across the Caribbean and are extracted from the following

participating countries: Antigua & Barbuda, The Bahamas (Exuma and Andros), Cuba,

Dominican Republic, Jamaica, St. Kitts & Nevis, Saint Lucia and Trinidad & Tobago. Hence, the

following document is the final of nine Case Studies, which attempts to capture the common

threads and trends which evolved from the various demonstration projects.

Rationale

A core principal of the IWCAM strategy is to help transfer knowledge, skills and technical

competencies through a meticulous documentation of the lessons learned and good practices

throughout the project life. These lessons and practices should help to facilitate the better

implementation of projects designed to provide community-led approaches to watershed and

coastal areas management in small island developing states. The approach also sought to

provide sustainable approaches to natural resource management initiatives as well as effective

project feasibility assessment procedures and techniques at the community and national levels.

If successfully implemented the documentation of lessons and good practice should have the

potential to:

- Provide a model for participatory natural resource management planning and implementation of preventative and remedial actions to areas threatened by negative


watershed and coastal impacts, as well as sensitive areas which are particularly vulnerable to similar impacts and threats.

- Increase capacity among project leaders in community based organizations as well as government agencies involved in watershed and coastal resource management and development initiatives.

- Facilitate the more effective assessment of projects at the community level thereby increasing success rate of coastal and watershed management projects.

- Contribute to the development of a sustainable coastal and watershed management sector as a pillar of the environmental management work in the region.

The Approach

Although the IWCAM projects are largely environmental management initiatives, there is

widespread agreement by project implementation theorists that projects that attempt to

resolve environmental issues cannot do this successfully by focusing exclusively on the

environmental problem. Often there are social, or more specifically, livelihood or even national

economic development considerations which impact the project and may determine success or

failure.

The triple-bottom line approach attempts to assess the social, economic and environmental

opportunities for positive change which may occur in a community as a result of any

development or management project.

The approach suggests that the bottom line of viability should NOT refer exclusively to financial

viability or environmental sensitivity issues but should give equal consideration to all critical

dimensions of the assessment. It recommends giving equal weighting to socio-economic,

environmental and financial considerations, which are all necessary for sustainability. This

position proposes that projects will not achieve the desired outcomes unless an integrated

approach to project assessment is applied, and this implies applying the triple-bottom line

approach.

As such, whilst the case studies were written against the background of social, economic and

ecological success factors, this all encompassing case study tries to focus on key threads and

trends uncovered in the various IWCAM demonstration projects. The main areas identified are

community mobilisation, public awareness, capacity building, pollution and wastewater

management, efforts at environmental stress reduction, governance at community and national

levels and the legislative and policy environment.


Community Mobilisation

Maximum stakeholder participation was expected during project implementation as well as to

ensure ultimate benefits from its outcomes. As such, a mechanism to ensure stakeholder

participation at all levels including project management needed to be developed. The strategy

employed to facilitate this took different forms in different project sites. However some

consistencies may be isolated. These included the need for early stakeholder engagement,

addressing community priorities, and forming meaningful partnerships.

Early Stakeholder engagement

One of the significant contributors to the success of the Drivers River integrated watershed and

coastal areas management project in Jamaica was the engagement with stakeholders

throughout the duration of the project. This occurred from the embryonic stages of the

project’s activities as several meetings were held to both establish objectives and ascertain the

key stakeholders in the process. The Project Management Team was presented to the Portland

Parish Development Committee early in the project, demonstrating the desire for partnership

and a collaborative working environment. East Portland watershed stakeholders associated

with and within the host community, were engaged from the onset of the project through a

series of three consultations aimed at introducing the project and its broad goals and

objectives. This process was conducted among relevant national agencies and was utilised to

identify capacity gaps, develop a work plan reflecting realistic project expectations. This action

not only incorporated the views of stakeholders from project inception, but facilitated

ownership of the process and responsibility for outputs. Consequently, the receptivity of host

communities was extremely high, as evidenced by the large numbers of persons who

participated in events.

Similarly, at project initiation a stage in Saint Lucia, a mechanism was introduced to ensure

stakeholder participation at all levels needed to be developed. To this end, the first activity

undertaken by the project was a stakeholder identification and analysis exercise to identify key

persons or groups that would form the Watershed Management Committee (WMC). This

Committee was a collaborative grouping of stakeholders, who were responsible for, amongst

other activities, promoting the project and its activities to the communities within the Fond

D’Or Watershed as well as assisting the Project Management Unit (PMU) in the implementation

of the project’s activities. Project stakeholders were identified as individuals or organizations

that, because of their respective interests, could significantly influence, or were important to,

the success of the project. Further to this, project management also considered persons who

were not identified initially through the stakeholder analysis exercise, but who were later

invited to participate due to their expressed interest in the project.


In Tobago, early involvement in project planning was also apparent as NGOs and government

and collaborated from the onset. Although, local communities did not become involved in

planning until the execution of sub activities, there was some level of engagement. One group

in particular, the Anse Formager Ecological Environmental Protection Organization (AFEEPO) in

the Courland Watershed was a tremendously useful community-based organisation which had

established itself as a respected group within the watershed communities. This group became

involved in all the planning and execution activities for the reforestation component of the

project.

Addressing community priorities

In Jamaica, consultation in the Drivers Rivers IWCAM project allowed for meaningful interaction

among stakeholders and facilitated feedback. Through this consultation the project was able to

address community priorities which were integral to its overall success. The stakeholder

analysis and workshop facilitated a better understanding of the needs of the community and

how positive contributions could be made to the project. For example, the community

recognised the need for replanting the tree cover in the forests after the passage of Tropical

Storm Gustav in 2008 as well as their desire to reduce solid waste, as priorities. These were

major project outputs and were well received by the community which was involved in various

project elements. This involvement in planning, establishing priority areas and implementation

throughout the project augurs well for sustainability since the community members have a

vested interest in, and greater ownership of, the project outcomes.

In Saint Lucia, the RWH project, which provided an alternate access to safe and more regular

water supply for some households and community centres, presented an opportunity to

address a community priority even though this may not have been considered a priority in

terms of the immediate project objectives. Project Managers realised that reversing apathy and

generating interest in the project objectives meant that the pressing priorities of the

communities had to be addressed as a main concern. To this end, the Rain Water Harvesting

(RWH) project became a highlight of the IWCAM project in the Fond D’Or area. It gave visibility

to the project and permitted a forum for discussion and encouragement to participate in

IWCAM activities.

Stakeholder participation and partnerships

Some noteworthy examples of extensive stakeholder participation and involvement in various

aspects of the project occurred in several of the demonstration projects. In these scenarios,

there were community groups that were able to mobilise community members to get involved

and were instrumental in bringing awareness to the project.


In Saint Lucia, for example, the Watershed Management Committee (WMC) was involved in

promoting the project and its activities to the communities within the Fond D’Or Watershed as

well as assisting the PMU Unit in the implementation of the project’s activities. By bringing this

diverse group of key stakeholders together and giving them an active role in project

management, an additional benefit was secured. Sustainability of the project was facilitated by

providing a management institution, which would survive post-project. The success of this was

confirmed when the WMC was formalised into an NGO, with a mandate to continue the

implementation of IWCAM objectives in the post-project period.

Additionally, the Compensation for Environmental Services (CES) agreement between the

Mathurin Pig Farm and CARDI demonstrated collaboration between a private sector individual

and a research institution incentivised by an understanding of mutual benefits. The incentive

regime which presented the atmosphere for collaboration between these two parties is

significant and worthy of note. In a broader sense, the transferring of benefits between a

development institution and a local farmer is an excellent example of a non-traditional form of

CES that does not involve Government or the exchange of money but is based on the provision

of mutually beneficial services.

Similarly, the influence of community groups is evident in Tobago as the AFEEPO was

instrumental in facilitating community buy in and cooperation among community stakeholders.

They assisted them in winning the confidence and trust of community stakeholders. This

facilitated the project to address community priorities; communicate effectively with

community stakeholders, receptivity to the project and response from key stakeholders. This

effective community participation may have led to an increased understanding and

appreciation of watersheds and their management. The general public in Tobago now has a

better understanding of watersheds and the need to manage them to improve or sustain water

supply. The role of AFEEPO in assisting the project to determine community priorities and even

earning legitimacy within the community is significant and an important demonstration of the

value of respected local institutions in leveraging support for projects that are generally

externally driven. Many community persons have now become aware of watersheds and what

they mean to water quality and supply, and by extension, the need to protect them.

In Exuma, partnership among interested parties including the business and education sectors,

community activists and local government agencies facilitated the formation of a steering

committee which evolved into the Elizabeth Harbour Management Partnership Committee

(EHMPC). This organisation formalised opportunities for community participation thereby

facilitating a good rapport, with consultations and exchanges of information. To this end,

determining marine sensitive areas and the location of the moorings were decided through

input by community members.


Public Awareness and Education

Many of the public awareness and education initiatives were targeted at schools, both primary

and secondary. At both primary and secondary schools, a practical approach to learning was

employed to foster meaningful participation in the learning experience. Further to this, several

types of printed material were produced as public awareness tools and public outreach played

an integral part in sensitizing communities to the environmental issues at hand.

Outreach

A major part of the public awareness initiative was outreach to stakeholders to ensure that

proper consultations were conducted. To this end, various projects attempted to engage with

public and private sector representatives, communities inclusive of schools among others.

There was a drive to change behaviour in Exuma as the residents and the boating community

collaborated to effect changes to protect the marine environment. Additionally, in Jamaica

community outreach meetings, the hosting of an Environmental Day as well as summer camps

were conducted to promote environmental education.

In St Lucia, various levels of outreach occurred. Meetings and presentations were held at local

schools and national events were hosted such as the Soccer Rama. Several school sensitization

programs were conducted for students of Grade 6 among the four Primary Schools and

community residents within the watershed. Essay and Logo Competitions were also organized

and open to students from among the schools in the immediate environs.

In Tobago, several initiatives were employed. It should be noted, that Tobago was cognisant of

the importance of incorporating local culture in their outreach exercises. At the primary

schools, they hosted competitions that allowed the students to express themselves through the

local music, calypso. Their school programme was more extensive and included primary school

lectures and tours for all 15 primary schools in Tobago. Over 300 students were reached as a

result of this effort. Employing a practical demonstration approach, the seven primary schools

in the Courland watershed were able to do water quality testing at the point where the

Courland River enters the sea. In addition to the outreach to schools, the project participated in

Career Days with the Department of Education. The project team also participated in activities

for World Wetlands Day, World Food Day and World Environment Day in an attempt to

sensitise the public to various issues such as food security, the impact of littering and waste

management.

Education through practical application

Various tools were employed among stakeholder groups to ensure that they got ‘hands on’

experience in treating with the elements in the demonstration projects. For example, in an


effort to increase the understanding of watersheds and improving water quality in Exuma, a

simulation activity was conducted. Teachers constructed a model watershed and demonstrated

the impact of pollution on water quality. They engaged in study of the marine environment and

its various components, and were expected to be better able to demonstrate the relationship

between natural resources (healthy oceans) and sustainability.

In St Lucia, a three-day Youth Summer Camp for students between the ages 12-15 years was

held. This sought to provide participants with an understanding of land based practices and

their impact on the marine ecosystem. The Soufriere Marine Management Area (SMMA), a

marine park in the tourism mecca on the west coast of the island, was used as an example

where participants had a chance to view the marine park in a glass-bottom boat as well as

snorkel over some of the more popular reefs.

Tobago was able to integrate the practical application of many of its projects in various levels of

their stakeholder engagement. At the primary school level, there were displays of real,

preserved specimens of creatures that inhabit the coral reefs and wetlands; and teachers

initiated field trips to wetlands and reefs which were organized and facilitated by the PMU. At

the secondary schools, there was a high level of technical application in the demonstration

projects. One hundred and fifty enthusiastic science students and their teachers, from all of the

secondary schools in Tobago, participated in this initiatve. Water quality testing kits were

formally distributed to the schools to monitor parameters. The kits were complete with lab-

ware, accessories, sampling bottles, and reagents for 50 tests. A practical session was held to

demonstrate how water quality parameters were measured and how to use the portable test

kits. The data collected was used to educate the students on the need for behavioural changes

in the watershed to preserve water quality. Students were taken to nearby rivers and guided by

the project team to do the actual water quality testing using the test kits. Students were also

taught to use a Global Positioning System (GPS) instrument to mark the testing points for future

testing. This dataset was collated and submitted to the World Water Monitoring Day database.

This activity resulted in increased interest from students who subsequently submitted

applications to do environmental studies for the School Based Assessment (SBA)1 at many

Secondary Schools in their respective Science-based subject areas. Coral reefs became a very

popular choice for SBAs. About 33 individual students, from the six secondary schools across

the island, and two Geography teachers, were assisted in various ways by the IWCAM team in

fulfilling their projects

Additionally, an initiative by the Buccoo Reef Trust (BRT) called “Sun, Sea and Science” has been

a very attractive and popular vacation programme for students across Trinidad and Tobago.

1 SBA contributes marks to the regional secondary/high school exit examinations.


Some exercises included: Watershed hikes and tree planting; coral reef and wetland field trips

and surveys; introductory training in SCUBA diving and sailing; presentations in sustainable

fisheries with tours to fish processing plants; counselling in career opportunities and much

more. The aim of the programme is to interest some of these bright students in careers in

environmental conservation. This is done by engaging them in interactive, fun-filled,

unforgettable, learning experiences, while exposing them to different career avenues that are

available in the area of Environmental Management.

Public Awareness

In addition to their outreach programmes and promoting practical application of various

demonstration components, the project teams for IWCAM made a concerted effort to utilise

various forms of media to spread their message and promote various environmental

management practices to stakeholders.

St Lucia integrated several media activities such as radio and television interviews with the

Demo Manager to elucidate issues such as pollution and encourage changes in behaviour. Two

WMC members also produced a watershed educational booklet, “Knowing Your Watershed” for

schools’ education programmes. Additionally, signage was instrumental in building awareness

about the project as well as facilitating knowledge transfer. Large visible signs were placed at

two strategic points upon entry into, and exit from, the Fond D’Or Watershed. These signs

provided information on the scope of the watershed as well as raised the profile of the project.

Signs were also placed next to the homes of recipients of the RWH System for two main

reasons: (1) to raise awareness and to demonstrate an appreciation for rain water and (2) to

indicate to other residents that the recipient of the system would be available to provide

information regarding the system and to demonstrate how the system operates.

In Tobago, the focus was primarily upon schools. Through a song competition hosted by IWCAM

to observe ‘International Year of the Reef’, a music video was produced through a collaborative

effort by the St. Nicholas Primary School and the Coral Cay Conservation. Further to this, two

story books, the “Adventures of Drippy the Raindrop” and “Nature Boy Sid” were developed for

distribution in all primary schools to illustrate the need for clean water and proper

environmental management.


Environmental Stress Reduction Demonstrations

An important element of the GEF-IWCAM project was to demonstrate elements of

environmental stress reduction, using easily replicable technologies and processes. This led to

many projects engaging in the development of appropriate technologies in support of this

objective.

Rain Water Harvesting

Rain water harvesting technology was implemented in both St Lucia and Jamaica. In St Lucia,

the systems are low cost, with limited complexity to meet the needs of poor domestic

households as well as public facilities. The project installed a total of 31 systems including 21

Households and 10 public facilities (including 7 schools, 2 health centres and the GEF-IWCAM

Demonstration Project Office) using locally available materials. This size of storage tank was

recommended based upon the average 5-person household with a per capita consumption of

273 litres per person per day. This would allow a minimum of three days’ supply based upon

normal use. The systems installed in private homes carried a two cartridge filter system; and

the public institutions carried an automatic disinfection device (ultra-violet light) in place of

chlorine additives. All systems were designed so that the microbiological quality of the

harvested rainwater would not be compromised.

Jamaica also adopted the technology but it was adapted to capitalise on the comparative

advantage of the natural environment of the east Portland Communities, which records the

highest rainfall in Jamaica. To this end, the practice of rain-water harvesting was introduced in

the five (5) schools that benefitted from the flush toilet facilities. Each school was fitted with

guttering and pipes along with 650 gallon water storage tanks to be used essentially for

flushing. This facility is surprisingly relatively new in the Portland district and efforts are being

made to ensure that the water harvesting components are utilized and also introduced to other

schools on the island.

Soil Conservation

Tobago, St Lucia, Jamaica and Cuba engaged in various degrees of soil conservation techniques.

While Tobago, St Lucia and Jamaica focused on tree planting, Cuba applied perhaps more

technical methods. Jamaica and Tobago also employed measures that would improve farming

practices and as such, held workshops and training sessions.

Tree Planting

In Tobago, the PMU worked with the Watershed Unit in the Division of Natural Resources and

Environment (DNRE), and the community group AFEEPO to initiate reforestation of the

watershed. Tree planting activities were conducted on the plots of three volunteer farmers in

Culloden and Moriah. A total of 553 trees of economic value like mahogany were planted.


Samplings were donated from the DNRE’s Watershed Unit and planting was done using

community persons and youth volunteers.

St Lucia also focused on tree planting where there was a collaborative effort between the

private sector, community persons and farmers as part of the river bank stabilization project, a

major aspect of soil and water conservation practice. Participants included a local youth group,

farmers, a representative of the local Fair Trade Organization, IWCAM personnel and students

from the College of Atlanta who were involved in the riverbank planting at Grande Ravine

tributary in the Fond D’Or watershed.

Jamaica also employed tree planting techniques in an attempt to stabilise the Martha Brae

River in order to contain river bank erosion. Four different types of vegetable seeds as well as

corn seeds were provided to farmers in addition to organic fertilizers and pesticides. A number

of fruit trees, ornamental and timber seedlings were also planted in order to ensure reduced

levels of sedimentation. There was also a massive tree planting effort which included the

distribution and planting of coconut seedlings and cassava sticks.

Training

Tobago and Jamaica engaged in training among farmers to encourage proper tree planting

techniques. In an effort to improve soil conservation and reduce erosion, a workshop was held

for 23 building contractors in Tobago on sediment pond construction to demonstrate the

importance of this technique to soil conservation, and the need to construct them when

undertaking excavation work.

Jamaica was also involved in training and capacity building initiatives to improve soil

conservation practices and reduce sedimentation of the rivers. These included in excess of 20

Farmer Training Days, where farmers were both trained as well as provided with seedlings for

cultivation. The training included land husbandry techniques, basic composting, and proper soil

stabilization e.g. the construction of stone barriers, grass barriers, pineapple barriers,

contouring, terracing, agro forestry, mulching, and inter-cropping. The technique involved the

use of indigenous materials in the farmers’ environment such as bamboo, stones, grasses and

pineapple setts. In addition, proper tree planting techniques were also demonstrated and the

Pesticide Control Authority made a presentation on environmentally friendly pest control

techniques and systems. Some of the attendees received fruit trees as an incentive for their

participation in the Training Day, and Farmers were provided with 2000 timber seedlings, cash

crop seeds, fruit trees as well as ornamentals.

Lombriculture

In Cuba, two demonstration farms, Guanaroca in the central region and the San Juan family

farm in Cienfuegos, were selected for soil conservation experiments. The initiative attempted


to process organic waste as well as waste from harvesting and composting. In this regard it

piloted lombriculture2 technologies, whereby bacteria and other organisms were used to

catalyse composting using artisanal techniques. More specifically, vermiculture3 experiments

were piloted at the farms with outstanding success demonstrating how this innovative

technology could increase agricultural yield whilst reducing organic waste.

Other Technical Measures

Cuba employed several other measures directed at soil conservation resulting in the reduction

of sedimentation or corrosion. These measures were technical in nature and included minimum

tillage, live and dead barrier planting, planting in contours, addition of organic materials,

planting of cover crops, incorporating crop residues, construction of channels and terraces,

assembly of an area of earthworm growth and composting, crop rotation and the use of

artificial collectors for the water runoff. Besides the utilisation of organic fertilisers such as

Rhizobium in legumes, which is bacteria that fixes atmospheric nitrogen in symbiosis with the

plant; Azotofos, which is an organic fertiliser that causes the union of Aztobacter (atmospheric

nitrogen fixative in soil), guaranteeing a natural nutrition for the crops where their respective

production increases.

Waste Management

Waste management focused primarily on liquid waste management techniques. St Lucia and

Tobago constructed wastewater wetland treatment systems to treat with high levels of

contaminants. Cuba also integrated wetland development as a measure to treat its liquid

waste. Other measures were adopted to deal with liquid waste such as the Integrated Pig

Waste Management System in St Lucia and the Pump-out boat facility provided by a private

entrepreneur in Exuma. Jamaica and Exuma also improved their solid waste management

through improving garbage collection and establishing waste collection facilities.

2 Lombriculture is a technique of Vermicomposting of vegetable wastes with cowdung using three Earthworm

Species: Eisenia foetida, Eudrilus eugeniae and Perionyx excavates.

3Vermiculture is the artificial rearing or cultivation of worms (Earthworms). Vermicompost is the excreta of the

earthworm, which is rich in humus. Earthworms eat cow dung or farm yard manure along with other farm wastes

and pass it through their respective bodies. In the process the waste is converted into vermicompost. The

municipal wastes; non-toxic solid and liquid waste of industries and household garbage can also be converted into

vermicompost in the same manner. Earthworms not only convert garbage into valuable manure but keep the

environment healthy. Conversion of garbage by earthworms into compost and the multiplication of earthworms

are simple processes that can be easily handled by farmers.

(adapted from http://agri.and.nic.in/vermi_culture.htm on 08.01.11)

http://agri.and.nic.in/vermi_culture.htm


Wastewater Wetland Treatment System (WWTS)

In St Lucia, the WWTS project was originally meant to intercept the run-off from Au Leon and

Despinoze streams with one large wetland unit at La Perle (the drainage area). However this

idea was aborted for two main reasons: (1) Management and maintenance of the proposed

single system which would treat run-offs from the upper region presented a major challenge;

and (2) It was observed that untreated water between the proposed system and the source of

the contaminants would still expose residents to harmful pathogens. In light of this, the

decision was made to construct smaller communal wetland units next to private septic tanks in

Au Leon. These adaptive management practices were employed in response to the

community’s pressing need, and the gravity of existing waste management problems.

Additionally in Tobago, an artificial waste water wetland system was developed with technical

assistance from the University of Vermont, in the construction of the system. It was designed

by EcoSystems Design and intended to control the outflow of pollutants associated with fish

blood waste water at a fish processing plant at Bon Accord Estate, located at the southwest of

the island. A low impact development (LID) strategy has been implemented with this design. At

the forefront of this is a natural wastewater treatment system. This artificial WWTS was

designed to treat all of the wastewater generated onsite by the fish plant. This system

encompasses the ideals of an ecologically sensitive project that utilizes the natural environment

to aid in everyday needs by providing reliable and efficient wastewater treatment through

intentionally arranged ecologically sequenced processes. Plants are an integral part of these

systems that provide treatment, an aesthetic enhancement to the surrounding environment, as

well as a habitat for native wetland flora and fauna.

Cuba also integrated some aspects of the wetland approach in its treatment of liquid waste.

Waste that was previously dumped in the O'Bourke Cienfuegos Bay will be diverted for

treatment in an Imhoff tank and a subsurface flow constructed wetland for final dumping in the

Cienfuegos Bay. The Imhoff tanks will conduct the primary treatment which is designed for

sedimentation and digestion of solids with partial degradation of organic matter. The

secondary wetland treatment will remove the pollutant load through a series of physical,

chemical and biological agents along with the natural processes of sedimentation, precipitation,

absorption, nitrification and de-nitrification, uptake by plant nutrients, microbial action, et

cetera. In the Barrio de Minas also planned to implement a similar treatment system to treat

the waste from Las Minas. It will also implement the Imhoff tank and artificial wetland system.

The Queen sub-marine outfall was also constructed in 2004 and was designed to extract 70% of

the liquid waste produced by the city of Cienfuegos. The project facilitated the design of a new

anchorage system which included a cover slab of concrete manufactured with steel and

prefabricated concrete base with steel pipe for support which together provided the required

weight of 1150 kg.


Integrated Pig Waste Management System

An Integrated Pig Waste Management System (IPWMS) was developed in St Lucia to treat with

waste from animal farms that was directly released into the rivers, which immediately

contaminates the water courses. The IPWMS and its associated Biogas Digester was introduced

as an incentive to farmers to turn pig-waste into a commodity using composting and biogas

digesters. The IPWMS includes a drainage system, a two-chamber septic tank, soak-away,

separator and composting shed. Managing the system requires regular sampling and testing to

ensure that there is no seepage of effluent from the pig pen into the river. This technology was

intended to demonstrate the use of biogas digesters as an alternative best practice to manage

animal waste.

Pump-out Services

Similarly, Exuma also adopted measures to reduce liquid waste and contamination in its

waterways. A local boat operator provided pump-out services for yachts using the harbour. The

system is simple whereby the private entrepreneur affixed a portable septic tank and pump-out

system to his “Boston Whaler” boat. He reminds visiting yachtsmen of the need for proper

disposal of their waste and offers his services for a small fee. Upon their agreement, he hooks

up to the holding tanks on the yachts and extracts the waste which goes into his septic holding

tank. The service has been inspected and approved by the local Department of Environmental

Health Services, and the Water and Sewerage Corporation. Further to this, a Sewage Treatment

Plant (STP) was constructed. The plant is intended to treat all boat-generated waste so as to

ensure reduced levels of faecal contamination in the harbour. The STP includes disposal ponds

supported by “deep injection well technology”. The STP will provide first and secondary

treatment to the wastewater and then, via the deep wells, will transfer the contents to the

disposal ponds.

Solid Waste Management

In Jamaica, efforts by the IWCAM project facilitated improved garbage collection. Firstly,

garbage receptacles or skips were constructed and placed at different strategic locations.

Secondly the solid waste management agency was contacted and requested to include these

stops on their garbage collection route. This was complemented with town meetings to inform

the community of the response to their priority request and to encourage their use of the

facility. Project Managers have reported that the community is making use of the garbage skips

and the towns are visibly cleaner since the introduction of the programme. In Exuma, the

George Town Transfer Station, a solid waste collection facility was established. Its function is to

receive, classify and pre-sort waste material for further transfer to the Waste Management

Facility. It also includes recycling of glass, aluminium and plastics. Solid waste collected from

yachts is also disposed of at this facility.


The Economic Imperative

The capacity of a project to contribute to viable economic activity connected to conservation or

protection activities including viable small businesses, evidence of entrepreneurship or

employment creation is a clear indication of its ability to provide certain levels of economic

sustainability. As indicated in the methodology, the ability of projects even with an

environmental focus, to have economic impacts, always affords itself a better chance at

success. This perception of success is not always obvious to the purist who may perceive

environmental projects from a narrow ecological perspective. However, projects where

opportunities for business development were apparent tended to reflect better indicators of

sustainability.

Potential for viable small businesses

In Saint Lucia, persons who were trained to install the Rain Water Harvesting Systems, for

example, may utilize their skills to start a small business by offering their technical expertise to

residents and non-residents who have shown interest in setting up domestic RWH systems. In

addition, persons who received training in constructing the septic tanks and for the WWTS

plants would find this a viable business undertaking in hotels and guest houses in Saint Lucia.

This also applies to exposure to the technologies involved in the IPWMS which includes a biogas

digester, septic tanks, separators and composting sheds.

Also in Saint Lucia, the authors of the Watershed Educational Booklet or other interested

persons could undertake the production of educational materials to develop other educational

materials for use in the science and environmental curriculum, which is currently starved of

good teaching and learning materials. This could take the form of workbooks, puzzles, comics,

pencils, and other educational materials.

The development of the Saint Kitts National Capitol Park presents several opportunities for

viable economic activities that have the potential to generate opportunities for entrepreneurial

activity leading to employment creation either through small to even large business initiatives.

The Park is intended to be an icon of national pride for all and a renowned attraction for visitors

to Saint Kitts. Apart from its primary objectives to protect the aquifer in the Basseterre Valley,

the management goals for the Park include the creation of a high-valued tourist attraction to

experience and enjoy Saint Kitts. The Park is expected to create 18 jobs ranging from

management, enforcement and educational officers to rangers and maintenance personnel.

Other ancillary services to be offered at the Park mainly through concessions will include gift

shops, guide services, food service and other forms of merchandising.


Opportunities for entrepreneurial activity

There is a difference between setting up a business, creating employment, and being an

entrepreneur. An entrepreneur is more than just a businessperson. An entrepreneur ventures

into new areas, is innovative, takes risks and explores areas of business that others generally

avoid. In Jamaica, a Small Grant Programme was initiated, with one of its objectives to facilitate

the emergence of small businesses that were related to the concept of integrated watershed

management. In this effort, perhaps the single business initiative which was truly

entrepreneurial was an attempt to venture into a new, untried area, by producing paper

products from recycled paper and a breadfruit paste. The initiative linked the environmental

practice of recycling with a business concept to produce a commercial product. This marrying of

environmental and business/financial objectives is precisely the type of initiative that fosters

and aids support for watershed protection at the rural community level. When conservation

activities can coalesce to provide opportunities for employment, it further contributes to the

premise that environmental protection must provide an equal economic activity that justifies

the alternative or sustainable uses of scarce resources.

Business opportunities linked to environmental improvements

In Jamaica, the recycling of bottles and other items by Senior Citizens reduced solid waste,

facilitated a cleaner environment, and also simultaneously created a business opportunity. The

introduction of organic farming of vegetables (cucumber, sweet pepper, pak choi4, corn and

tomatoes) encouraged the non-use of chemical fertilizers, thereby improving land and water

quality and simultaneously providing opportunities for a vegetable farming business.

Alternatively, the rearing of broiler chicks by schoolchildren and women was intended as an

opportunity to engage more vulnerable groups and to bring them into the discussion on

watershed management in a more indirect way. According to Cleo Benet of the Social

Development Commission in Jamaica, “… in order to get communities to look at environmental

issues, it is necessary …to address social and economic issues which are sometimes not directly

related to the environmental problem.”

In Exuma, Bahamas, a young businessman was able to enter the environmental services

profession, and was given the vehicle by which he could improve the environmental health of

the coastal communities and also take advantage of a business opportunity. This local boat

operator invested in the provision of pump-out services for yachts using the harbour. The

system is simple whereby the private entrepreneur affixed a portable septic tank and pump-out

system to his “Boston Whaler” boat. He traverses the harbour in his modified boat making

4 A Chinese vegetable also known as bok choy or Peking cabbage. It is commonly used in stir fry and spring rolls.


contact with mooring yachts. He reminds them of the need for proper disposal of their waste

and offers his services for a small fee. Upon their agreement, he hooks up to the holding tanks

on the yachts and extracts the waste which goes into his septic holding tank. The service has

been inspected and approved by the local Department of Environmental Health Services

(DEHS), and the Water and Sewerage Corporation (WSC). The private pump-out operator also

provides solid waste disposal service to yachters in the harbour, as an extension of the

collection programme.

The pump-out boat, owned and managed by a local entrepreneur, is an important

demonstration of the potential capacity of the local community to increase livelihoods through

environmental management initiatives.

The role of economic incentives

Even in Cuba, which does not generally encourage private business development except where

it addresses the priority needs of the country, used economic incentives to encourage farmers

to increase yield of basic food items like milk and meat. More specifically, the Cuban

government provides incentives to farmers for sustainable agro-forestry and for those who

participate in better environmental management practices. Farmers opting to participate in the

project were incentivised with basic furnished homes, electrification, and farm infrastructure

including 100% of their required tools. Consequently, participating in the IWCAM project

increased the incentives received from the Government and enhanced sustainability, even

though this must be understood within the context of a socialist (central administrative control)

state.

The role of economic incentives linked to improved environmental practice should not be

underestimated and has been demonstrated as a key element in achieving success in the

IWCAM demonstration projects.


Capacity Building

The objectives of the IWCAM projects could only be sustained if there was the required

technical capacity and suitable institutional arrangements, not to mention funding, to support

future programmes. This could be done via immediate short term interventions or as a long

term capacity building strategy, which employed both immediate and continuous initiatives to

building the technical capacity of various key technocrats and the country as a whole. The

ultimate objective was to be better able to improve and strengthen decision making at a policy

level.

Coral Reef Learning Journeys

Over the years the Department of Education, Tobago House of Assembly (THA) has come to rely

on the BRT as a facilitator for Coral Reef Learning Journeys (CRLJ). This activity was a successful

environmental educational campaign that engaged all 15 primary schools on the island. The

project’s Education and Outreach Programme was built upon the existing relationships and

track record established by the BRT in Environmental Education.

This programme included primary school lectures and tours for all 15 primary schools in

Tobago. One lecture was held at a primary school in Port of Spain Trinidad and two primary and

two secondary schools from Trinidad came to Tobago to be part of the learning journey. Over

300 students were reached as a result of this effort. These were mainly standard 3 students5,

ages 8-10 years old. The seven primary schools in the Courland watershed were able to do

water quality testing at the point where the Courland River enters the sea. They were able to

measure parameters like pH temperature, turbidity and dissolved oxygen.

Awareness lesson plans highlighted the importance of watersheds and how human activities

can affect systems such as reefs, wetlands and general marine health. The typical format of the

presentations included a picturesque PowerPoint presentation with an interactive questions

and answers session followed by the catchy song “envirolypso” “Wetland Work for Us”. There

was also a display of real, preserved specimens of creatures that inhabit the coral reefs and

wetlands. These specimens generated much interest among the children since it was their first

time seeing real marine animals. Teachers were encouraged to take their students on

educational tours of reefs and wetlands.

5 Equivalent to Grade 5


Sun, Sea and Science

Sun, Sea and Science (SSS) is a BRT programme that the IWCAM Project was able to use in

promoting its objectives. This programme started in 2002 and has since developed into the

flagship Educational Programme of the BRT. Since its inception, “Sea, Sun and Science” has

been a very attractive and popular vacation programme for students across Trinidad and

Tobago. The IWCAM-PMU took responsibility for organizing and implementing this programme

for the last two years, coinciding with the life of the IWCAM demonstration project. The

programme recruits between 35 and 40 youth, usually top performers, ages 15- 20 years, for a

period of two weeks. Each day is dedicated to some practical exercise in environmental

management. Some of these exercises included: Watershed hikes and tree planting; coral reef

and wetland field trips and surveys; introductory training in SCUBA diving and sailing;

presentations in sustainable fisheries with tours to fish processing plants; counseling in career

opportunities and much more. The aim of the programme is to convert some of the bright

minds in the twin-island state towards a career in environmental conservation. This is done

engaging them in interactive, fun-filled, unforgettable, learning experiences, while exposing

them to different career avenues that are available in the area of Environmental Management.

The success of this programme is evidenced by the significant number of recruits who are

involved in or are in pursuit of careers that have an environmental management orientation.

Many of the former participants have chosen pursuits and careers that were in some way

influenced by their two weeks of SSS. During the life of the project, 120 youth have benefited

directly from what many describe as “a life-changing experience”. The aim of the programme

was to convert some of the bright minds in the twin-island state towards a career in

environmental conservation. The success of this programme is evidenced by the significant

number of recruits who are involved in or are in pursuit of careers that have an environmental

management orientation.

MSc. / Diploma in IWCAM Programme

Cuba employed a long term capacity building strategy. It recognised that through continuously

building the technical capacity of various key technocrats, the country as a whole would be

better able to improve and strengthen decision making at a policy level. To this end, a Masters

and Diploma programme on IWCAM was developed and coordinated by the tertiary level

Centre for Environmental Education of Cienfuegos (CEAC) and the University of Cienfuegos. The

programme ran for four consecutive two-year terms from 2004 to 2008 and at the time of

project closure, there was a firm request for a fifth year from the community of Villa Clara. The

MSc programme graduated a total of 45 students in the first 3 programmes and there were 18

students in the fourth programme. The Diploma programme commenced in 2009 and there are

15 graduates to date, with expectations to repeat it in 2010.


The multidisciplinary nature of the programme, designed to build a multi-sectoral stakeholder

capacity, is demonstrated by the diverse composition of the student body of the fourth group

of 18 MSc students. Six (6) were from the Agro-Petroleum refinery; four (4) from the Port

Authority including the Director of the Port; one (1) each from the National Museum and the

Institution of Meteorology; and two fishermen from Forteleza – El Castillo de Juagua,

Cienfuegos. Other students came from the general student body of the CEAC. The expertise of

persons participating in the programme include law (a lawyer and a magistrate); Biology;

Physics; Chemistry; Sociology; Journalism; and Engineering.

A key objective of the academic programme was to introduce the various groups to techniques

in “Action Research Methodology and Participation”. These were actively covered in the

following areas:

1. Participant observation of the environmental problems of the community.

2. Diagnosis of environmental perception through drawing techniques in children, surveys

and interviews.

3. Workshops that allowed a dialogue between scientific knowledge and everyday

knowledge to form an integral assessment of environmental issues.

All these techniques allowed the knowledge and awareness of environmental problems of the

study area to be achieved and also allowed participants to develop their own community

education plan based on their respective interests and the priority concerns of the community.

The core courses of the IWCAM MSc programme include: Environmental Development;

Riverine and Coastal Ecosystems; Status of IWCAM in the Caribbean; Legal Requirements for

IWCAM; Public Awareness and Education for IWCAM; and Conflict Management and

Negotiations.


Governance

Although local watershed management committees may exists, there remains the concern that

informal Committees without a legal mandate may not be able to sustain activities in the post

IWCAM project phase. A well constituted body with clear objectives, and a mandate from the

community as well as from the national water resources management agency (or whatever

institutional form that agency takes), may provide the best model for governance at the

community level. In the absence of an effective national level watershed management body,

the establishment of a locally based non-governmental organization (NGO) with direct

responsibilities for watershed management was perceived as the instrument through which

sustainability of the IWCAM project could be achieved.

Governance at a local/community level

In St Lucia, the Demonstration Project endeavoured to create awareness of its project and

activities within the community. As such, a Watershed Management Committee (WMC) was

proposed. This Committee was a collaborative grouping of stakeholders, which would be

responsible for, amongst other activities, promoting the project and its activities to the

communities within the Fond D’Or Watershed as well as assisting the PMU in the

implementation of the project’s activities. Key stakeholders were identified as individuals or

organizations that could significantly influence or were important to the success of the project.

The most appropriate form was to us an NGO to address the needs. The WMC was essentially a

mechanism which sought to bring IWCAM and community needs closer together, thereby

ensuring that IWCAM had a greater chance of uptake in the future. This experience is

particularly noteworthy as it has attempted to provide the process for developing a

management body that will sustain effective integrated watershed management objectives in

the post demonstration project period. This organization was formally inaugurated towards the

end of the project with the title “Trust for the Management of Rivers” (TMR). The TMR

continues to have a community and state mandate to leverage funds, and undertake projects in

support of IWCAM.

Governance at a national institutional level

The governance of the Drivers Rivers project in Jamaica was also instrumental in effecting

meaningful participation which contributed to the success of the project. The National

Environment and Planning Agency (NEPA) as the implementing body for the IWCAM project in

East Portland, had institutional links to the Parish Council as well as the Portland Environment

Protection Association (PEPA). The structure of NEPA for project implementation facilitated

stakeholder involvement. In pursuit of the project objectives, five programme components

managed by distinct sub-committees were developed and executed. They included Governance


and Enforcement Sub-Committee, an Environmental Monitoring Sub-Committee; a Public

Awareness Sub-Committee; and a Sanitation and Sustainable Livelihoods Sub-Committee who

managed the agricultural development component focusing on sustainable livelihoods, as well

as the small grants programme.

The Governance and Enforcement Sub Committee had a pivotal role in facilitating stakeholder

involvement. This sub-committee was integral in responding to and facilitating issues between

communities and local stakeholders as the project unfolded. It also helped support the

environment for partnerships between government agencies and non-governmental

organizations. Additionally, the Sanitation and Livelihoods Sub Committee offered the small

grants programme. This initiative was a representation of the Committee’s meaningful

community engagement through its willingness to address the community priorities enunciated

by stakeholders.

The existence of a project management agency that had institutional experience in the

management of grant funds as well as the facilitation of transparent procurement procedures;

and the capacity of community clients to facilitate acquisition of these funds, served as pre-

conditions that better guaranteed replication of this experience.


Legislative and Policy environment

The legislative and policy environment in support of IWCAM varies from one country to the

next. However, most countries have legislations that protect watersheds and coastal areas.

Lacking in most cases, are regulations to monitor and manage the effective implementation of

these pieces of legislation and policy applications.

The situation in St. Kitts and Nevis is discordant as there are over five separate statutes with

various functions for water resources management and there are several critical gaps in the

legislative framework. For example the Waterworks and Watercourses Ordinance is outdated

and therefore not relevant to addressing the myriad of issues related to watershed

management and particularly to the approach being proposed by the IWCAM project. More

specifically, groundwater, recharge areas and well-head areas are not specifically protected in

the law. There is no formal provision for the licensing of private abstraction or companies

seeking to supply water to the public (e.g. resort or residential developers), and there is no

formal water quality standards requirements. There is also no provision in the law for trade or

sewage discharge licenses, and no effluent discharge standards to monitor these.

In Saint Lucia, although there is a Water Recourses Management Agency (WRMA) with

legislative powers to facilitate the harmonization of existing legislation, develop regulations and

foster compliance, the situation is not dissimilar to St. Kitts and Nevis as the lack of adequate

resources has prevented the full establishment of this agency.

In stark contrast, the legislative framework in support of watershed and coastal areas

management is generally very good in Jamaica. There are pieces of legislation covering water

quality, solid waste management, agricultural practices, the coastal marine environment, etc.

There are also agencies empowered to act, as well as regulations which empower local

communities, through their respective Parish Councils, to participate in decision making about

development and activities within their respective communities.

The legislative framework for Cuba appears to be comprehensive and well suited to address

IWCAM approaches. The existing legislation and policies provide for areas of priority such as

pollution, public health, coastal area management, land use, watershed and environmental

conservation. Moreover, these policies are enshrined in a comprehensive National

Environmental Strategy which gets its authority from Law No. 81, Law of the Environment. This

all encompassing piece of legislation, sets forth environmental objectives, establishes the

administrative framework for the Ministry of Science, Technology and the Environment (CITMA)

among others, and creates a set of legal instruments for the execution of various mandates.

These legal instruments provide the legal infrastructure to develop a comprehensive system of

environmental planning, review, management, enforcement and education. The primary


objectives focus on directing the adoption of laws and regulations to ensure environmentally

sound development; promotion of participatory decision making; provide for assessment and

monitoring of environmental compliance and foster protection of health and the environment.

The efforts in Saint Lucia to establish a local/community level watershed management body in

the Trust for the Management of Rivers (TMR) is exemplary and reflective of the goals of that

islands Water and Sewerage Management Act No. 14 of 2005. However, the instruments to

empower this body do not exist as in the case of Cuba and Jamaica, and such bodies could be

easily frustrated by powerlessness and the lack of economic resources or political will to

support IWCAM at a local/community level.


Conclusion

The GEF-IWCAM demonstration sought to provide sustainable approaches to natural resource

management initiatives as well as effective project feasibility assessment procedures and

techniques at the community and national levels.

These lessons and good practices highlighted above should help to facilitate the better

implementation of projects designed to provide community-led approaches to watershed and

coastal areas management in small island developing states. The lessons included the need for

community involvement throughout the projects, facilitated by a diligent stakeholder

identification and analysis process; attention to addressing community priorities, particularly

when the project conceptualisation may not have evolved through sufficient stakeholder or

host community consultations but as a result of a national priority; need for public awareness

and outreach to help change inappropriate behaviour or practices, or to learn new practices

and apply new technologies; deliberate attempts to reduce environmental stress through the

application of new technologies in soil conservation, rain water harvesting, waste water

management, etc.; capacity building initiatives targeted through formal educational institutions

in an attempt to formalise and mainstream the new learning and approaches and techniques;

and the establishment of governance systems at the community level that are empowered

through adequate legislation and institutional support mechanisms.

If successfully implemented, the documentation of lessons and good practice should have the

potential to provide a model for integrated and participatory natural resource management at

planning and implementation levels, for watershed and coastal areas threatened by negative

impacts; increased capacity among relevant community-based organisations and government

agencies; facilitate more participatory and therefore effective assessments of projects at the

community level thereby leading to greater successes; and finally, making inroads towards the

realisation of the critical role of the coastal and watershed management sector as a pillar of the

environmental management agenda in the region.


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Documents

The Global Environment Facility-funded Integrating ... · SMMA Soufriere Marine Management Area SSS Sun, Sea and Science (Tobago) ... whilst the case studies were written against