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The Global Hunger Organizations
Who’s Who & Who Does What?
Types of Organizations
• Advocacy vs. Operations?
• Motivation & Mandate?
• Government or Non-Government– Non-Governmental Organization (NGO)
or – Private Voluntary Organization (PVO)
Types of Organizations
• Local, Regional, National, &/or International?
• Bilateral vs. Multilateral?
• Funding Models & Sources?
US Advocacy GroupsLocal, Regional, &/or National
• Faith &/or Community-based:–Bread for the World–Churches/Religious Institutions• Christian• Buddhist• Hindu• Islamic• Etc.
US Advocacy GroupsLocal, Regional, &/or National
• Faith &/or Community-based that are also operational:– Soup Kitchens– Food Banks–Community Service & Outreach
US Advocacy GroupsLocal, Regional, &/or National
• Secular (non-faith based):
–Hunger Project–Alliance Against Hunger–ONE
US Advocacy GroupsLocal, Regional, &/or National
• Advocacy plus Operations:– Stop Hunger Now (NC) –Numana (KS)–Campus Kitchens– East Alabama Food Bank– Feeding America
(America’s Second Harvest)
Motivation & Mandate
• Government vs. NGO:
–US Safety Net Programs
– State/County/Municipal Programs
–American Red Cross
Governance & Management
• NGOs–Board of Directors
• Foundations–Private (Family) • Gates Foundation
–Corporate (Private Sector)
Governance & Management
• Bilateral –Government–Civil Service
• Multilateral–Member States -> Board of
Directors
International/GlobalLocal, Regional, &/or National
• NGOs–Red Cross• International Federation with
individual chapters by country – IFRC• ICRC (International
Committee of the Red Cross)
International/GlobalLocal, Regional, &/or National
• Large Scale Advocacy/Operational NGOs (US Based)– CARE– World Vision– Save the Children– Catholic Relief Services– Mercy Corps– Salvation Army
Specialty NGOs• Non-US but with US Chapters/Offices– Medicines sans Frontieres (MSF)– Action Contre le Faim (ACF)– Oxfam– Grameen Bank– Aga Khan Foundation– Islamic Relief
– Lutheran World Federation– Church World Service
US & Global Funding & Resources
• Governmental Agencies– Food Aid, Assistance, &/or Cash– Taxpayers & Government Resources
• NGOs– Mainly Private Resources– Fundraising– Some Government Funding
Fundraising & Accountability
International - Bilateral
• Key Developed Countries (i.e. First World)– USAID (US)– CIDA (Canada)– DFID (UK)– JICA (Japan)– European Union– AUSAID (Australia)
Resources & Funding - Bilateral
• Food Aid & Cash– Traditional food surplus countries• US, Australia, Canada, Europe
–New Players• DFID, JICA, Saudi Arabia• Cash for local/regional purchase
Multilateral UN-Specialized Agencies
• Many pre-date UN – League of Nations
• World Ministries– ILO, WHO, FAO
• Assessed Contributions• Director General – Separate Governance
• General Assemblies
UN Multilateral -Financial
• Bretton Woods Institutions– IMF–World Bank
Multilateral - UNDevelopment/Relief Operations
• Voluntary Programs/Funds
– UNICEF (Children & Mothers)– UNFPA (Population)– UNDP (Development)– UNCHR (Refugees)– WFP (Food)
Multilateral - UNDevelopment/Relief Operations
• Operational, field-based
• Voluntary, “pay as you go”
• Executive Director (SG Appoints)
• Executive Boards
MultilateralResources & Funding
• Food &/or Cash– Primarily from bilateral donors• i.e. UN Member States
• Some donors work/contribute to both bilateral & multilateral organizations– US, Canada, EU, UK– More bilateral-South Korea– More multilateral-Nordics
Role of the Private Sector
• Ever increasing & complementary support to bilateral/multilateral operations:– WFP & TNT– YUM Brands– Unilever– Vodafone– Eriksson
Role of National Groups/Organizations in Developing Countries
• Governmental Agencies– Health, Education, & Agriculture– Capacity-Support from
bilaterals/multilaterals
• Local NGOs– Usually poorly funded– Capacity support from International
NGOs, plus from bilaterals/multilaterals
Operations in Developing Countries
• Complementarity of Mandates
– Local hunger advocacy– Operational NGOs working with
international agencies (NGOs, bi- & multilateral)• HIV/AIDS awareness• Nutrition• Etc.
Comparative Advantage of Operations
• WFP supplies/programs food through local & international NGO operations
• Advantage– Strong local presence– Cost effectiveness of local operations– Knowledge on the ground
Issues & Considerations
• Competition between international & local NGOs– Funding issues– Overhead– Roles– Cost– Presence of international staff
Issues & Considerations
• NGOs relationship with the local government
• NGOs motives are suspect for some host governments
• NGOs vs. Bilateral/Multilaterals– Issues of Control
Faith-based Groups
• All faiths & religions have a “help the poor and feed the hungry” value/mandate
• Proselytism (to proselytize)– Missionary work
• Cultural & National Pride sensitivity
Faith-based Groups
• Real or perceived priority for NGO operations in-country
• Concern of religious conversion can become an issue
Key Objective for Bilateral & Multilateral Organizations
• National & Local Sustainability• Government &/or local NGO takeover
of development programs– School Feeding– MCHC– FFW & general relief operations at times
of emergencies– Local safety net programs
Key Objective for Bilateral & Multilateral Organizations
• Priority focus on both government at all levels & local NGO community
– Building local implementation capacity
– Development of policy capacity– Vulnerability Assessment Mapping
(VAM)
ExamplesBangladesh, China, & India
• Disaster Relief:– Often bi & multilaterals have little to
teach these Governments & their local NGOs
– Role of donors is to support with resources & technical assistance when burden is overwhelming• i.e. serious floods in Bangladesh• i.e. earthquakes in China (foreign
rescue teams; food aid)
ExamplesBrazil, China, Viet Nam
• Development Activities/Programs:– Phasing Out – SFP in 21 countries– Health Clinics – Community outreach– Infrastructure works accomplished• Rural Roads• Irrigation• Fish Ponds• Health Clinics• Schools built & functioning
1960’s 10 Largest Aid Recipients
• Today these countries are the 10 largest trading partners of the US– South Korea– Brazil– Indonesia– Philippines– Taiwan– Egypt