The Globalization of Human Well-BeingThe Globalization of Human Well-Being

Indur M. GoklanyIndur M. GoklanyIndependent ScholarIndependent Scholar

E-mail: E-mail: igoklany@cox.netigoklany@cox.net

Based on a Policy Analysis piece published by the Based on a Policy Analysis piece published by the Cato Institute in 2002, available from:Cato Institute in 2002, available from:

http://www.cato.org/pubs/pas/pa-447es.htmlhttp://www.cato.org/pubs/pas/pa-447es.html

Cereal yield vs. income, 1961-1999Cereal yield vs. income, 1961-1999

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000

GDP per capita (1995 US$, MXR)

cere

al y

ield

(kg

per

hect

are)

cyp61 cyp99 cy61 cy99

Source: Based on data from World Bank (2001).

Fig 2-2: Food supplies per cap vs. income, 1961-1997Fig 2-2: Food supplies per cap vs. income, 1961-1997

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000

GDP per capita (1995 US$, MXR)

kcal

s/ca

pita

/day

fs61p fs97p fs61 fs97

Source: Based on data from World Resources Institute (2000).

Malnutrition prevalence vs. income, 1987-1998Malnutrition prevalence vs. income, 1987-1998

0

30

60

90

0 3,000 6,000 9,000

GDP per capita (1995 US$, MXR)

% o

f chi

ldre

n un

der

5 yr

s

malp87 malp98 mal87 mal98

Source: Based on data from World Bank (2001).

Fig 2-7: Access to safe water vs. income 1970-Fig 2-7: Access to safe water vs. income 1970-19951995

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000

GDP per capita (1995 US$, MXR)

% p

opul

atio

n w

ith a

cces

s

swptob70 swptob95sw70 sw95

Source: Based on data from World Bank (1999).

Access to sanitation vs. income 1985-1995Access to sanitation vs. income 1985-1995

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 7,000 14,000 21,000 28,000 35,000

GDP per capita (1995 US$, MXR)

% p

opul

atio

n w

ith a

cces

s

sanit85psanit95psanit85sanit95

Source: Based on data from World Bank (1999).

Health expenditures vs. income, 1990-1998Health expenditures vs. income, 1990-1998

1

4

7

10

13

0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000

GDP per capita (constant 1995 US$)

Hea

lth e

xpen

ditu

res (

% o

f GD

P)

he90phe98phe90he98

Source: Based on data from World Bank (2002).

Infant mortality vs. income, 1960-1999Infant mortality vs. income, 1960-1999

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000

GDP per capita (1995 US$, MXR)

deat

hs p

er 1

000

live bi

rths

im60p im99p im60 im99

Source: Based on data from World Bank (2001).

Life expectancy vs. income, 1960-1999Life expectancy vs. income, 1960-1999

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000

GDP per capita (1995 US$, MXR)

Life

exp

ecta

ncy

(yrs

.)

LE60p LE99p LE60 LE99

Source: Based on data from World Bank (2001)

Tertiary schooling vs. income, 1965-1996Tertiary schooling vs. income, 1965-1996

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000 40,000 45,000

GDP per capita (1995 US$, MXR)

enro

llmen

t (as

% o

f elig

ible

pop

.)ter65ter96ter65pter96p

Source: Based on data from World Bank (2001).

Child labor vs. income, 1960-1999Child labor vs. income, 1960-1999

01020304050607080

0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000

GDP per capita (1995 US$, MXR)

child

labo

r (%

of c

hild

ren

10-1

4 yr

s ol

d)

cl60ptobcl99ptobcl60cl99

Source: Based on data from World Bank (2001).

Human well-being vs. wealth, 1990sHuman well-being vs. wealth, 1990s

0

25

50

75

100

125

150

$0 $8,000 $16,000 $24,000 $32,000 $40,000

per capita income

Life

Exp

, Inf

Mor

t, T

ert

Sch,

Saf

e H

2O, C

h L

ab

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

Dai

ly F

ood

Supp

ly

(kca

l)/ca

pita

Life Expectancy, 1999 Inf Mortality, 1999 Tertiary School, 1996Access to Safe H2O Child Labor, 1999 Food Supply, 1997

Source: World Resources Institute (2000); World Bank (2001).

per capita incomeper capita income

475 612 660 587 564 575

218 259 299 374 459 482725

1,0161,459 1,594 1,929 2,005

9,96915,301 19,736 25,174 29,871 30,114

$10

$100

$1,000

$10,000

$100,000

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2002

GD

P pe

r cap

ita (i

n 19

95 U

S$, M

XR)

Sub-Saharan Africa Low income Middle income High income: OECD

Source: World Bank (2003)

Child labor (%)Child labor (%)

3937

3532

29 28

33

2825

2219 18

28

2421

11

6 54 30 0 0 0

05

101520253035404550

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2002

Chi

ld la

bor (

%)

Sub-Saharan Africa Low income Middle income High income: OECD

Source: World Bank (2003)

Gaps in child labor, relative to hi-income OECDGaps in child labor, relative to hi-income OECD

35 34 3432

29 282926 25

22

19 18

2422 21

11

6 5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2002

Gap

in c

hild

labo

r (%

)Sub-Saharan Africa Low income Middle income

Source: World Bank (2003)

Life expectancy at birth (yrs)Life expectancy at birth (yrs)

4044

48 5047 46

4348

5357 59 59

46

6166 68 69 7069 71 74 76 78 78

0102030405060708090

100

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2002

Life

exp

ecta

ncy

(yrs

)Sub-Saharan Africa Low income Middle income High income: OECD

Source: World Bank (2003)

Gap in life expectancy, relative to hi-income Gap in life expectancy, relative to hi-income OECDOECD

2927 26 26

31 33

26

2321

19 19 20

23

108 8 9 9

0

10

20

30

40

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2002

Gap

in li

fe e

xpec

tanc

y (y

rs) Sub-Saharan Africa Low income Middle income

Source: World Bank (2003)

Infant mortalityInfant mortality

151

134

118110 106 105

148

128

110

9182 81

118

79

54

4032 29

35

2212 8 5 5

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2002

Infa

nt m

otal

ity (p

er 1

,000

live

birt

hs)

Sub-Saharan AfricaLow incomeMiddle incomeHigh income: OECD

Source: World Bank (2003)

Gap in infant mortality, relative to hi-income Gap in infant mortality, relative to hi-income OECDOECD

117 112106 102 101 99

114106

98

8376 75

83

57

4232

26 23

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2002Gap

in in

fant

mot

ality

(per

1,0

00 li

ve b

irths

)

Sub-Saharan Africa Low income Middle income

Source: World Bank (2003)

Cycle of ProgressCycle of Progress

HumanCapital:

Education,R & D

Technology CropYields

FoodSupplies Health

EconomicGrowth/Wealth

Trade

C

B A

P

O

E FGD

JI K

L

N

H

M

Q

Figure 2-11: Global economic development, 1800-1999Figure 2-11: Global economic development, 1800-1999

$0

$5,000

$10,000

$15,000

$20,000

$25,000

$30,000

1800 1850 1900 1950 2000

per

capt

a G

DP

(199

0 In

t. $)

US Japan W. Europe L. America World

E. Europe FSU China India Africa

Source: Maddison (2001).

Fig 2-1: Food supplies vs. time, 1936-1999Fig 2-1: Food supplies vs. time, 1936-1999

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Year

Dai

ly F

ood

Supp

lies

(kca

ls/c

apita

/day

)World Developing Developed SS AfricaChina India Brazil S. AmericaFrance Europe United States

Source: Goklany (1999), FAO (2002)

Figure 2-10: Life expectancy, selected countries, early 1950s-Figure 2-10: Life expectancy, selected countries, early 1950s-19991999

$30

$40

$50

$60

$70

$80

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

Life

exp

ecta

ncy

(yrs

)

Bangladesh Brazil China India IndonesiaMexico Nigeria Russia South Af Egypt

Source: World Resources Institute (2000); World Bank (2001).

Average income vs. economic freedom indexAverage income vs. economic freedom index

$2,556$4,365

$6,235

$12,390

$23,450

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th

Economic freedom index quintile

per

capi

ta in

com

e(P

PP, 2

000

US$

)

Source: Gwartney et al. (2002).

Human well-being vs. wealth, 1990sHuman well-being vs. wealth, 1990s

0

25

50

75

100

125

150

$0 $8,000 $16,000 $24,000 $32,000 $40,000

per capita income

Life

Exp

, Inf

Mor

t, T

ert

Sch,

Saf

e H

2O, C

h L

ab

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

Dai

ly F

ood

Supp

ly

(kca

l)/ca

pita

Life Expectancy, 1999 Inf Mortality, 1999 Tertiary School, 1996Access to Safe H2O Child Labor, 1999 Food Supply, 1997

Source: World Resources Institute (2000); World Bank (2001).

Figure 2-16: Global economic freedom, 1975-2000 Figure 2-16: Global economic freedom, 1975-2000

5.1 5.2 5.3 5.66.2

6.6

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

Avg

. Eco

nom

ic F

reed

om In

dex

Source: Gwartney and Lawson (2002).

Figure 3-1: Global povertyFigure 3-1: Global poverty, 1820-1992, 1820-1992

0

300

600

900

1200

1500

1800 1850 1900 1950 2000

Year

head

coun

t of a

bsol

utel

y po

or(in

mill

ions

)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

percent in absolute povertyheadcount percent

Source: Bourgignon and Morrisson (2001).

Total fertility rate vs. income, 1960-2000, Total fertility rate vs. income, 1960-2000, uses dumslpuses dumslp

0

2

4

6

8

0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000

GDP per capita (1995 US$, MXR)

child

ren

per

wom

an

tfr1960tfr2000tfr1960ptfr2000p

Source: After Goklany (2001), based on data from World Bank (2002).

Fig 4-2: Health expenditures per capita Fig 4-2: Health expenditures per capita (HE) (HE) vs. income, 1998vs. income, 1998

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

4,000

4,500

5,000

5,500

0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000 40,000 45,000

GDP per capita (PPP-adjusted, current International US$ )

heal

th e

xp (c

urre

nt U

S$) p

er c

apita

Source: Based on data from World Bank (2002).