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T S U G U O A R A M A K I , S L A C
I P M U A P E C S e m i n a r
J u l y 2 2 n d 2 0 1 9
THE GRAMS PROJECT DUAL MEV GAMMA-RAY AND DARK MATTER
OBSERVATORY
outlineDark Matter Search with Antimatter
Current status and recent results of indirect dark matter search Why is antimatter survey important? Antimatter-based dark matter search with GAPS and GRAMS
MeV Gamma-Ray Observations Current status of MeV gamma-ray observations Why are MeV gamma-ray observations important? MeV gamma-ray observations with GRAMS
GRAMS Current Status and Future Prospects R&D Program Application to other fields
Summary GRAMS First Paper: arXiv:1901.03430 Accepted in Astroparticle Physics
Aramaki et al., 2019
Dark Matter Search
Dark Matter in Astrophysical Phenomena
N A S A / E S A
G A L A X Y C L U S T E R S G R AV I TAT I O N A L L E N S I N G
EVIDENCE FOR DARK MATTER
INVISIBLE/MISSING MASS = DARK MATTER
G A L A X Y I N A C L U S T E R
E A R T H
I M A G E O F D I S TA N T O B J E C T PAT H O F L I G H TP AT H O F L I G H T
!4
Z W I C K Y I N 1 9 3 0 S C O M A C L U S T E R
G A L A X I E S M O V I N G T O O FA S T !
I M A G E O F D I S TA N T O B J E C T
D I S TA N T O B J E C T
I N V I S I B L E / M I S S I N G M A S S F O R D I S T O R T E D F I E L D
I N V I S I B L E / M I S S I N G M A S S F O R H I G H V E LO C I T Y
COMPOSITION OF THE UNIVERSE !5
NO DM, NO LIFE.
SNAPSHOT OF THE EARLY UNIVERSE when electrons and protons were recombined
TEMPERATURE FLUCTUATION PR OVIDES COMPOSITION/EVOLUTION OF THE UNIVERSE
Atoms5%
Dark Matter27%
Dark Energy68%
COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND
27% OF OUR UNIVERSE IS DARK MATTER (DM) Large scale structure and galaxy clusters were created
by dark matter density fluctuation in early universe
DARK MATTER PROFILE
P L A N C K
ASTROPHYSICAL PHENOMENA INDICATE THAT DM SHOULD BE:
!6
VARIOUS DM MODELS ARE PROPOSED TO EXPLAIN ASTROPHYSICAL PHENOMENA
1) LONG LIFETIME Stable particle on galactic time scale Otherwise DM wouldn’t be seen in Astrophysical phenomena
2) VERY SMALL INTERACTION WITH NORMAL MAT TER Or else DM would have been easily detected long time ago
3) NON RELATIVISTIC (SLOW) Otherwise there would be lower density fluctuation in the early universe and less large scale structures in the present
Popular dark matter candidates (m>10 GeV)
WEAKLY INTERACTING MASSIVE PARTICLE = WIMP (> 10 GeV)
RELIC ABUNDANCE (LEFTOVER)
FREEZE-OUT
Larger the cross-section = Less Relic DM Smaller the cross-section = More Relic DM
DM
DM
SM
SMISOLATED THEN DM IS FROZEN OUT
LEFT
OVER
( I I) UNIVERSE EXPANDED AND COOLED DOWN
!7
(I) THERMAL (CHEMICAL) E QUILIBRIUM
DM
DM
SM
SMMIXED IN HOT SOUP
SM = Standard Model Particle DM = Dark Matter Particle
IN EARLY UNIVERSE
DM Relic Abundance
NO SIGNS OF DETECTION IN DM SEARCH → MORE FOCUS ON LOW-MASS DM
WIMP weak-scale interaction cross-section coincidentally gives right dark matter relic abundance seen in astrophysical phenomena
Other Dark Matter candidates!8
SIMPs/ELDERS
UltralightDarkMa5er
Muong-2
Small-ScaleStructure
Microlensing
DarkSectorCandidates,Anomalies,andSearchTechniques
HiddenSectorDarkMa5er
SmallExperiments:CoherentFieldSearches,DirectDetecIon,NuclearandAtomicPhysics,Accelerators
GeV TeVkeVeVneVfeVzeV MeVaeV peV µeV meV PeV 30M�
WIMPsQCDAxion
≈
GeV TeVkeVeVneVfeVzeV MeVaeV peV µeV meV PeV 30M�
≈
Beryllium-8
BlackHoles
HiddenThermalRelics/WIMPlessDM
AsymmetricDM
Freeze-InDM
Pre-InflaIonaryAxion
Post-InflaIonaryAxion
US COSMIC VISIONS 2017 (arXiv:1707.04591)
XENON LUX/LZ
PANDA-X DarkSide
XMASS …
SUPERCDMS CRESST SENSEI
…
GAPS GRAMS
BESS AMS-02
Fermi …
nDM ∝ 1/mDMton-scale detector
kg-scale detector Low-threshold
dark matter searches
P L A N C K
LHC
DIRECT DM SEARCH - DM interaction inside the detector - Measure scintillation, charge, phonon - Underground lab to minimize cosmic-rays
COMPLEMENTARY SEARCHES ARE CRUCIAL TO ILLUMINATE THE NATURE OF DM
!9
M. ATTISHA
LZ/LUX, XENON, DarkSide SuperCDMS
FERMI, VERITAS, AMS-02 GAPS, GRAMS
DM SM
DM SM
COLLIDER SEARCH - Artificially produce DM particles - Measure missing energy/momentum - Mono-X search to trigger events
INDIRECT DM SEARCH - Measure DM annihilation/decay products
INDIRECT Dark Matter SEARCH
aD M
D Mq , h , W ,
e + , γ, ν, p , d , n … _ _ _
POSITRON: AMS-02, PAMELA, DAMPE…
GAMMA RAY: FERMI-LAT, VERITAS, CTA, GRAMS…
NEUTRINO: ICECUBE, ANTARES…
ANTIPROTON: AMS-02, PAMELA, BESS, GAPS, GRAMS
ANTIDEUTERON: AMS-02, BESS, GAPS, GRAMS
ANTIHELIUM: AMS-02, GRAMS
!10
MEASURE DM ANNIHILATION/DECAY PRODUCTS
COMPLEMENTARY SEARCHES WITH DIFFERENT DETECTION METHODS AND BACKGROUND MODELS ARE CRUCIAL TO VALIDATE DM SIGNATURES
Recent Results from fermi-lat
Possible DM signatures from Galactic Center Region (GCE) Inconsistent with dwarf spheroidal galaxy (dSph) observations
(recent observations for new dSphs show some small excess)
FERMI GALACTIC CENTER EXCESS (GCE) ~50GeV DM or astrophysical objects?
Daylan et al., 2016
gamma-ray excess observed
!11
Launched in June 2008, targeting 20MeV - 300GeV gamma-rays
— Fermi Dwarf Galaxy Observation (Ackermann et al., 2015)
10-25
10-27
10 100 1000
10-26
Thermal Relic Cross Section (Steigman et al., 2012)
mᵪ [GeV]
<σv
> [c
m3 /
s]
Excluded
Fermi Galactic Center Excess — Calore et al., 2014 — Daylan et al., 2014 — Abazajian et al., 2015
10-24
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Propagation model: MED
DIFFICULT TO VERIFY DM SIGNATURES DUE TO MIMIC SIGNAL FROM BACKGROUND NEED A NEW APPROACH/EXPERIMENT TO VALIDATE THE RESULTS
E k2 Flu
x (G
eV m
-2 s
-1 s
r-1 )
Ek (GeV)
bkgdm
AMS-02
10-4
10-3
10-2
10-1
100
101
10-1 100 101 102 103
Recent Results from ams-02
P L A N C K
~ 5 0 G e V D M ?
Cui et al . 2016)
NEED A NEW APPROACH, EXPERIMENT TO VALIDATE THE RESULTS
!12
Launched in May 2011, targeting cosmic-rays including antiparticles
Possible DM detection in antiproton measurements Possible detection of antiheliums and antideutrons
▶ Antiproton excess: ~50GeV DM (consistent with Fermi GCE) or cosmic-ray interaction? ▶ Antiheluim detection:
▶ If from DM, a large excess should be seen in the antiproton/antideuteron fluxes? ▶ antimatter clouds in our galaxy?
So far, 6 3He, 2 4He candidate events reported _ _
WHY ANTIDEUTERONS?BACKGROUND-FREE DM SEARCH AT LOW-ENERGY
~ 400x
BKG: Ibarra et al., 2013
PRIMARY FLUX DM ANNIHILATION/DECAY
HADRONIZ ATION PROCESS
_ p
_ n
DARK MATTER ANNIHILATION
q,h,W… DM
DM
COALESCENCE PROCESS (PC)
_ d
SECONDARY FLUX COSMIC RAY INTERACTION
p (CR) +H (ISM)→ p + H + p + n + p + n_ _
_ d
!13
AMS-02 AMS-02
BESS upper limit
GAPS
— DM, mᵪ = 30GeV
Kinetic Energy per Nucleon [GeV/n] 0.1 1 10 100
10-7
10-5
10-3
10-8
10-6
10-4
10-9 Ant
ideu
tero
n Fl
ux [
m-2
s-1 s
r-1 (
GeV
/n)-1
]
GRAMS
— background
GAPS FIRST SCIENCE FLIGHT IS SCHEDULED FROM ANTARCTIC IN 2021 GRAMS: NEXT GENERATION EXPERIMENT
Aramaki et al., 2016
LSP: Donato et al., 2008
Concept proven with accelerator beam test X-ray yields measured with different targets Cascade model developed to predict X-ray yields
Gaps/GRAMS Detection concept
P L A N C K
MEASURE ATOMIC X-RAYS AND ANNIHILATION PRODUCTS
The antiparticle slows down & stops, forming an excited exotic atom
A time of flight (TOF) system tags candidate events and records velocity
De-excitation X-rays provide signature
Annihilation products provide additional background suppression
p
π+
π-
π-
30keV
44keV
67keV
π-
π+
_ d
Refilling e-
X-RAY
X-RAY
X-RAY
Eγ = zZ( )2 M*
me* RH
1nf2−1ni2
⎛
⎝⎜⎜
⎞
⎠⎟⎟
π-
NUCLEAR ANNIHILATIONpπ-
π+
Auger e-
ATOMIC TRANSITIONSn=nK~15
no,lo
n=6
n=7
n=8
n=9
n=1
n=2
π0
π+
Plastic Scintillators, TOF (time-of-flight)
Si(Li) Detector
EXOTIC ATOM
Si
_ d
Aramaki, et al., 2013
!14
Gaps/GRAMS antideuteron identification technique
P L A N C K
CR p, e± REJECTION: ANTIPROTON AND ANTIDEUTERON SELECTION Select slow particles with TOF Simultaneous detection of secondary/annihilation products (pions/protons)
▸ Slow CR p and e± may not be able to produce secondary particles
atomic X-rays from exotic atom ▶ different energy
pion/proton multiplicity ▶ more for antideuterons
stopping range (depth sensing) ▶ antideuterons go deeper
dE/dX energy deposit in layers ▶ more for antideuterons
ANTIDEUTERON IDENTIFICATION FROM ANTIPROTONS
EXPECTED BACKGROUND/MIMIC EVENTS ~0.01
!15
S i ( L i ) D E T E C T O R : 4 inch, 2.5mm thick wafer ▶ 10 layers, about 140 Si(Li) detectors/layer ▶ Segmented into 8 strips
>3D particle tracking ▶ Energy/timing resolution: 4 keV, ~100 ns ▶ Operation temperature: -40C
cooled with oscillating heat pipe (OHP) ▶ Dual channel electronics
20-80 keV: X-rays 0.1-50MeV: charged particles
GAPS Detector
2 m
1 . 6 m
2 m
3 . 6 m
1 . 6 m
3 . 6 m
T O F P L A S T I C S C I N T I L L AT O R S : 18cm x 1.6m x 5mm ▶ Identify incoming charged particles ▶ 1m separation between inner/outer TOF ▶ Timing resolution: 0.5ns, SiPMs on each end
WELL-STUDIED, WIDELY-USED SI(LI) AND PLASTIC SCINTILLATORS SUCCESSFULLY DEMONSTRATED THE PERFORMANCE IN THE ENGINEERING FLIGHT
!16
LArTPCSiPMs
Anode wires/pads (X-Y plane)
E-FI
ELD
Segmentation
Plastic Scintillators : TOF - measure velocity and incoming angle LArTPC : Calorimeter and particle tracker
▶ Scintillation light at SiPMs to trigger events ▶ Wires/pads on anode plane (X, Y), drift time (Z) to provide a 3D image/track ▶ Well-studied, widely-used in large-scale DM/neutrino experiments Scintillation light localized by segmentation to reduce coincident background
!17GRAMS Detector
LARTPC DETECTOR SURROUNDED BY PLASTIC SCINTILLATORS LARTPC MEASURES SCINTILLATION LIGHT AND IONIZATION ELECTRONS
pπ+
π-
π-
π-
π+
_ d Plastic Scintillator
LAr TPCX-ray
X-ray
X-ray
Scintillation Light Ionization Electrons
<σv
> [c
m3 /
s]
10-25
10-27
10 100 1000
10-26
Thermal Relic Cross Section (Steigman et al., 2012)
mᵪ [GeV]
Excluded
10-24
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GAPS
GRAMS
Fermi Galactic Center Exces Daylan et al., 2016 Abazajian et al., 2016 Calore et al., 2015
AMS-02 Antiproton Excess Cui et al., 2016
Fermi Dwarf Galaxy Observation Ackermann et al., 2015
AMS-02
BESS upper limit
GAPS
— DM, mᵪ = 30GeV — background
Kinetic Energy per Nucleon [GeV/n] 0.1 1 10 100
10-7
10-5
10-3
10-8
10-6
10-4
10-9 Ant
ideu
tero
n Fl
ux [
m-2
s-1 s
r-1 (
GeV
/n)-1
]
AMS-02
S/B ~ 400
GRAMS
GRAMS COULD FULLY INVESTIGATE FERMI GCE AND AMS-02 ANTIPROTON EXCESS CURRENTLY EVALUATING GRAMS ANTIHELIUM SENSITIVITY
!18GRAMS Sensitivity in DM Parameter Space
STRONG TENSIONS WITH FERMI GCE/DSPHS AND AMS-02
Aramaki et al., 2019
MeV Gamma-Ray Observation
Current Status of MeV Gamma-Ray Observations!20
MeV-gap
GAMMA-RAYS IN MEV REGION POORLY EXPLORED = “MEV GAP”
Takahashi et al., 2013
ASTROPHYSICAL OBJECTS ▶ Neutron stars: high matter density ▶ Magnetars: strong magnetic field ▶ AGNs/Blazars: powerful jets ▶ Cosmic MeV gamma-ray background
GAMMA-RAY LINE STUDY ▶ Positron annihilation: 511 keV ▶ Nuclear lies are typically in ~MeV ▶ Radioactive isotopes provide physical condition during nucleosynthesis
▶ Core-collapse SNe: 26Al (1809keV), 60Fe (1173keV, 1333keV), 44Ti (1157keV) ▶ Thermonuclear SNe: 56Co (847keV) ▶ Neutron capture: 2H (2223keV) ▶ Cosmic-ray interactions: 12C* (4438keV)
MULTI-MESSENGER ASTRONOMY ▶ EM counterparts of NS-NS mergers ▶ r-process in neutron star mergers/remnants
DARK MATTER SEARCH ▶ MeV gamma rays from DM annihilation
MeV Gamma-Ray Science!21
1001010.1E [MeV]
Gamma-ray lines
Transition of physical processes
MeV-gapInoue et al., 2019
Wu et al., 2019
Why is it difficult to measure MeV Gamma-rays?!22
▶ Compton scattering dominates in the MeV energy region ▶ Both energy & position resolutions need to be good for event reconstruction
▶ Challenging to have a large-scale detector
NIST Data Base
— Total — Photoabsorption — Compton Scattering — Pair Production
E1<latexit sha1_base64="zeWOiLSXOAiRgl4Nz8pGKBEB1T0=">AAAB6nicdZDNSgMxFIXv1L9a/6ou3QSL4KpMitjpriCCy4rWFtqhZNJMG5rJDElGKEMfwY0LRdz6RO58GzNtBRU9EPg4515y7w0SwbVx3Q+nsLK6tr5R3Cxtbe/s7pX3D+50nCrK2jQWseoGRDPBJWsbbgTrJoqRKBCsE0wu8rxzz5Tmsbw104T5ERlJHnJKjLVuLgd4UK64Vdd1McYoB1w/dy00Gl4NewjnkVUFlmoNyu/9YUzTiElDBdG6h93E+BlRhlPBZqV+qllC6ISMWM+iJBHTfjYfdYZOrDNEYazskwbN3e8dGYm0nkaBrYyIGevfWW7+lfVSE3p+xmWSGibp4qMwFcjEKN8bDbli1IipBUIVt7MiOiaKUGOvU7JH+NoU/Q93tSq2fH1WaXrLcxThCI7hFDDUoQlX0II2UBjBAzzBsyOcR+fFeV2UFpxlzyH8kPP2CQf0jZk=</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="zeWOiLSXOAiRgl4Nz8pGKBEB1T0=">AAAB6nicdZDNSgMxFIXv1L9a/6ou3QSL4KpMitjpriCCy4rWFtqhZNJMG5rJDElGKEMfwY0LRdz6RO58GzNtBRU9EPg4515y7w0SwbVx3Q+nsLK6tr5R3Cxtbe/s7pX3D+50nCrK2jQWseoGRDPBJWsbbgTrJoqRKBCsE0wu8rxzz5Tmsbw104T5ERlJHnJKjLVuLgd4UK64Vdd1McYoB1w/dy00Gl4NewjnkVUFlmoNyu/9YUzTiElDBdG6h93E+BlRhlPBZqV+qllC6ISMWM+iJBHTfjYfdYZOrDNEYazskwbN3e8dGYm0nkaBrYyIGevfWW7+lfVSE3p+xmWSGibp4qMwFcjEKN8bDbli1IipBUIVt7MiOiaKUGOvU7JH+NoU/Q93tSq2fH1WaXrLcxThCI7hFDDUoQlX0II2UBjBAzzBsyOcR+fFeV2UFpxlzyH8kPP2CQf0jZk=</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="zeWOiLSXOAiRgl4Nz8pGKBEB1T0=">AAAB6nicdZDNSgMxFIXv1L9a/6ou3QSL4KpMitjpriCCy4rWFtqhZNJMG5rJDElGKEMfwY0LRdz6RO58GzNtBRU9EPg4515y7w0SwbVx3Q+nsLK6tr5R3Cxtbe/s7pX3D+50nCrK2jQWseoGRDPBJWsbbgTrJoqRKBCsE0wu8rxzz5Tmsbw104T5ERlJHnJKjLVuLgd4UK64Vdd1McYoB1w/dy00Gl4NewjnkVUFlmoNyu/9YUzTiElDBdG6h93E+BlRhlPBZqV+qllC6ISMWM+iJBHTfjYfdYZOrDNEYazskwbN3e8dGYm0nkaBrYyIGevfWW7+lfVSE3p+xmWSGibp4qMwFcjEKN8bDbli1IipBUIVt7MiOiaKUGOvU7JH+NoU/Q93tSq2fH1WaXrLcxThCI7hFDDUoQlX0II2UBjBAzzBsyOcR+fFeV2UFpxlzyH8kPP2CQf0jZk=</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="zeWOiLSXOAiRgl4Nz8pGKBEB1T0=">AAAB6nicdZDNSgMxFIXv1L9a/6ou3QSL4KpMitjpriCCy4rWFtqhZNJMG5rJDElGKEMfwY0LRdz6RO58GzNtBRU9EPg4515y7w0SwbVx3Q+nsLK6tr5R3Cxtbe/s7pX3D+50nCrK2jQWseoGRDPBJWsbbgTrJoqRKBCsE0wu8rxzz5Tmsbw104T5ERlJHnJKjLVuLgd4UK64Vdd1McYoB1w/dy00Gl4NewjnkVUFlmoNyu/9YUzTiElDBdG6h93E+BlRhlPBZqV+qllC6ISMWM+iJBHTfjYfdYZOrDNEYazskwbN3e8dGYm0nkaBrYyIGevfWW7+lfVSE3p+xmWSGibp4qMwFcjEKN8bDbli1IipBUIVt7MiOiaKUGOvU7JH+NoU/Q93tSq2fH1WaXrLcxThCI7hFDDUoQlX0II2UBjBAzzBsyOcR+fFeV2UFpxlzyH8kPP2CQf0jZk=</latexit>
E2<latexit sha1_base64="59unTsKH7cOgF4GZtTkIjbTpXyM=">AAAB6nicdZDLSgMxFIbP1Futt6pLN8EiuCpJETvdFURwWdHaQjuUTJppQzMXkoxQhj6CGxeKuPWJ3Pk2ZtoKKvpD4OP/zyHnHD+RQhuMP5zCyura+kZxs7S1vbO7V94/uNNxqhhvs1jGqutTzaWIeNsII3k3UZyGvuQdf3KR5517rrSIo1szTbgX0lEkAsGosdbN5aA2KFdwFWNMCEE5kPo5ttBouDXiIpJHVhVYqjUov/eHMUtDHhkmqdY9ghPjZVQZwSSflfqp5gllEzriPYsRDbn2svmoM3RinSEKYmVfZNDc/d6R0VDraejbypCasf6d5eZfWS81getlIkpSwyO2+ChIJTIxyvdGQ6E4M3JqgTIl7KyIjamizNjrlOwRvjZF/8NdrUosX59Vmu7yHEU4gmM4BQJ1aMIVtKANDEbwAE/w7Ejn0XlxXhelBWfZcwg/5Lx9Agl4jZo=</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="59unTsKH7cOgF4GZtTkIjbTpXyM=">AAAB6nicdZDLSgMxFIbP1Futt6pLN8EiuCpJETvdFURwWdHaQjuUTJppQzMXkoxQhj6CGxeKuPWJ3Pk2ZtoKKvpD4OP/zyHnHD+RQhuMP5zCyura+kZxs7S1vbO7V94/uNNxqhhvs1jGqutTzaWIeNsII3k3UZyGvuQdf3KR5517rrSIo1szTbgX0lEkAsGosdbN5aA2KFdwFWNMCEE5kPo5ttBouDXiIpJHVhVYqjUov/eHMUtDHhkmqdY9ghPjZVQZwSSflfqp5gllEzriPYsRDbn2svmoM3RinSEKYmVfZNDc/d6R0VDraejbypCasf6d5eZfWS81getlIkpSwyO2+ChIJTIxyvdGQ6E4M3JqgTIl7KyIjamizNjrlOwRvjZF/8NdrUosX59Vmu7yHEU4gmM4BQJ1aMIVtKANDEbwAE/w7Ejn0XlxXhelBWfZcwg/5Lx9Agl4jZo=</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="59unTsKH7cOgF4GZtTkIjbTpXyM=">AAAB6nicdZDLSgMxFIbP1Futt6pLN8EiuCpJETvdFURwWdHaQjuUTJppQzMXkoxQhj6CGxeKuPWJ3Pk2ZtoKKvpD4OP/zyHnHD+RQhuMP5zCyura+kZxs7S1vbO7V94/uNNxqhhvs1jGqutTzaWIeNsII3k3UZyGvuQdf3KR5517rrSIo1szTbgX0lEkAsGosdbN5aA2KFdwFWNMCEE5kPo5ttBouDXiIpJHVhVYqjUov/eHMUtDHhkmqdY9ghPjZVQZwSSflfqp5gllEzriPYsRDbn2svmoM3RinSEKYmVfZNDc/d6R0VDraejbypCasf6d5eZfWS81getlIkpSwyO2+ChIJTIxyvdGQ6E4M3JqgTIl7KyIjamizNjrlOwRvjZF/8NdrUosX59Vmu7yHEU4gmM4BQJ1aMIVtKANDEbwAE/w7Ejn0XlxXhelBWfZcwg/5Lx9Agl4jZo=</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="59unTsKH7cOgF4GZtTkIjbTpXyM=">AAAB6nicdZDLSgMxFIbP1Futt6pLN8EiuCpJETvdFURwWdHaQjuUTJppQzMXkoxQhj6CGxeKuPWJ3Pk2ZtoKKvpD4OP/zyHnHD+RQhuMP5zCyura+kZxs7S1vbO7V94/uNNxqhhvs1jGqutTzaWIeNsII3k3UZyGvuQdf3KR5517rrSIo1szTbgX0lEkAsGosdbN5aA2KFdwFWNMCEE5kPo5ttBouDXiIpJHVhVYqjUov/eHMUtDHhkmqdY9ghPjZVQZwSSflfqp5gllEzriPYsRDbn2svmoM3RinSEKYmVfZNDc/d6R0VDraejbypCasf6d5eZfWS81getlIkpSwyO2+ChIJTIxyvdGQ6E4M3JqgTIl7KyIjamizNjrlOwRvjZF/8NdrUosX59Vmu7yHEU4gmM4BQJ1aMIVtKANDEbwAE/w7Ejn0XlxXhelBWfZcwg/5Lx9Agl4jZo=</latexit>
✓<latexit sha1_base64="N09dhHSwiX/uozYXpZqH3+Y2RpA=">AAAB7XicdZDLSgMxFIYz9VbrrerSTbAIrkpSxE53BTcuK9gLtEPJpJk2NnMhOSOUoe/gxoUibn0fd76NmbaCiv4Q+Pj/c8g5x0+UNEDIh1NYW9/Y3Cpul3Z29/YPyodHHROnmos2j1Wsez4zQslItEGCEr1ECxb6SnT96VWed++FNjKObmGWCC9k40gGkjOwVmcAEwFsWK6QKiGEUopzoPVLYqHRcGvUxTSPrCpopdaw/D4YxTwNRQRcMWP6lCTgZUyD5ErMS4PUiITxKRuLvsWIhcJ42WLaOT6zzggHsbYvArxwv3dkLDRmFvq2MmQwMb+z3Pwr66cQuF4moyQFEfHlR0GqMMQ4Xx2PpBYc1MwC41raWTGfMM042AOV7BG+NsX/Q6dWpZZvLipNd3WOIjpBp+gcUVRHTXSNWqiNOLpDD+gJPTux8+i8OK/L0oKz6jlGP+S8fQLt7Y9U</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="N09dhHSwiX/uozYXpZqH3+Y2RpA=">AAAB7XicdZDLSgMxFIYz9VbrrerSTbAIrkpSxE53BTcuK9gLtEPJpJk2NnMhOSOUoe/gxoUibn0fd76NmbaCiv4Q+Pj/c8g5x0+UNEDIh1NYW9/Y3Cpul3Z29/YPyodHHROnmos2j1Wsez4zQslItEGCEr1ECxb6SnT96VWed++FNjKObmGWCC9k40gGkjOwVmcAEwFsWK6QKiGEUopzoPVLYqHRcGvUxTSPrCpopdaw/D4YxTwNRQRcMWP6lCTgZUyD5ErMS4PUiITxKRuLvsWIhcJ42WLaOT6zzggHsbYvArxwv3dkLDRmFvq2MmQwMb+z3Pwr66cQuF4moyQFEfHlR0GqMMQ4Xx2PpBYc1MwC41raWTGfMM042AOV7BG+NsX/Q6dWpZZvLipNd3WOIjpBp+gcUVRHTXSNWqiNOLpDD+gJPTux8+i8OK/L0oKz6jlGP+S8fQLt7Y9U</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="N09dhHSwiX/uozYXpZqH3+Y2RpA=">AAAB7XicdZDLSgMxFIYz9VbrrerSTbAIrkpSxE53BTcuK9gLtEPJpJk2NnMhOSOUoe/gxoUibn0fd76NmbaCiv4Q+Pj/c8g5x0+UNEDIh1NYW9/Y3Cpul3Z29/YPyodHHROnmos2j1Wsez4zQslItEGCEr1ECxb6SnT96VWed++FNjKObmGWCC9k40gGkjOwVmcAEwFsWK6QKiGEUopzoPVLYqHRcGvUxTSPrCpopdaw/D4YxTwNRQRcMWP6lCTgZUyD5ErMS4PUiITxKRuLvsWIhcJ42WLaOT6zzggHsbYvArxwv3dkLDRmFvq2MmQwMb+z3Pwr66cQuF4moyQFEfHlR0GqMMQ4Xx2PpBYc1MwC41raWTGfMM042AOV7BG+NsX/Q6dWpZZvLipNd3WOIjpBp+gcUVRHTXSNWqiNOLpDD+gJPTux8+i8OK/L0oKz6jlGP+S8fQLt7Y9U</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="N09dhHSwiX/uozYXpZqH3+Y2RpA=">AAAB7XicdZDLSgMxFIYz9VbrrerSTbAIrkpSxE53BTcuK9gLtEPJpJk2NnMhOSOUoe/gxoUibn0fd76NmbaCiv4Q+Pj/c8g5x0+UNEDIh1NYW9/Y3Cpul3Z29/YPyodHHROnmos2j1Wsez4zQslItEGCEr1ECxb6SnT96VWed++FNjKObmGWCC9k40gGkjOwVmcAEwFsWK6QKiGEUopzoPVLYqHRcGvUxTSPrCpopdaw/D4YxTwNRQRcMWP6lCTgZUyD5ErMS4PUiITxKRuLvsWIhcJ42WLaOT6zzggHsbYvArxwv3dkLDRmFvq2MmQwMb+z3Pwr66cQuF4moyQFEfHlR0GqMMQ4Xx2PpBYc1MwC41raWTGfMM042AOV7BG+NsX/Q6dWpZZvLipNd3WOIjpBp+gcUVRHTXSNWqiNOLpDD+gJPTux8+i8OK/L0oKz6jlGP+S8fQLt7Y9U</latexit>
Compton Circle
E = E1 + E2
cos✓ = 1�mec2
✓1
E2� 1
E1 + E2
◆
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Previous experiments: COMPTEL and COSI!23
▶ 12 HPGe crystals (2x2x3), double-sided stripped ▶ energy range: 0.2 - 5 MeV ▶ spacial resolution: ~ 2mm3
▶ 1st balloon flight from Antarctica in 2014 ▶ 2nd flight from New Zealand in 2016
NASA
~1.6
m
NaI Crystal
Liquid Scintillator
~ 8cm
Z. Andreas
~ 8cm
▶ launched into space in 1991 ▶ installed on Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory ▶ energy range: 0.75 - 30 MeV ▶ spacial resolution: ~ 40cm3
▶ Detected ~30 sources
COMPTEL (The Imaging Compton Telescope)
COSI (The Compton Spectrometer and Imager)
LArTPC Detector!24
3D particle tracking in LArTPC ▶ Measure both scintillation light and
ionization electrons ▶ Scintillation light is detected in PMTs ▶ Ionization electrons drift and are
collected in anode wire planes
2 paths for scintillation light
PMT
PMT
PMT
e-e-
e-
e-e-e-
e-
PMT
PMT
PMT
Credit: Bo Yu
E-fie
ld, ~
500V
/cm
Anode wire planes (U, V, Y)
Cathode Plane
Ar2+Ar+ Ar2*
Ionization Ionized Molecule
e- Recombination
~1600ns
Ar* Ar2*
Excitation Excited Molecule Ar
Ar
Scintillation light Vacuum UV (128nm)
~6ns
Ar
LArTPC DETECTORS HAVE BEEN WELL-STUDIED AND WIDELY-USED FOR LARGE-SCALE NEUTRINO/DARK MATTER SEARCH EXPERIMENTS
xY
Z
Plastic Scintillators : Veto incoming charged particles LArTPC : Compton camera and calorimeter (for pair-production)
▶ Scintillation light at SiPMs to trigger events ▶ Wires/pads on anode plane (X, Y), drift time (Z) to provide a 3D image/track
Signal localized by segmentation to reduce coincident background Neutron events can be separated based on the pulse shape
!25GRAMS Detection Concept: MeV Gamma-rays
LArTPC
TOF Plastic Scintillator
SiPMs
Anode wires/pads (X-Y plane)
E-FI
ELD
Segmentation
e-e-
e+ e-
Gamma-Ray Pair Production Event
e-
e- θ
Gamma-Ray Compton Scattering Event
Charged Particle
e-
LARTPC DETECTOR SURROUNDED BY PLASTIC SCINTILLATORS LARTPC MEASURES SCINTILLATION LIGHT AND IONIZATION ELECTRONS
event Reconstruction for Compton Scattering!26
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Compton Circle
Photoabsorption
Compton ScatteringE1
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Compton Circle
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Photoabsorption
Compton Scattering
Compton Scattering
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Compton Scattering
E1<latexit sha1_base64="zeWOiLSXOAiRgl4Nz8pGKBEB1T0=">AAAB6nicdZDNSgMxFIXv1L9a/6ou3QSL4KpMitjpriCCy4rWFtqhZNJMG5rJDElGKEMfwY0LRdz6RO58GzNtBRU9EPg4515y7w0SwbVx3Q+nsLK6tr5R3Cxtbe/s7pX3D+50nCrK2jQWseoGRDPBJWsbbgTrJoqRKBCsE0wu8rxzz5Tmsbw104T5ERlJHnJKjLVuLgd4UK64Vdd1McYoB1w/dy00Gl4NewjnkVUFlmoNyu/9YUzTiElDBdG6h93E+BlRhlPBZqV+qllC6ISMWM+iJBHTfjYfdYZOrDNEYazskwbN3e8dGYm0nkaBrYyIGevfWW7+lfVSE3p+xmWSGibp4qMwFcjEKN8bDbli1IipBUIVt7MiOiaKUGOvU7JH+NoU/Q93tSq2fH1WaXrLcxThCI7hFDDUoQlX0II2UBjBAzzBsyOcR+fFeV2UFpxlzyH8kPP2CQf0jZk=</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="zeWOiLSXOAiRgl4Nz8pGKBEB1T0=">AAAB6nicdZDNSgMxFIXv1L9a/6ou3QSL4KpMitjpriCCy4rWFtqhZNJMG5rJDElGKEMfwY0LRdz6RO58GzNtBRU9EPg4515y7w0SwbVx3Q+nsLK6tr5R3Cxtbe/s7pX3D+50nCrK2jQWseoGRDPBJWsbbgTrJoqRKBCsE0wu8rxzz5Tmsbw104T5ERlJHnJKjLVuLgd4UK64Vdd1McYoB1w/dy00Gl4NewjnkVUFlmoNyu/9YUzTiElDBdG6h93E+BlRhlPBZqV+qllC6ISMWM+iJBHTfjYfdYZOrDNEYazskwbN3e8dGYm0nkaBrYyIGevfWW7+lfVSE3p+xmWSGibp4qMwFcjEKN8bDbli1IipBUIVt7MiOiaKUGOvU7JH+NoU/Q93tSq2fH1WaXrLcxThCI7hFDDUoQlX0II2UBjBAzzBsyOcR+fFeV2UFpxlzyH8kPP2CQf0jZk=</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="zeWOiLSXOAiRgl4Nz8pGKBEB1T0=">AAAB6nicdZDNSgMxFIXv1L9a/6ou3QSL4KpMitjpriCCy4rWFtqhZNJMG5rJDElGKEMfwY0LRdz6RO58GzNtBRU9EPg4515y7w0SwbVx3Q+nsLK6tr5R3Cxtbe/s7pX3D+50nCrK2jQWseoGRDPBJWsbbgTrJoqRKBCsE0wu8rxzz5Tmsbw104T5ERlJHnJKjLVuLgd4UK64Vdd1McYoB1w/dy00Gl4NewjnkVUFlmoNyu/9YUzTiElDBdG6h93E+BlRhlPBZqV+qllC6ISMWM+iJBHTfjYfdYZOrDNEYazskwbN3e8dGYm0nkaBrYyIGevfWW7+lfVSE3p+xmWSGibp4qMwFcjEKN8bDbli1IipBUIVt7MiOiaKUGOvU7JH+NoU/Q93tSq2fH1WaXrLcxThCI7hFDDUoQlX0II2UBjBAzzBsyOcR+fFeV2UFpxlzyH8kPP2CQf0jZk=</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="zeWOiLSXOAiRgl4Nz8pGKBEB1T0=">AAAB6nicdZDNSgMxFIXv1L9a/6ou3QSL4KpMitjpriCCy4rWFtqhZNJMG5rJDElGKEMfwY0LRdz6RO58GzNtBRU9EPg4515y7w0SwbVx3Q+nsLK6tr5R3Cxtbe/s7pX3D+50nCrK2jQWseoGRDPBJWsbbgTrJoqRKBCsE0wu8rxzz5Tmsbw104T5ERlJHnJKjLVuLgd4UK64Vdd1McYoB1w/dy00Gl4NewjnkVUFlmoNyu/9YUzTiElDBdG6h93E+BlRhlPBZqV+qllC6ISMWM+iJBHTfjYfdYZOrDNEYazskwbN3e8dGYm0nkaBrYyIGevfWW7+lfVSE3p+xmWSGibp4qMwFcjEKN8bDbli1IipBUIVt7MiOiaKUGOvU7JH+NoU/Q93tSq2fH1WaXrLcxThCI7hFDDUoQlX0II2UBjBAzzBsyOcR+fFeV2UFpxlzyH8kPP2CQf0jZk=</latexit>
E2<latexit sha1_base64="59unTsKH7cOgF4GZtTkIjbTpXyM=">AAAB6nicdZDLSgMxFIbP1Futt6pLN8EiuCpJETvdFURwWdHaQjuUTJppQzMXkoxQhj6CGxeKuPWJ3Pk2ZtoKKvpD4OP/zyHnHD+RQhuMP5zCyura+kZxs7S1vbO7V94/uNNxqhhvs1jGqutTzaWIeNsII3k3UZyGvuQdf3KR5517rrSIo1szTbgX0lEkAsGosdbN5aA2KFdwFWNMCEE5kPo5ttBouDXiIpJHVhVYqjUov/eHMUtDHhkmqdY9ghPjZVQZwSSflfqp5gllEzriPYsRDbn2svmoM3RinSEKYmVfZNDc/d6R0VDraejbypCasf6d5eZfWS81getlIkpSwyO2+ChIJTIxyvdGQ6E4M3JqgTIl7KyIjamizNjrlOwRvjZF/8NdrUosX59Vmu7yHEU4gmM4BQJ1aMIVtKANDEbwAE/w7Ejn0XlxXhelBWfZcwg/5Lx9Agl4jZo=</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="59unTsKH7cOgF4GZtTkIjbTpXyM=">AAAB6nicdZDLSgMxFIbP1Futt6pLN8EiuCpJETvdFURwWdHaQjuUTJppQzMXkoxQhj6CGxeKuPWJ3Pk2ZtoKKvpD4OP/zyHnHD+RQhuMP5zCyura+kZxs7S1vbO7V94/uNNxqhhvs1jGqutTzaWIeNsII3k3UZyGvuQdf3KR5517rrSIo1szTbgX0lEkAsGosdbN5aA2KFdwFWNMCEE5kPo5ttBouDXiIpJHVhVYqjUov/eHMUtDHhkmqdY9ghPjZVQZwSSflfqp5gllEzriPYsRDbn2svmoM3RinSEKYmVfZNDc/d6R0VDraejbypCasf6d5eZfWS81getlIkpSwyO2+ChIJTIxyvdGQ6E4M3JqgTIl7KyIjamizNjrlOwRvjZF/8NdrUosX59Vmu7yHEU4gmM4BQJ1aMIVtKANDEbwAE/w7Ejn0XlxXhelBWfZcwg/5Lx9Agl4jZo=</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="59unTsKH7cOgF4GZtTkIjbTpXyM=">AAAB6nicdZDLSgMxFIbP1Futt6pLN8EiuCpJETvdFURwWdHaQjuUTJppQzMXkoxQhj6CGxeKuPWJ3Pk2ZtoKKvpD4OP/zyHnHD+RQhuMP5zCyura+kZxs7S1vbO7V94/uNNxqhhvs1jGqutTzaWIeNsII3k3UZyGvuQdf3KR5517rrSIo1szTbgX0lEkAsGosdbN5aA2KFdwFWNMCEE5kPo5ttBouDXiIpJHVhVYqjUov/eHMUtDHhkmqdY9ghPjZVQZwSSflfqp5gllEzriPYsRDbn2svmoM3RinSEKYmVfZNDc/d6R0VDraejbypCasf6d5eZfWS81getlIkpSwyO2+ChIJTIxyvdGQ6E4M3JqgTIl7KyIjamizNjrlOwRvjZF/8NdrUosX59Vmu7yHEU4gmM4BQJ1aMIVtKANDEbwAE/w7Ejn0XlxXhelBWfZcwg/5Lx9Agl4jZo=</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="59unTsKH7cOgF4GZtTkIjbTpXyM=">AAAB6nicdZDLSgMxFIbP1Futt6pLN8EiuCpJETvdFURwWdHaQjuUTJppQzMXkoxQhj6CGxeKuPWJ3Pk2ZtoKKvpD4OP/zyHnHD+RQhuMP5zCyura+kZxs7S1vbO7V94/uNNxqhhvs1jGqutTzaWIeNsII3k3UZyGvuQdf3KR5517rrSIo1szTbgX0lEkAsGosdbN5aA2KFdwFWNMCEE5kPo5ttBouDXiIpJHVhVYqjUov/eHMUtDHhkmqdY9ghPjZVQZwSSflfqp5gllEzriPYsRDbn2svmoM3RinSEKYmVfZNDc/d6R0VDraejbypCasf6d5eZfWS81getlIkpSwyO2+ChIJTIxyvdGQ6E4M3JqgTIl7KyIjamizNjrlOwRvjZF/8NdrUosX59Vmu7yHEU4gmM4BQJ1aMIVtKANDEbwAE/w7Ejn0XlxXhelBWfZcwg/5Lx9Agl4jZo=</latexit>
✓<latexit sha1_base64="N09dhHSwiX/uozYXpZqH3+Y2RpA=">AAAB7XicdZDLSgMxFIYz9VbrrerSTbAIrkpSxE53BTcuK9gLtEPJpJk2NnMhOSOUoe/gxoUibn0fd76NmbaCiv4Q+Pj/c8g5x0+UNEDIh1NYW9/Y3Cpul3Z29/YPyodHHROnmos2j1Wsez4zQslItEGCEr1ECxb6SnT96VWed++FNjKObmGWCC9k40gGkjOwVmcAEwFsWK6QKiGEUopzoPVLYqHRcGvUxTSPrCpopdaw/D4YxTwNRQRcMWP6lCTgZUyD5ErMS4PUiITxKRuLvsWIhcJ42WLaOT6zzggHsbYvArxwv3dkLDRmFvq2MmQwMb+z3Pwr66cQuF4moyQFEfHlR0GqMMQ4Xx2PpBYc1MwC41raWTGfMM042AOV7BG+NsX/Q6dWpZZvLipNd3WOIjpBp+gcUVRHTXSNWqiNOLpDD+gJPTux8+i8OK/L0oKz6jlGP+S8fQLt7Y9U</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="N09dhHSwiX/uozYXpZqH3+Y2RpA=">AAAB7XicdZDLSgMxFIYz9VbrrerSTbAIrkpSxE53BTcuK9gLtEPJpJk2NnMhOSOUoe/gxoUibn0fd76NmbaCiv4Q+Pj/c8g5x0+UNEDIh1NYW9/Y3Cpul3Z29/YPyodHHROnmos2j1Wsez4zQslItEGCEr1ECxb6SnT96VWed++FNjKObmGWCC9k40gGkjOwVmcAEwFsWK6QKiGEUopzoPVLYqHRcGvUxTSPrCpopdaw/D4YxTwNRQRcMWP6lCTgZUyD5ErMS4PUiITxKRuLvsWIhcJ42WLaOT6zzggHsbYvArxwv3dkLDRmFvq2MmQwMb+z3Pwr66cQuF4moyQFEfHlR0GqMMQ4Xx2PpBYc1MwC41raWTGfMM042AOV7BG+NsX/Q6dWpZZvLipNd3WOIjpBp+gcUVRHTXSNWqiNOLpDD+gJPTux8+i8OK/L0oKz6jlGP+S8fQLt7Y9U</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="N09dhHSwiX/uozYXpZqH3+Y2RpA=">AAAB7XicdZDLSgMxFIYz9VbrrerSTbAIrkpSxE53BTcuK9gLtEPJpJk2NnMhOSOUoe/gxoUibn0fd76NmbaCiv4Q+Pj/c8g5x0+UNEDIh1NYW9/Y3Cpul3Z29/YPyodHHROnmos2j1Wsez4zQslItEGCEr1ECxb6SnT96VWed++FNjKObmGWCC9k40gGkjOwVmcAEwFsWK6QKiGEUopzoPVLYqHRcGvUxTSPrCpopdaw/D4YxTwNRQRcMWP6lCTgZUyD5ErMS4PUiITxKRuLvsWIhcJ42WLaOT6zzggHsbYvArxwv3dkLDRmFvq2MmQwMb+z3Pwr66cQuF4moyQFEfHlR0GqMMQ4Xx2PpBYc1MwC41raWTGfMM042AOV7BG+NsX/Q6dWpZZvLipNd3WOIjpBp+gcUVRHTXSNWqiNOLpDD+gJPTux8+i8OK/L0oKz6jlGP+S8fQLt7Y9U</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="N09dhHSwiX/uozYXpZqH3+Y2RpA=">AAAB7XicdZDLSgMxFIYz9VbrrerSTbAIrkpSxE53BTcuK9gLtEPJpJk2NnMhOSOUoe/gxoUibn0fd76NmbaCiv4Q+Pj/c8g5x0+UNEDIh1NYW9/Y3Cpul3Z29/YPyodHHROnmos2j1Wsez4zQslItEGCEr1ECxb6SnT96VWed++FNjKObmGWCC9k40gGkjOwVmcAEwFsWK6QKiGEUopzoPVLYqHRcGvUxTSPrCpopdaw/D4YxTwNRQRcMWP6lCTgZUyD5ErMS4PUiITxKRuLvsWIhcJ42WLaOT6zzggHsbYvArxwv3dkLDRmFvq2MmQwMb+z3Pwr66cQuF4moyQFEfHlR0GqMMQ4Xx2PpBYc1MwC41raWTGfMM042AOV7BG+NsX/Q6dWpZZvLipNd3WOIjpBp+gcUVRHTXSNWqiNOLpDD+gJPTux8+i8OK/L0oKz6jlGP+S8fQLt7Y9U</latexit>
Compton Circle
Compton Scattering
Compton Scattering
✓0<latexit sha1_base64="acfBVDD4iQ0gWKDpAVP970Fy8oo=">AAAB7nicdZDLSgMxFIYz9VbrrerSTbCIrsqkiJ3uCm5cVrAXaIeSSTNtaCYzJGeEMvQh3LhQxK3P4863MdNWUNEfAh//fw455wSJFAZc98MprK1vbG4Vt0s7u3v7B+XDo46JU814m8Uy1r2AGi6F4m0QIHkv0ZxGgeTdYHqd5917ro2I1R3MEu5HdKxEKBgFa3UHMOFAz4flilt1XZcQgnMg9SvXQqPh1YiHSR5ZVdBKrWH5fTCKWRpxBUxSY/rETcDPqAbBJJ+XBqnhCWVTOuZ9i4pG3PjZYtw5PrPOCIextk8BXrjfOzIaGTOLAlsZUZiY31lu/pX1Uwg9PxMqSYErtvwoTCWGGOe745HQnIGcWaBMCzsrZhOqKQN7oZI9wtem+H/o1KrE8u1lpemtzlFEJ+gUXSCC6qiJblALtRFDU/SAntCzkziPzovzuiwtOKueY/RDztsnUHiPhQ==</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="acfBVDD4iQ0gWKDpAVP970Fy8oo=">AAAB7nicdZDLSgMxFIYz9VbrrerSTbCIrsqkiJ3uCm5cVrAXaIeSSTNtaCYzJGeEMvQh3LhQxK3P4863MdNWUNEfAh//fw455wSJFAZc98MprK1vbG4Vt0s7u3v7B+XDo46JU814m8Uy1r2AGi6F4m0QIHkv0ZxGgeTdYHqd5917ro2I1R3MEu5HdKxEKBgFa3UHMOFAz4flilt1XZcQgnMg9SvXQqPh1YiHSR5ZVdBKrWH5fTCKWRpxBUxSY/rETcDPqAbBJJ+XBqnhCWVTOuZ9i4pG3PjZYtw5PrPOCIextk8BXrjfOzIaGTOLAlsZUZiY31lu/pX1Uwg9PxMqSYErtvwoTCWGGOe745HQnIGcWaBMCzsrZhOqKQN7oZI9wtem+H/o1KrE8u1lpemtzlFEJ+gUXSCC6qiJblALtRFDU/SAntCzkziPzovzuiwtOKueY/RDztsnUHiPhQ==</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="acfBVDD4iQ0gWKDpAVP970Fy8oo=">AAAB7nicdZDLSgMxFIYz9VbrrerSTbCIrsqkiJ3uCm5cVrAXaIeSSTNtaCYzJGeEMvQh3LhQxK3P4863MdNWUNEfAh//fw455wSJFAZc98MprK1vbG4Vt0s7u3v7B+XDo46JU814m8Uy1r2AGi6F4m0QIHkv0ZxGgeTdYHqd5917ro2I1R3MEu5HdKxEKBgFa3UHMOFAz4flilt1XZcQgnMg9SvXQqPh1YiHSR5ZVdBKrWH5fTCKWRpxBUxSY/rETcDPqAbBJJ+XBqnhCWVTOuZ9i4pG3PjZYtw5PrPOCIextk8BXrjfOzIaGTOLAlsZUZiY31lu/pX1Uwg9PxMqSYErtvwoTCWGGOe745HQnIGcWaBMCzsrZhOqKQN7oZI9wtem+H/o1KrE8u1lpemtzlFEJ+gUXSCC6qiJblALtRFDU/SAntCzkziPzovzuiwtOKueY/RDztsnUHiPhQ==</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="acfBVDD4iQ0gWKDpAVP970Fy8oo=">AAAB7nicdZDLSgMxFIYz9VbrrerSTbCIrsqkiJ3uCm5cVrAXaIeSSTNtaCYzJGeEMvQh3LhQxK3P4863MdNWUNEfAh//fw455wSJFAZc98MprK1vbG4Vt0s7u3v7B+XDo46JU814m8Uy1r2AGi6F4m0QIHkv0ZxGgeTdYHqd5917ro2I1R3MEu5HdKxEKBgFa3UHMOFAz4flilt1XZcQgnMg9SvXQqPh1YiHSR5ZVdBKrWH5fTCKWRpxBUxSY/rETcDPqAbBJJ+XBqnhCWVTOuZ9i4pG3PjZYtw5PrPOCIextk8BXrjfOzIaGTOLAlsZUZiY31lu/pX1Uwg9PxMqSYErtvwoTCWGGOe745HQnIGcWaBMCzsrZhOqKQN7oZI9wtem+H/o1KrE8u1lpemtzlFEJ+gUXSCC6qiJblALtRFDU/SAntCzkziPzovzuiwtOKueY/RDztsnUHiPhQ==</latexit>
E = E1 + E2 + E3
cos✓ = 1�mec2
✓1
E2 + E3� 1
E1 + E2 + E3
◆
cos✓0 = 1�mec2
✓1
E3� 1
E2 + E3
◆
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E = E1 + E2 + E03
cos✓ = 1�mec2
✓1
E2 + E03
� 1
E1 + E2 + E03
◆
E03 = �E2
2+
sE2
2
4+
E2mec2
1� cos✓0<latexit sha1_base64="Vi6mxlNmuFqSIdJC5AC8l+sdbBc=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="Vi6mxlNmuFqSIdJC5AC8l+sdbBc=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="Vi6mxlNmuFqSIdJC5AC8l+sdbBc=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="Vi6mxlNmuFqSIdJC5AC8l+sdbBc=">AAACo3icdVHbbhMxEPUutxIuDfDIi0VUGhQlWi+V4AWpEipC4oGAmrZSvF15HW9i1XvBnkWKLP8Yn8Ebf4N3k5ZyG8nj4zNnxuNxVitpIIp+BOGNm7du39m527t3/8HD3f6jxyemajQXM16pSp9lzAglSzEDCUqc1VqwIlPiNLt428ZPvwptZFUew7oWScGWpcwlZ+CptP/tCD9/g49Sgkfex51/uY8p7fHKUFgJYK2AjItUYH4eY6pEDkNMc824Jc76pFGb4vD4OklGvwJUy+UKXviaXW1fbrxReomzsRtR80WDveLOPXvg2cvz9mpnyfiqqX3n0v4gmsRRa/hvQCbdHg3Q1qZp/ztdVLwpRAlcMWPmJKohsUyD5Eq4Hm2MqBm/YEsx97BkhTCJ7Wbs8J5nFjivtF8l4I69nmFZYcy6yLyyYLAyf8Za8l+xeQP568TKsm5AlHxzUd4oDBVuPwwvpBYc1NoDxrX0vWK+Yn404L+154dw+VL8f3AST4jHnw4Gh8PtOHbQU/QMDRFBr9Aheo+maIZ4gIN3wcdgGu6FH8LP4fFGGgbbnCfoNwuTn40dxaw=</latexit>
One Compton Scattering + Photoabsorption
Two Compton Scatterings + Photoabsorption
Three Compton Scatterings + Escaping Photon
E = E1 + E2
cos✓ = 1�mec2
✓1
E2� 1
E1 + E2
◆
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Compton “Event Circles”
LARTPC vs. semiconductor detector!27
LArTPC Semiconductor (Si/Ge)
ρ (g/cm3) 1.4 2.3/5.3
Toperation ~80K ~240K/~80K
Cost $ $$$
Signal scintillation light + Ionization electrons electrons, holes
X, Y Positions wires on anode plane (X-Y) double-sided strips
Z position from drift time from layer #
# of Layers 1 layer multi-layers
# of Electronics # ###
Dead Volume almost no dead volume detector frame, preamps
Neutron bkg Identified with pulse shape No rejection capability
LArTPC Semiconductor Detector (Si/Ge)Anode wires/pads
SiPMs LArTPC
Si/Ge Preamp Frame
LARTPC IS COST-EFFECTIVE AND EASILY EXPANDABLE TO A LARGER-SCALE, MUCH LESS CHANNELS/ELECTRONICS REQUIRED, ALMOST NO DEAD VOLUME
xY
Z
GRAMS Effective Area!28
Selection Cuts ▶ Compton scattering : interaction points should be separated by > 10cm ▶ Pair production : both e+ and e- should stop within detector, leave tracks > 2cm
LArTPC: 140cm x 140cm x 20cm
Possible detector upgrade Finer pitch of anode wires/pads Calorimeter around LArTPC
GRAMS MeV Gamma-ray Continuum sensitivity!29
SINGLE BALLOON FLIGHT: AN ORDER OF MAGNITUDE IMPROVED SATELLITE MISSION: COMPARABLE (BETTER) TO FUTURE MISSIONS
Takahashi et al., 2013
Aramaki et al., 2019
Current Status and Future Prospects
GRAMS Collaboration!31
Tsuguo Aramaki, SLAC GAPS, SuperCDMS
GRAMS antimatter search
Hirokazu Odaka, U of Tokyo Astro-H, Suzaku
GRAMS event reconstruction
Georgia Karagiorgi, Columbia U MicroBooNE, SBND, DUNE
GRAMS LArTPC design
Yoshiyuki Inoue, RIKEN Astrophysics theorist (AGN etc.) GRAMS MeV gamma-ray science
Charles Hailey: professor at Columbia U, GAPS PI, NuSTAR Co-I Pelle Hansson: former SLAC physicist/engineer, ATLAS, SuperCDMS, DUNE
Possible Future Collaborations SLAC DUNE, LZ , Stanford nEXO , MIT/UCLA/UCSD/Hawaii GAPS , Columbia theory group …
First collaboration meeting in July 2019 at Columbia University, Nevis Lab
TimeScale!32
“Event Circle” becomes “Event Arc”
Submitted proposals to NASA APRA, SLAC LDRD programs
R&D FOR PROOF OF CONCEPT – IN A FEW YEARS ▶ Validate detection concept ▶ Develop event reconstruction technique
FIRST BALLOON FLIGHT (STARTING WITH AN ENGINEERING FLIGHT) - IN 5-10 YEARS ▶ MeV gamma-ray observations
▶ Focusing on bright objects, Nuclear lines ▶ Antimatter-based indirect DM search
▶ Possibly detect antideuterons from DM in the first flight ▶ Investigate Fermi/AMS-02 results
TPC DESIGN UPGRADE/DEVELOPMENT - IN 10 YEARS ▶ Improve energy/position resolutions, event reconstruction
▶ Finer pitch of anode wires/pads to track Compton scattered electrons ▶ Add calorimeters to improve the performance of Energy measurement
SATELLITE MISSION - IN > 10 YEARS ▶ All sky survey in the MeV energy domain ▶ Antimatter-based (including antihelium) DM search
Summary!33
▶ GRAMS is the first experiment to target both gamma-ray observations in the poorly explored MeV energy band and antimatter-based dark matter search.
▶ With a cost-effective, large-scale LArTPC detector, the sensitivity to MeV gamma rays can be more than an order of magnitude improved compared to previous experiments.
▶ GRAMS antideutron measurements can provide essentially background-free dark matter signatures while deeply investigating and validating the possible dark matter detection indicated in Fermi GCE and AMS-02 antiproton excess.
▶ The project is currently in the R&D phase and will demonstrate the detection concept using a small-scale prototype detector, MiniGRAMS.
▶ Project will then become a balloon experiment, as a step forward to a satellite mission with detector upgrades.
▶ GRAMS detector technology can also be applicable to other fields, such as nuclear medicine and homeland security.