The Great War1914-19181914-1918

The Guns of AugustThe Guns of August

Germany, 1914Germany, 1914

France, 1914

Germany, 1914

Germany, 1914

PropagandaPropaganda

The Western The Western FrontFrontMovement to Movement to

Stalemate Stalemate

Movement1914- 1915

•Germany Invades Belgium

The Schlieffen Plan

•Battle of the Marne

•The “Race to the Sea”

•The Christmas Truce

Eastern Front: The Turks and the Russians

Battle of Tannenberg, 1914Battle of Tannenberg, 1914

Battle of Gallipoli, 1915Battle of Gallipoli, 1915

Middle Eastern Campaign, 1916Middle Eastern Campaign, 1916 T E LawrenceT E Lawrence::

“Lawrence of Arabia” “Lawrence of Arabia”

Battle of Tannenberg, Battle of Tannenberg, 19141914•Russians troops

•95,000 were captured

•30,000 were killed or wounded

•German losses were fewer than 20,000

•60 trains were required to transport captured equipment to Germany.

The The Battle of Battle of GallipoliGallipoli,,

19151915

StalemateStalemate and Trench Warfare

February - December 1916: February - December 1916: VerdunVerdun German offensiveGerman offensive

July – November 1916: SommeJuly – November 1916: Somme British offensiveBritish offensive

VerdunVerdun: : February – December, 1916February – December, 1916

Falkenhayn: “Falkenhayn: “bleed France whitebleed France white”” Petain: “Petain: “They shall not pass!”They shall not pass!” The latest form of chemical warfare was The latest form of chemical warfare was

unveiled by Germany: unveiled by Germany: phosgene gasphosgene gas

CasualtiesCasualties: half of the total being fatalities. : half of the total being fatalities.  French 550,000 French 550,000 German 434,000 German 434,000

OutcomeOutcome: : irrevocable wounding of both armies.  irrevocable wounding of both armies.  No tactical or strategic advantage had been gained No tactical or strategic advantage had been gained

by either side.by either side.

Trench Trench WarfareWarfare

Artillery

Chemical gas Chemical gas WarfareWarfare

No Man’s land

Barbed Wire

SommeSomme•First use of Tank (British)

•Causalities:•420,000 British

•200,000 French

•500,000 Germans

•Outcome: 6 mile movement of the British front line into German territory.

Hindenburg Line

Air WarAir WarZeppelin

Bomber

Naval War: Naval War: Battle of Jutland, 1916Battle of Jutland, 1916

U-Boats: U-Boats: Unrestricted Sub Unrestricted Sub WarfareWarfare

Dreadnought

The Lusitania:The Lusitania: May 7, May 7, 19151915

11stst Total War: Total War: The Home FrontThe Home Front

Wartime ProductionWartime Production PropagandaPropaganda Women mobilizedWomen mobilized Air-raidsAir-raids RevolutionsRevolutions

Bolshevik Revolution in RussiaBolshevik Revolution in Russia The Easter Rebellion in IrelandThe Easter Rebellion in Ireland

London Air Raid Dugout

General Post Office, General Post Office, Dublin 1916Dublin 1916

French Munitions French Munitions FactoryFactory

Changing Participants, Changing Participants, 19171917•Treaty of Brest Litovsk

Article IGermany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and Turkey, for the one part, and Russia, for the other part, declare that the state of war between them has ceased.

•US Declaration of War WHEREAS, The Imperial German Government has committed repeated acts of war against the Government and the people of the United States of America; therefore, be itResolved, by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That the state of war between the United States and the Imperial German Government, which has thus been thrust upon the United States, is hereby formally declared;

ArmisticeArmistice

11AM 11AM on the 11th Day on the 11th Day of the 11th of the 11th MonthMonth

Total Dead 8,538,315 Total Causalities

37,508,686

In Flanders Fields In Flanders Field the poppies blowBetween the crosses row on row, That mark our place; and in the sky

The larks, still bravely singing, fly Scarce heard amid the guns below. We are the Dead. Short days ago We lived, felt dawn, saw sunset glow, Loved and were loved, and now we lie In Flanders fields. Take up our quarrel with the foe: To you from failing hands we throw

The torch; be yours to hold it high. If ye break faith with us who die We shall not sleep, though poppies grow In Flanders fields.

In Flanders Fields By: Lieutenant Colonel John McCrae,

MD (1872-1918)

McCrae's "In Flanders Fields" remains to this day one of the most memorable war

poems ever written. It is a lasting legacy of the terrible battle in the Ypres salient in the

spring of 1915.

Soldiers Mobilized

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

France Germany Russia Britain

Mil

lio

ns

World War I CasualtiesWorld War I Casualties

01,000,0002,000,0003,000,0004,000,0005,000,0006,000,0007,000,0008,000,0009,000,000

10,000,000RussiaGermanyAustria-HungaryFranceGreat BritainItalyTurkeyUS

Who’s To Blame?Who’s To Blame?

Why did the Germans Lose?Why did the Germans Lose?

Allies – more people/resourcesAllies – more people/resources Allies blockadeAllies blockade Germany’s strategic mistakesGermany’s strategic mistakes

Invade neutral BelgiumInvade neutral Belgium Unrestricted Sub warfareUnrestricted Sub warfare Body count – no follow throughBody count – no follow through

Michael offensives (last major German offensive)Michael offensives (last major German offensive)

Allies learn & adapt German tactics & Allies learn & adapt German tactics & fightingfighting

The Paris Peace Conference and the Treaty of Versailles:  

The Remaking of Europe in 1919 

Diplomats gathered at Versailles near Paris to negotiate a peace treaty to end the Great War in

January 1919.  Leaders of the conference set about to remake the world map as it appeared in 1914. Specifically, the victors, and therefore the

organizers of the conference, had clear but varied objectives.

The high human and financial costs of the war made negotiations difficult. Not surprisingly the

resulting treaties have long since been the subject of opinion and debate.

Europe: Post World War IEurope: Post World War I

New Boundaries, New Nations as a New Boundaries, New Nations as a result of Peace at Versaillesresult of Peace at Versailles

1914

19221922

German Territorial Losses: 1919-1921

Treaty of

Brest-Litovsk,

1918

New Nations: 1923

Key European and Key European and World World

Developments Developments during and after during and after

WWIWWI

1918 Flu Pandemic: Depletes All Armies1918 Flu Pandemic: Depletes All Armies

50,000,000 – 100,000,000 died

50,000,000 – 100,000,000 died

Turkish Genocide Against Armenians

Turkish Genocide Against Armenians

Districts & Vilayets of Districts & Vilayets of Western Armenia in TurkeyWestern Armenia in Turkey 19141914 19221922

ErzerumErzerum 215,000215,000 1,5001,500

VanVan 197,000197,000 500500

KharbertKharbert 204,000204,000 35,00035,000

DiarbekirDiarbekir 124,000124,000 3,0003,000

BitlisBitlis 220,000220,000 56,00056,000

SivasSivas 225,000225,000 16,80016,800

        

Other Armenian-populated Other Armenian-populated Sites in TurkeySites in Turkey

     

Western AnatoliaWestern Anatolia 371,800371,800 27,00027,000

Cilicia and Northern SyriaCilicia and Northern Syria 309,000309,000 70,00070,000

European TurkeyEuropean Turkey 194,000194,000 163,000163,000

Trapizond DistrictTrapizond District 73,39073,390 15,00015,000

TotalTotal 2,133,192,133,1900

387,800387,800

League of Nations Mandates in Africa

Sykes-Picot Agreement: 1916

Hussein-McMahon Letters: 1915-16

....Britain is prepared to recognize and uphold the independence of the Arabs in all regions lying within the frontiers proposed by the Sharif of Mecca.... Hussein ibn

Ali,Sharif of Mecca

Balfour Declaration: 1917 Foreign Office November 2nd,

1917Dear Lord Rothschild.

I have much pleasure to convey to you, on behalf of His Majesty’s Government, the following declaration of sympathy with Jewish Zionist aspirations {hopes} which has been submitted to, and approved by, the Cabinet.

“His Majesty’s Government view with favor the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people, and will use their best endeavors to facilitate {assist} the achievement of this object, it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine, or the rights and political status enjoyed by Jews in any other country.”

I should be grateful if you would bring this declaration to the knowledge of the Zionist Federation.

Yours sincerely,ARTHUR JAMES BALFOURBritish Foreign Secretary

League of Nations Mandates in the Middle East

In what ways was World War I In what ways was World War I as significant an event for the as significant an event for the

entire world as it was for entire world as it was for Europe?Europe?

Nationalist sentiment among colonial Nationalist sentiment among colonial possessions possessions

Development of modern middle eastern mapDevelopment of modern middle eastern mapOrigins of Arab Israeli conflictOrigins of Arab Israeli conflict

Demise of Demise of Pax BritannicaPax BritannicaEmergence of the US and Soviet Union – Cold Emergence of the US and Soviet Union – Cold

WarWarSeeds of Global Depression and World War IISeeds of Global Depression and World War II