The Great War 20War%20I.jpg

The Great War

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How does WW I begin?

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ImperialismFor centuries, European nations built empires, slowly

extending their economic and political control over various peoples of the world. Colonies supplied the

European imperial powers with raw materials and provided markets for manufactured goods.

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A devotion to the interests and culture of one’s nation, nationalism led to

competitive and antagonistic rivalries among nations.

German Kaiser Wilhelm II in 1917

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As Germany industrialized, it competed with France and Britain in the contest

for colonies.

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In this atmosphere of competition, many feared Germany’s growing power in Europe. In addition,

various ethnic groups resented domination by others and longed for their nations to become

independent. Many ethnic groups looked to larger nations for protection (for example: Russia &

Europe’s Slavic peoples.)

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Imperial Guards passingReview before Kaiser Wilhelm II.

Each nation wanted stronger armed forces than those of any potential enemy, the imperial powers followed a policy of

militarism- the development of armed forces and their use as a tool of diplomacy.

Military spending increased 300% globally between 1870-1914

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Past fighting was nothing new between European Powers.

1.Germany/France

2.Austria-Hungary/ethnic groups

3.Russians looking for warmer ports

4.Great Britain/France)

These old rivalries began to re-surface!

Militarism creates paranoia and tension

By 1890, Germany was the strongest nation, which had set up an army

reserve system that drafted and trained young men.


WW I German Unit on march.

As an island nation, Britain had always relied on its navy for defense and protection of its shipping routes. The British navy was the

strongest in the world.


British Fleet heading out to sea.

In 1897, Wilhelm II, Germany’s Kaiser, decided that his nation should become a major sea power in order to compete

against the British.


SMS Kaiser

Soon British and German shipyards competed to build the largest battleships and

destroyers.


Deck of a British Warship

France, Italy, Japan, and the United States quickly joined the naval arms races.

U.S.S. Texas


U.S. Floating Mine

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Italian cruiser San Giorgio

To deter aggression and protect national interests and safety an alliance system formed over time.

Most alliances were bound by military treaties with many of them swore in by secrecy.

By 1907 there were two major defense alliances in Europe.

a. The Triple Entente (the Allies)

b. The Triple Alliance (Central Powers)

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Germany versus the Triple Entente (the Allies).

The alliance system provided a measure of international security because

nations were reluctant to disturb the balance of power.

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Triple Entente• Consisted of France, Britain, and Russia.

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German Propaganda Poster: Anti- Triple Entente

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Triple Alliance

Consisted of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy.


Spark of War

II. Biggest Immediate Cause of War

a. Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and

wife Sophia by Serbian nationalist (June 28, 1914)

1. Ferdinand is the next to hold the throne of the

Austria-Hungary empire

2. Killed in a motorcade through Sarajevo, Bosnia

by Serbian Nationalist Society ‘The Black Hand’

3. 19 year old Gavrilo Princip

The assassination of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand by a Serbian. The assassination touched

off a diplomatic crisis. On July 28, 1914, Austria-Hungary declares war against Serbia.

Archdukes car shown riddled with bullets.

Gavrilo Princip

III. War Begins

a. (July 23rd, 1914) Outraged by murder,

Austria-Hungary gets military support from

Germany’s Kaiser Wilhelm

1. Demand Serbians to let them investigate

murder

2. Serbs refuse; backed by Russia

3. War is declared on July 28th, 1914 by the Central Powers

Kaiser Wilhelm II

b. Entangled Alliances pull all into war within a week

1. July 30th, Russia moves troops to borders (Czar Nicholas)

2. Germany takes it as an act of war and issues an ultimatum:

- Russia demobilize

- France remains neutral

3. Russia refuses, France stays true to Russia

4. Germany declares war on Russia August 1, 1914 and on France August 3, 1914

The alliance system pulled one nation after another into the conflict. On August 1, Germany, obligated

by treaty with Austria-Hungary, declares war on Russia. On August 3, Germany declares war on

Russia’s ally France.

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Germans in control of the Russian “Bear.”

The Great War BeginsAfter Germany invaded Belgium, Britain

declares war on Germany and Austria-Hungary, August 4th


America Remains Neutral

I. Reasons

a. Economic reasons = Foreign investments

b. Peacemakers ‘moral diplomacy’

c. 1/3 of US population 1st or 2nd generation

immigrants

d. Mexican Revolution/Pancho Villa

e. The Monroe Doctrine

Germany’s Schlieffen plan called for a holding action against Russia, combined with a quick drive through Belgium to Paris; after France

had fallen, the two German armies would defeat Russia.

WW I German soldiers on their wayTo the Western Front


Unable to save Belgium, the Allies retreated to the Marne River in France, where they halted

the German advance in September 1914. After struggling to outflank (get around) each other’s armies, both sides dug in for a long

siege.

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Allies stop German Offensive on Western Front by end of 1914

- Huge casualties mounting

IMPORTANT EARLY BATTLES - 1st Battle of the Marne – Sept. 5-12, 1914

(Allied Victory – Trench Warfare Begins)

- Verdun – Feb. 21, 1916 (major German offensive)

- Battle of the Somme – July 1st -Mid November, 1916 (Bloodiest battle)

- Only 7 miles change hands – Bloody stalemate

Modern Tech Warfare

New Technology vs. Old Standards

German soldier prepared for gas warfare, but what about the horse?


The machine gun, poison gas, airplanes, mechanized cannons, tanks, and

submarines are introduced into modern warfare, preventing either side form

winning a quick victory.

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Zeppelin Attacks (Blimps)


Aircraft of WW I

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Dogfights:Aircraft in WW I


Trench Warfare

By the spring of 1915, two parallel systems of deep, rat-infested trenches crossed France from the

Belgian coast to the Swiss Alps.

German soldiers lice hunting in the trenches near Reims (1915)

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Western Front

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Trench Warfare

Trench Warfare – Long concentrated artillery bombardments, followed by all out charges at the enemy across “no man’s land” (area between the trenches)

French in the Trenches

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Between the trenches lay “no man’s land” – a barren expanse of mud pockmarked with

shell craters and filled with barb wire. Periodically, the soldiers charged enemy lines, only to be mowed down by machine

gun fire.

WW I German machine-gunners on the Western front.


Diagram of Trenches

Trench Dugouts

Going “Over the Top”

Trenches of Somme

Automatic Machine Guns

This bloody trench warfare, in which armies fought for mere yards of ground, continued for over three years. Final casualties totaled in the millions, yet only about seven miles of ground changed hands on the Western Front.

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American Entry into WWI

How does isolationist America get involved?

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Since the War of 1812, Americans had successfully avoided “entanglements” with Europe. A new turning point in U.S. policy was reached when

America entered WWI.


American armored troops going forward in

the Argonne, France, September 26, 1918

President Wilson attempted to follow the traditional policy of neutrality. Despite his

efforts, the United States eventually became involved in the conflict.

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President Woodrow Wilson

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U.S. remains neutral?

1. People horrified – American Red Cross and American Ambulance Corp. see trench warfare first hand.

2. French Foreign Legion – volunteer

3. U.S. Gov.t trades with both sidesa. British naval blockade – USA still supplies Allies

with food, weapons, supplies

b. American banks give Allies billions of dollars through war bonds

c. Central powers upset and notice unfair neutrality

Closer ties with the Allies

Many Americans traced their ancestry to Britain. A common language and history tied Americans to the British. Britain and France shared the same democratic political system.

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Americans were shocked at Germany’s invasion of neutral Belgium.

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Germans patrolling a small Belgium town.

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Germany saw an unfair neutrality and was suffering near starvation so they announced unrestricted submarine

warfare.

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Reasons US pushed toward war

1. German U-boats and Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

a. To fight British naval blockade

b. Unrestricted warfare – all seas around GB considered a “war zone” and subs would fire without warning.

c. By May 1915 Italy leaves the Central Powers and joins the Allies

The British blockade kept foreign food and arms. Germans only had submarines to fight back.

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In 1915, a German submarine sank the British passenger ship Lusitania, off the coast of

Ireland, killing most passengers.

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2. Sinking of the Lusitaniaa. May 7th, 1915 U-boat sinks Lusitania in 18

minutes, 1,200 die; 128 Americans

b. Secret cargo on board = 4,200 cases of gun cartridges

c. US remains neutral = American people upset = Wilson refused to repeal neutrality

The Zimmerman telegraph 1917: a secret message from the German government to

Mexico was intercepted and appeared in US newspapers all over the nation.

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3. Zimmerman Notea. Jan. 1917 intercepted by British intelligence

said:- Germany would continue unrestricted submarine

warfare

- Proposed Mexico to join Germany should US enter the war

- Promised Mexico financial aid to re-conquer NM, TX, and ARZ

B. American public is outraged!

US Declares War

1. Wilson outraged, breaks diplomatic relations with Germany

2. Zimmerman Note published in US papers on March 1st 1917

3. German U-boats sink 3 American ships on March 16th

4. US declares war on April 6th at 3 AM

5. More support war than oppose (Jeanette Rankin). Senate 82-6, House 373-50

Despite the announcement of unrestricted submarine warfare, U.S. merchant ships continued to sail to

Britain. When the number of ships sunk by German submarines increased dramatically, President

Wilson asked Congress to declare war.

President Wilson appearing before Congress.

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President Wilson won popular support by explaining that the war was necessary “to

make the world safe for democracy.”

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US Mobilization for War

World War I

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To fight the war, Wilson was given sweeping powers. He established new agencies to

regulate the wartime economy. The government supervised food and industrial

production, shipping, and the railroads.

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Congress passed the Selective Service Act 0f 1917 to draft men for the army.

Those who actively resisted conscription or the war effort faced

imprisonment.

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The Supreme Court upheld these restrictions on free speech during wartime in Schenck v.

United States.

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As workers were drafted and sent overseas, many women and African Americans filled

their job (part of Great Migration.)

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The arrival of American troops helped break the deadlock in Europe, leading

Germany to surrender in November 1918.

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General John J. Pershing

Commanding General of American Expeditionary Force chasing Pancho Villa in Mexico, and fighting alongside the Allies in Europe during WWI.

Believed in aggressive combat and felt that 3 years of trench warfare had made the Allies too

defensive.

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American Expeditionary ForceThe U.S. forces, led by General John Pershing, who

fought with the Allies in Europe during World War I. Nicknamed Doughboys (American infantry), American forces helped to stop the German

advance, capturing important enemy positions.

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The Fourteen Points stated that each major European nationality should have its own

nation and government. The Points called for freedom of the seas, reduced armaments,

and an end to secret diplomacy.

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Wilson felt the most important part of his plan was the creation of an

international peace organization, the League of Nations, which would

prevent future wars.

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Great Britain’s Lloyd George,France’s Clemenceau andAmerica’s Wilson walk in Parisduring Versailles PeaceAccords.

The final terms of the Treaty of Versailles were extremely harsh on Germany.

Other treaties were similarly harsh on Germany’s allies, Austria and Turkey.

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Lands lost by Germany in Versailles Peace Treaty

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Key Terms of the 1919 Peace Settlement of World War I

• Germany lost territory to France and Poland, and all of its colonies.

• Germany lost its navy. Its army was reduced to the size of a police force.

• Germany had to accept blame for starting the war and was required to pay reparations (payment for damages) to the Allies.

• Austria-Hungary was divided into several new, smaller nations.

• A League of Nations was established.

Senate rejects the League of NationsWilson hoped the League of Nations would discourage

future wars. His opponents believed it would drag Americans into unnecessary military commitments. The League of Nations failed, in part because many

major world powers, including the United States, never became members.

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Wilson needed two-thirds of the Senate to ratify the treaty. Wilson appealed directly to

American voters by going on a national speaking tour. Wilson failed to realize that Americans were disillusioned with world affairs. During the tour, President Wilson

suffers a crippling stroke.

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President Wilson dies as a resultof his stroke on February 3, 1924.

During the 1920’s, Americans once again followed George Washington’s advice “to

steer clear of permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign world.” Isolationism-

refusing to become involved in other countries’ affairs.

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Woman’s suffrage and the prohibition of alcohol were passed at the end of World War I, becoming

the final reforms of the Progressive Era.

Americans sought prosperity rather than further reform ending the Progressive era of reform.

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The Great War 20War%20I.jpg