The Greeks (750 BC- 200 The Greeks (750 BC- 200 BC)BC)

GeographyGeography Mountainous, rocky soil, dry climateMountainous, rocky soil, dry climate Coastal –deep/navigable harborsCoastal –deep/navigable harbors

Meant that Meant that 1. Rugged terrain kept from uniting1. Rugged terrain kept from uniting

2. Series of independent city-states (2. Series of independent city-states (polis)polis)

3. 3. MaritimeMaritime economy (based on sea trade)economy (based on sea trade)

Athens vs. Sparta:Athens vs. Sparta:A A Tale of Two City-StatesTale of Two City-States

AthensAthens SpartaSparta1. maritime trade1. maritime trade 1. agricultural1. agricultural2. colonized to in-2. colonized to in- 2. conquered others 2. conquered others crease food supplycrease food supply & enslaved & enslaved3. emphasized know-3. emphasized know- 3. emphasized strict 3. emphasized strict ledge, culture, art, &ledge, culture, art, & discipline/military discipline/military educationeducation4. first to develop 4. first to develop 4. monarchial form of4. monarchial form of democracydemocracy govt. govt.

Greek CultureGreek Culture ReligionReligion

Polytheistic/ Polytheistic/ AnthropomorphicAnthropomorphic Mt. Olympus (Zeus, Hera, Athena, etc)Mt. Olympus (Zeus, Hera, Athena, etc) MythologyMythology

ArchitectureArchitecture Classical (balanced, simple geometric Classical (balanced, simple geometric

forms, domes, arches, columns, forms, domes, arches, columns, elegance)elegance)

This Not ThisThis Not This

ContributionsContributions Government – direct democracyGovernment – direct democracy

Virtue of citizenship Virtue of citizenship responsibilities responsibilities PhilosophyPhilosophy

Love of WisdomLove of Wisdom Big 3 – Big 3 –

1. Socrates (“Know Thyself”)1. Socrates (“Know Thyself”)

2. Plato (2. Plato (The RepublicThe Republic) – pol. Science) – pol. Science

3. Aristotle (scientific method/ system of 3. Aristotle (scientific method/ system of classification) classification)

ContributionsContributions

TheatreTheatre First to present plays (tragedies/comedies)First to present plays (tragedies/comedies) Used to socially instructUsed to socially instruct

OlympicsOlympics Games to honor ZeusGames to honor Zeus Athletes as heroes to GreeksAthletes as heroes to Greeks

LanguageLanguage Prefixes (geo-, philo-, demo-, astro-, etc.)Prefixes (geo-, philo-, demo-, astro-, etc.) Suffixes (-cracy, -ology, -graphy, etc.)Suffixes (-cracy, -ology, -graphy, etc.)

DeclineDecline Peloponnesian Wars Peloponnesian Wars (200s BC)(200s BC)

Sparta & allies vs. Athens & alliesSparta & allies vs. Athens & allies War over Athens trying to dominate War over Athens trying to dominate

other city-statesother city-states War lasted over 30 yrs; Sparta wonWar lasted over 30 yrs; Sparta won Left vulnerable to be conqueredLeft vulnerable to be conquered

Alexander the GreatAlexander the Great

The Romans (500 BC- 500 The Romans (500 BC- 500 AD)AD)

GeographyGeography Mountainous (in areas) / very fertile valleysMountainous (in areas) / very fertile valleys Treacherous coast / few good harborsTreacherous coast / few good harbors Meant thatMeant that

1. Romans were farmers1. Romans were farmers

2. Would eventually unite as one people2. Would eventually unite as one people Early GovernmentEarly Government

Monarchy Monarchy Republic Republic Republic would last approx. 500 yrs. (500 BC – 1 Republic would last approx. 500 yrs. (500 BC – 1

BC)BC)

Conquerors of the Conquerors of the Mediterranean (200 BC- 200 Mediterranean (200 BC- 200

AD)AD) United Rome, then whole Italian United Rome, then whole Italian

peninsulapeninsula

Conquered its neighborsConquered its neighbors Spain, Gaul (France), Britany (England), Spain, Gaul (France), Britany (England),

Germany, Egypt, and Carthage (No. Africa)Germany, Egypt, and Carthage (No. Africa) The Punic Wars The Punic Wars – Rome vs. Carthage– Rome vs. Carthage By 200 B.C., Rome is master of Med. Sea By 200 B.C., Rome is master of Med. Sea

areaarea

Rome – The Rome – The Empire Empire (1 AD- 300 (1 AD- 300 AD)AD)

First 5 Emperors – the “Good Emperors”First 5 Emperors – the “Good Emperors” Empire greatly expanded its bordersEmpire greatly expanded its borders Government - efficient and justGovernment - efficient and just Benefits of strong unified govt. to all Benefits of strong unified govt. to all

citizenscitizens1. system of roads to connect empire 1. system of roads to connect empire

together together2. unified system of law for all2. unified system of law for all3. sound economy (coinage of money, 3. sound economy (coinage of money,

manufacturing, & agriculture) manufacturing, & agriculture)4. Kept peace & order 4. Kept peace & order ((Pax RomanaPax Romana))

5. Civic welfare (museums, libraries, educ.)5. Civic welfare (museums, libraries, educ.)

Fall of Rome (500 AD)Fall of Rome (500 AD)

1. Government Instability1. Government Instability Assassinations – no definite method of Assassinations – no definite method of

succession establishedsuccession established Weak leadership – Emperors known for their Weak leadership – Emperors known for their

insanity, immorality, and greedinessinsanity, immorality, and greediness

2. Economic Troubles2. Economic Troubles Small independent farmers driven from their Small independent farmers driven from their

land – forced into the citiesland – forced into the cities Became part of the “mob” – Became part of the “mob” –

homeless/joblesshomeless/jobless

Fall of RomeFall of Rome

Economic Troubles (cont)Economic Troubles (cont) Government develops welfare state to avoid Government develops welfare state to avoid

revolt revolt (“(“Bread & Circuses”)Bread & Circuses”) Lack of manufacturing due to high Lack of manufacturing due to high inflationinflation Borders to hard to maintain – trade declinesBorders to hard to maintain – trade declines

3. Outside Invasions3. Outside Invasions Germanic tribes (in north) envied Rome’s Germanic tribes (in north) envied Rome’s

wealth and advantageswealth and advantages Began attacking on the frontiers/ sacked Rome Began attacking on the frontiers/ sacked Rome

– 476 AD– 476 AD

ContributionsContributions

1. Government – 1. Government – RepublicRepublic Makes democracy possible for large pop.Makes democracy possible for large pop.

2. Rule of Law2. Rule of Law Twelve Tables Twelve Tables – all laws written down to – all laws written down to

protect the rights of lower classes protect the rights of lower classes (Plebeians)(Plebeians)

3. 3. Engineering Engineering – roads, – roads, aqueductsaqueducts, concrete, , concrete, domes, classical architecturedomes, classical architecture

ContributionsContributions ReligionReligion

Adopted Greek deities at first, but renamedAdopted Greek deities at first, but renamed Emperor Constantine later adopted Emperor Constantine later adopted

Christianity as official religion of the Empire Christianity as official religion of the Empire (approx. 300 AD)(approx. 300 AD)

ConclusionConclusionThe Western world (Europe/Americas) is built The Western world (Europe/Americas) is built

upon the ideas, knowledge, & practices of upon the ideas, knowledge, & practices of the Classical Civilizations of Greece & the Classical Civilizations of Greece & Rome.Rome.