THE HEARTTHE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

HEART CHAMBERSAtria – two upper chambers (receiving); R & LVentricles – two lower chambers (discharging); R & LMyocardium – muscle tissue (middle)Endocardium – lining of heart chambers (inner)Epicardium – outer covering of heart tissue (outer); also called pericardium

HEART VALVESTricuspid – opening of right atrium into ventricleBicuspid (mitral) – opening of left atrium into ventriclePulmonary semilunar – beginning of pulmonary arteryAortic semilunar – beginning of aorta

BLOOD FLOWVenous blood enters the right atrium through superior/inferior vena cavaFrom right atrium through tricuspid valve to right ventricleFrom right ventricle through pulmonary semilunar valve to pulmonary artery to lungsBlood from lungs to left atrium, through bicuspid valve to left ventriclePumped through the aortic semilunar valve into aorta and distributed to body

HEARTBEATCardiac cycle:

• Contraction called systole• Relaxation called diastole

72 beats per minuteEach cycle 0.8 seconds longCardiac output is 5 L per minute per ventricle

HEART SOUNDS“Lub-dup”

• First sound (lub) caused by vibration and closure of av valves during contraction of ventricles

• Second sound (dup) caused by closure of semilunar valves during relaxation of ventricles

http://depts.washington.edu/physdx/heart/demo.html

COMBINING FORMSAort/o - aortaAtri/o - atriumCardi/o - heartValv/o, valvul/o - valveVentricul/o - ventricleEch/o - soundElectr/o – electrical activity

PREFIXES Brady- = slow

SUFFIXES -ac = pertaining to-apheresis = removal-graph = instrument used to record; record-odynia = pain-penia = abnormal reduction in number-poiesis = formation-sclerosis = hardening

DISEASE/DISORDER TERMS (NBFWP)Angina pectoris – chest pain occurring when there is insufficient blood supply to heartArrhythmia – abnormality of hearts normal rhythmic patternAtrial fibrillation – rapid electrical impulses from the atriaCardiac arrest – cessation of cardiac output and circulation

DISEASE/DISORDER TERMS (NBFWP)Congestive heart failure – inability of heart to pump enough blood through body to supply tissues and organs with nutrients and oxygenMitral valve stenosis – narrowing of mitral valve from scarringMyocardial infarction – death of a portion of the myocardium (aka. Heart attack)Rheumatic heart disease – damage to the muscle or valves caused by rheumatic fever

SURGICAL TERMS (NBFWP)Atrial fibrillation ablation – procedure in which abnormal cells that trigger a-fib are destroyed by radio wavesCardiac pacemaker – battery powered to shock heart into normal rhythym

DIAGNOSTIC TERMS (NBFWP)Transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE) – ultrasound examining cardiac function by using probe inserted in esophagus

LABORATORY TESTSC-reactive protein – elevation = inflammation in bodyCreatinine phosphokinase – used to identify myocardial infarctionHomocystine – measures increased risk of cardiovascular diseaseLipid profile – measure amount of lipids in bloodTroponin – diagnose myocardial infarction (from necrosis of heart tissues)

COMPLEMENTARY TERMSCardiopulmonary resuscitation – artificial ventilation and external cardiac massageDefibrillation – application of electric shock through chest wall to restore normal cardiac rhythmFibrillation – rapid, contraction in the atria and ventriclesHeart murmur – humming sound of cardiac or vascular origin