The History of the CellThe Properties of LifeThe History of the CellThe Properties of Life

Biology Department

Hampton High School

SOL BIO 2a

Biology Department

Hampton High School

SOL BIO 2a

1665 Robert Hooke builds a microscope Discovers cells while looking at cork The invention of the microscope helped in

the discovery of chromosomes.

1675 Anton van

Leeuwenhoek saw protists in pond water

1772

Joseph Priestly demonstrates that oxygen is produced by plants

1839

Theodor Schwann shows that all animal tissue is made of cells

1839

Matthias Schleiden identifies cell parts in plants:

Membrane nucleus

1855 Rudolf Virchow states

that any cell came from a preexisting cell

Reproduction is the process by which living things make more of their own kind.

Mitosis and Meiosis - processes to make more body cells and sex cells

Cell Theory

All living things are made up of one or more cells

Cells are the basic units of structure and function in organisms

All cells arise from existing cells

2 Types of Cells

Eukaryote

(can be both unicellular and multicellular)

Prokaryote

(unicellular)

Eukaryotes 4 kingdoms that contain

eukaryotes are Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

Cells with: Nucleus

Organelles Enclosed DNA

Larger cell

Prokaryotes

Cells with no nucleus

Unicellular

No organelles

Free DNA

Bacteria cell

Monera Kingdom: Archaebacteria & Eubacteria

(Autotrophs and heterotrophs)

All Living Things

1.Monera Kingdom: Archaebacteria

2.Monera Kingdom: Eubacteria

3.Protista Kingdom

4.Fungi Kingdom

5.Plantae Kingdom

6.Animalia Kingdom

Characteristics of All Living Things

1.Made of cells

2.Maintain homeostasis – stable internal conditions

3.Metabolism – need energy (Autotrophs and/or heterotrophs)

4.Responsiveness

5.Reproduction

6.Contain heredity material – DNA/RNA

7.Growth/Development

1. All Living things are made of CELLS

1. All Living things are made of CELLS

There are 2 categories:

UNICELLULAR

AND

MULTICELLULAR

There are 2 categories:

UNICELLULAR

AND

MULTICELLULAR

Single Cell - unicellular

Organism has to perform all functions of life within one cell

Some have Chloroplasts - autotrophs (make own food)

photosynthesis

Multicellular

Cells are organized into an hierarchy: cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms

Heterotrophs - obtain food by eating other things

Autotrophs like plants (trees, grass, flowers) – make their own food from the sun

Mitochondria organelle- used for respiration/power

Hierarchy of Life

Hierarchy:

First Step: Building blocks of living things are organized into a hierachy: Atom- molecule – macromolecule- organelle

Second step: Cells are organized into an hierarchy: cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms

2. Living things fight for survival

Homeostasis - maintain internal standards (temp., water, salinity)

Stable internal conditions

3. Living things need ENERGY

Metabolism - chemical reactions that convert food into energy

Most energy comes from the sun that is later used by other organisms

Autotrophs vs. Heterotrophs

4. Living things RESPOND to their environment

Responsiveness organisms respond to their external environment

Ex. Flowers bend toward sunlight

5. Living things REPRODUCE

REPRODUCTION Organisms making more of themselves

Sexual and Asexual

Mitosis and Meisosis is cell reproduction

6. All living things have genetic material

6. All living things have genetic material

Heredity - When an organism reproduces, it passes its own traits to its offspring (children)

DNA and RNA hang out in the nucleus of eukaryote cells or free floating in prokaryote cells (bacteria)

Heredity - When an organism reproduces, it passes its own traits to its offspring (children)

DNA and RNA hang out in the nucleus of eukaryote cells or free floating in prokaryote cells (bacteria)

7. Growth/Development7. Growth/Development Growth – All

living things grow, either briefly or for thousands of years (i.e bacteria vs. a giant sequoia tree)

Development – organisms change as they grow; frogs develop from eggs to tadpoles to frogs

Growth – All living things grow, either briefly or for thousands of years (i.e bacteria vs. a giant sequoia tree)

Development – organisms change as they grow; frogs develop from eggs to tadpoles to frogs