The History The History of the of the

ComputerComputerThen &

Now

Computer EvolutionComputer Evolution

• 1642 Blaise Pascal – mechanical adding machine

• Early 1800’s Jacquard – uses punch cards to control the pattern of the weaving loom

•1832 Charles Babbage - invents the Difference Engine

The Punch CardThe Punch Card

• 1890 Herman Hollerith – invents a machine using punch card to tabulate info for the Census. He starts the company that would later be IBM.

Evolution (continued)Evolution (continued)

1946 – Mauchly and Eckert created the ENIAC computer, first electronic computer is unveiled at University of Pennsylvania (shown on next slide)

ENIAC ComputerENIAC Computer• Miles of wiringMiles of wiring• 18,000 vacuum tubes18,000 vacuum tubes• Thousands of resistors and switchesThousands of resistors and switches• No monitorNo monitor• 3,000 blinking lights3,000 blinking lights• Cost $486,000Cost $486,000• 100,000 additions per second100,000 additions per second• Weighed 30 tonsWeighed 30 tons• Filled a 30x50 foot roomFilled a 30x50 foot room• Lights of Philadelphia would dim when it Lights of Philadelphia would dim when it

booted upbooted up

19431943• Base codes develop by Grace

Hopper while working on the Mark I programming project.

She invented the phrase “bug” – an error in a program that causes a program to malfunction.

1950s1950s

• Vacuum Tubes were the components for the electronic circuitry

• Punch Cards main source of input• Speeds in milliseconds

(thousands/sec)• 100,000 additions/sec.• Used for scientific calculations• New computers were the rule, cost

effectiveness wasn’t

• Transistors were electronic circuitry (smaller, faster, more reliable than vacuum tubes)

• Speeds in microseconds (millionth/sec)• 200,000 additions/sec.• Computers In Businesses: Emphasis on

marketing of computers to businesses • Data files stored on magnetic tape • Computer Scientists controlled

operations

1960s1960s

Late 60’s Early 70’sLate 60’s Early 70’s

• Integrated circuit boards• New input methods such as plotters,

scanners• Software became more important• Sophisticated operating systems• Improved programming languages• Storage capabilities expanded

(disks)

1970’s Integrated 1970’s Integrated circuits and silicone circuits and silicone chips lead to smaller chips lead to smaller

microprocessorsmicroprocessors

Late 80’s to CurrentLate 80’s to Current

• Improved circuitry – several thousand transistors placed on a tiny silicon chip.

• Pentium chip named by Intel• Modems – communication along telephone

wires• Portable computers: laptops• Increased storage capabilities: gigabytes• Emphasis on information needed by the

decision maker.

The Information The Information Processing CycleProcessing Cycle

INPUTINPUT OUTPUTOUTPUT

AUXILIARYAUXILIARYSTORAGESTORAGE

PROCESSINGPROCESSING

MAIN MAIN MEMORYMEMORY

What is Data?What is Data?•Facts used by a computer

–WORDS–NUMBERS

INPUT DEVICESINPUT DEVICES (Hardware)(Hardware)

• Keyboard• Mouse• Joystick• Trackball• Light pen• Image

scanner

• Touch tone telephone• Touch screens• Bar code scanner• Digitizer • Voice recognition• Auxiliary Storage

Device

INPUTINPUT

• Central Processing Unit: CPU• The Brains or Intelligence of

the computer. Controls input and output

• The part of the computer that interprets and executes instructions.• Silicon chip: integrated circuit

board• Pentium: name give to a

particular chip

PROCESSINGPROCESSINGPROCESSINGPROCESSING HARDWAREHARDWARE

ProcessorsProcessorsCome in Many SizesCome in Many Sizes

• MainframeMainframe: large, powerful, serving many connected terminals. Super Computers

• MinicomputerMinicomputer: mid-sized, serves more than one user at a time

• MicrocomputeMicrocomputerr: PC, individual workstation

• Laptop:portable, smallLaptop:portable, small• HandheldHandheld: Palm Pilots

What two numbers are What two numbers are used in Binary Code?used in Binary Code?

• 0 and 1• They are each called a BIT• 8 BITS make a BYTE• 1 BYTE makes a letter or

number• KILOBYTE = 1,024 bytes• MEGABYTE = 1,048,576 bytes• GIGABYTE = 1,024 megabytes• TERABYTE = 1,024 gigabytes

MEMORY MEMORY PROCESSING HARDWAREPROCESSING HARDWARE

ROM

READ ONLY MEMORY• Small• Instructions are

installed permanently at the factory

• Cannot be changed• These instructions

check the computer’s resources and looks for Operating System

RAM RAM

RANDOM ANDOM ACCESS CCESS

MEMORYEMORY

• Main Memory• Temporary—it is

erased when turned off.

• It is where programs and data is stored while being processed

MEMORYMEMORY

OUTPUT DEVICESOUTPUT DEVICES((HARDWARE)HARDWARE)

• Useful information that leaves the system• Output Hardware includes:

•Monitor: soft copy

•Printers: hard copy

•Flat Panel displays

•Voice and music - speakers

•Synthesizers

•Plotters OUTPUTOUTPUT

AUXILIARY STORAGE AUXILIARY STORAGE DEVICES DEVICES

• Network Drive (H: drive)

• Hard Disk Drive (C:drive)

• Floppy Disk Drive with 3 ½” Floppy Disk (A:drive)

• Smart card• CD Read/Write Drive• Zip Drive• Digital Audio Tape

AUXILIARYAUXILIARYSTORAGESTORAGE

SOFTWARESOFTWARE

• Operating System Software•Windows 98: GUI (Graphical User Interface)•Windows XP: GUI (Graphical User Interface)•Unix

• Application Software•Microsoft Word, Excel, Access, Front Page,

Publisher•WordPerfect•Pagemaker, Photoshop, Dreamweaver

Programs that Make the Computer Work

What is the Boot What is the Boot Process? Process?

• The process of starting up a computer from a halted or powered-down condition.• Commands in ROM memory are followed

• The process of loading the Operating System software into Main Memory• Windows 98• Windows XP• Unix

What boots up must come What boots up must come downdown

The Information The Information Processing CycleProcessing Cycle

INPUTINPUT OUTPUTOUTPUT

AUXILIARYAUXILIARYSTORAGESTORAGE

PROCESSINGPROCESSING

MAIN MAIN MEMORYMEMORY