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The The Human Human
Body: An Body: An OrientatioOrientatio
nn
Figure 1.2f
Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview
CardiovascularCardiovascular– Transports materials in bodyTransports materials in body
via blood pumped by heartvia blood pumped by heart OxygenOxygen Carbon dioxideCarbon dioxide NutrientsNutrients WastesWastes
Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview
LymphaticLymphatic– Returns fluids to blood Returns fluids to blood
vesselsvessels– Cleanses the bloodCleanses the blood– Involved in immunityInvolved in immunity
Figure 1.2g
Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview
RespiratoryRespiratory– Keeps blood supplied Keeps blood supplied
with oxygenwith oxygen– Removes carbon Removes carbon
dioxidedioxide
Figure 1.2h
Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview
DigestiveDigestive– Breaks down foodBreaks down food– Allows for nutrient Allows for nutrient
absorption into bloodabsorption into blood– Eliminates Eliminates
indigestible materialindigestible material
Figure 1.2i
Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview
UrinaryUrinary– Eliminates nitrogenous Eliminates nitrogenous
wasteswastes– Maintains acid-base Maintains acid-base
balancebalance– Regulates water and Regulates water and
electrolyteselectrolytes
Figure 1.2j
Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview ReproductiveReproductive
– Produces Produces offspringoffspring
Figure 1.2k–l
Necessary Life FunctionsNecessary Life Functions
Maintain boundariesMaintain boundaries MovementMovement
– LocomotionLocomotion– Movement of substancesMovement of substances
ResponsivenessResponsiveness– Ability to sense changes and reactAbility to sense changes and react
DigestionDigestion– Break-down and absorption of nutrientsBreak-down and absorption of nutrients
Necessary Life FunctionsNecessary Life Functions
Metabolism—chemical reactions Metabolism—chemical reactions within the bodywithin the body– Produces energyProduces energy– Makes body structuresMakes body structures
ExcretionExcretion– Eliminates waste from metabolic Eliminates waste from metabolic
reactionsreactions
Necessary Life FunctionsNecessary Life Functions
ReproductionReproduction– Produces future generationProduces future generation
GrowthGrowth– Increases cell size and number of cellsIncreases cell size and number of cells
Survival NeedsSurvival Needs
NutrientsNutrients– Chemicals for energy and cell buildingChemicals for energy and cell building– Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids,
vitamins, and mineralsvitamins, and minerals OxygenOxygen
– Required for chemical reactionsRequired for chemical reactions
Survival NeedsSurvival Needs
WaterWater– 60–80% of body weight60–80% of body weight– Provides for metabolic reactionProvides for metabolic reaction
Stable body temperatureStable body temperature Atmospheric pressure Atmospheric pressure
– Must be appropriateMust be appropriate
Interrelationships Among Interrelationships Among Body SystemsBody Systems
Figure 1.3
HomeostasisHomeostasis
Homeostasis—maintenance of a Homeostasis—maintenance of a stable internal environment stable internal environment – A dynamic state of equilibriumA dynamic state of equilibrium
Homeostasis is necessary for normal Homeostasis is necessary for normal body functioning and to sustain lifebody functioning and to sustain life
Homeostatic imbalanceHomeostatic imbalance– A disturbance in homeostasis resulting A disturbance in homeostasis resulting
in diseasein disease
Figure 1.4
Changedetectedby receptor
Stimulus:Produceschangein variable
Input:Informationsent alongafferentpathway to
Receptor (sensor) Effector
Variable(in homeostasis)
Response ofeffector feedsback toinfluencemagnitude ofstimulus andreturns variableto homeostasis
Controlcenter
Imbalance
Imbalance
Output:Information sentalong efferentpathway to activate
Maintaining HomeostasisMaintaining Homeostasis
The body communicates through The body communicates through neural and hormonal control systemsneural and hormonal control systems– ReceptorReceptor
Responds to changes in the environment Responds to changes in the environment (stimuli)(stimuli)
Sends information to control centerSends information to control center
Maintaining HomeostasisMaintaining Homeostasis
– Control centerControl center Determines set pointDetermines set point Analyzes informationAnalyzes information Determines appropriate responseDetermines appropriate response
– EffectorEffector Provides a means for response to the Provides a means for response to the
stimulusstimulus
Feedback MechanismsFeedback Mechanisms
Negative feedbackNegative feedback– Includes most homeostatic control Includes most homeostatic control
mechanismsmechanisms– Shuts off the original stimulus, or Shuts off the original stimulus, or
reduces its intensityreduces its intensity– Works like a household thermostatWorks like a household thermostat
Feedback MechanismsFeedback Mechanisms
Positive feedbackPositive feedback– Increases the original stimulus to push Increases the original stimulus to push
the variable fartherthe variable farther– In the body this only occurs in blood In the body this only occurs in blood
clotting and during the birth of a babyclotting and during the birth of a baby