The Human Body – An OrientationThe Human Body – An Orientation

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• Anatomy – study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts

• Physiology – study of how the body and its parts work or function

Anatomy – Levels of StudyAnatomy – Levels of Study

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• Gross Anatomy

• Large structures

• Easily observable

Figure 1.1

Anatomy – Levels of StudyAnatomy – Levels of Study

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• Microscopic Anatomy

• Very small structures

• Can only be viewed with a microscope

Figure 14.4

Levels of Structural OrganizationLevels of Structural Organization

Slide 1.3Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 1.1

Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview

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• Integumentary

• Forms the external body covering

• Protects deeper tissue from injury

• Synthesizes vitamin D

• Location of cutaneous nerve receptors

Figure 1.2a

Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview

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• Skeletal

• Protects and supports body organs

• Provides muscle attachment for movement

• Site of blood cell formation

• Stores mineralsFigure 1.2b

Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview

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• Muscular

• Allows locomotion

• Maintains posture

• Produces heat

Figure 1.2c

Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview

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• Nervous

• Fast-acting control system

• Responds to internal and external change

• Activates muscles and glands

Figure 1.2d

Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview

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• Endocrine

• Secretes regulatory hormones

• Growth

• Reproduction

• Metabolism

Figure 1.2e

Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview

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• Cardiovascular

• Transports materials in body via blood pumped by heart

• Oxygen

• Carbon dioxide

• Nutrients

• WastesFigure 1.2f

Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview

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• Lymphatic

• Returns fluids to blood vessels

• Disposes of debris

• Involved in immunity

Figure 1.2g

Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview

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• Respiratory

• Keeps blood supplied with oxygen

• Removes carbon dioxide

Figure 1.2h

Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview

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• Digestive

• Breaks down food

• Allows for nutrient absorption into blood

• Eliminates indigestible material

Figure 1.2i

Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview

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• Urinary

• Eliminates nitrogenous wastes

• Maintains acid – base balance

• Regulation of materials

• Water

• ElectrolytesFigure 1.2j

Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview

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• Reproductive

• Production of offspring

Figure 1.2k

Necessary Life FunctionsNecessary Life Functions

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• Maintain Boundaries

• Movement

• Locomotion

• Movement of substances

• Responsiveness

• Ability to sense changes and react

• Digestion

• Break-down and delivery of nutrients

Necessary Life FunctionsNecessary Life Functions

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• Metabolism – chemical reactions within the body

• Production of energy

• Making body structures

• Excretion

• Elimination of waste from metabolic reactions

Necessary Life FunctionsNecessary Life Functions

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• Reproduction

• Production of future generation

• Growth

• Increasing of cell size and number

Survival NeedsSurvival Needs

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• Nutrients

• Chemicals for energy and cell building

• Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals

• Oxygen

• Required for chemical reactions

Survival NeedsSurvival Needs

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• Water

• 60–80% of body weight

• Provides for metabolic reaction

• Stable body temperature

• Atmospheric pressure must be appropriate

HomeostasisHomeostasis

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• Maintenance of a stable internal environment = a dynamic state of equilibrium

• Homeostasis must be maintained for normal body functioning and to sustain life

• Homeostatic imbalance – a disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease

Maintaining HomeostasisMaintaining Homeostasis

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• The body communicates through neural and hormonal control systems

• Receptor

• Responds to changes in the environment (stimuli)

• Sends information to control center

Maintaining HomeostasisMaintaining Homeostasis

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• Control center

• Determines set point

• Analyzes information

• Determines appropriate response

• Effector

• Provides a means for response to the stimulus

Feedback MechanismsFeedback Mechanisms

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• Negative feedback

• Includes most homeostatic control mechanisms

• Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its intensity

• Works like a household thermostat

Feedback MechanismsFeedback Mechanisms

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• Positive feedback

• Increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther

• In the body this only occurs in blood clotting and birth of a baby