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The Humanistic Approach to Personality
Humanistic Approaches
• Humanistic theories developed in the 1960s • Opposed the deterministic psychoanalytic and behavioral
approaches that then dominated • The humanistic approach emphasizes the following in personality
development– conscious free will in one’s actions,– the uniqueness of the individual person, – and personal growth
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
• Abraham Maslow is considered the father of the humanistic movement – He studied the lives of very
healthy and creative people to develop his theory of personality Born: April 1, 1908, Brooklyn
Died: June 8, 1970, Menlo ParkEducation: Columbia University,
What motivates you to take action and make decisions in life?
• Think of three things
Imagine…
• You are being sent to live inside a bubble for one year. Write a list of 25 things you will need to take with you to survive.
• When finished turn your paper over
How important are these things?
Setting goals
• Why are goals so important for our personal well-being?
What is a need?
• A lack of something required or desired• Needs motivate us to act!• Some needs are necessary for our survival• Others, only necessary for our personal
fulfillment
• Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is an arrangement of innate needs that motivate our behavior,
• Strongest, most basic survival needs at the bottom of the pyramid
• As you go up pyramid, needs are less crucial but important for personal fulfillment
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Self-Actualization
Self-Esteem
Social
Safety
Physiological
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Write each statement and determine which level of need is being met
• I’m starving• Please lock the door• I hope I won’t get fired for that mistake• I will succeed with that new program• I hope he likes me• I wish they’d invite me to the party this Saturday• I want to lead that committee on campus improvement• I hope they like my idea• I feel amazing when I play my guitar• I’m exhausted• I’m glad I can afford to take a taxi home instead of walking• I’m really proud of who I’ve become as a person
Self-Actualization
• Characteristics of self-actualized people include– Accepting themselves, others, and the nature of world for what
they are– Having a need for privacy
and only a few close, emotional relationships
– Being autonomous and independent, democratic, and very creative
– Having peak experiences, which are experiences of deep insight in which you experience whatever you are doing as fully as possible
Self actualized?
Class collage – Maslow’s hierarchy
• Flip through the magazines provided• Find images that pertain to each level of
Maslow’s pyramid• Cut out the images, place them on the class
collage at the appropriate level• Find as many as you can!
Criticism of Maslow
• Maslow hierarchy of needs is criticized for – being based on non-empirical (non-scientific)
vague studies – small number of people – Maslow subjectively selected as being self-
actualized
Carl Rogers Self Theory
• One of the founders of the humanistic approach to personality and therapy
• Born: January 8, 1902, Oak Park
• Died: February 4, 1987, San Diego
Roger’s Self Theory• Carl Rogers was a client-centered therapist
who dealt with young, bright college students with adjustment problems– Emphasized self-actualization– Believed people have a strong need for positive
regard – to be accepted by/receive affection from others
– Need for congruence (matching, overlap) between their ‘ideal’ self and ‘actual’ self
Carl rogers video
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m30jsZx_Ngs
Therapeutic Approach
• Not directed, client simply expresses his/her self and unravels their own problem
• Therapist listens and shows:– Genuineness– Unconditional positive regard – Empathy
• Client feels safe, valued, heard• Much research to show this method works
Roger’s Self Theory
• Our parents set up conditions of worth, the behaviors and attitudes for which they would give us positive regard– Meeting conditions of worth continues throughout life, and a
person develops a self-concept of what others think he should be
• Unconditional positive regard – acceptance and approval without conditions– Empathy from others, and having others be genuine with respect
to their own feelings is necessary if we are to self-actualized
• Note that neither Maslow nor Roger’s theories are research-based
College Reading
• If you didn’t read last class’s assignment, catch up! 302 – 305, humanistic approach (Maslow and Rogers)
• This class’s reading: 306 – 316 social-cognitive approach to personality, trait theories, projective tests
Projective tests
• Look at the two images on your paper. • ABOVE the images, write what you see.
Mention a story, emotions, what happened before, how things will turn out.
• Exchange and analyze. What can you tell about the person who analyzed each image. Please be fair and mature about this!
How accurately were you analyzed?
1. Do you think this was an accurate way to assess your personality?
2. What were some biases in this process?
Projective Tests
• Contain a series of ambiguous stimuli• Test taker describes what they see• Response analyzed, person’s inner conflicts and motivations
revealed
• Sample tests– Rorschach Inkblots Test – Thematic Apperception
Tests (TAT) – Sentence completion test
Rorschach Inkblots Test
• Contains 10 symmetric inkblots - need mutliples
• Examiner asks the test taker to clarify her responses by identifying the various parts of the inkblot that led to the response
• Assumes the test taker’s responses are projections of their personal conflicts and personality dynamics
• Widely used but not demonstrated to be reliable and valid - too subjective
Projective tests
• Not valid – cant be said to accurately measure what they say they measure
• Not reliable – don’t get consistent results over time or across analysts
Write your impression of this inkblot
• Describe what you see• Describe any feelings associated with the
image• DO NOT WRITE YOUR NAME ON THE CARD
Thematic Apperception Tests (TAT)
• Consists of 19 cards ambiguous black and white pictures• Test taker has to make up a story for each card he sees
– what happened before, – What is happening now, – what the people are feeling and thinking, – and how things will turn out
• Looks for recurring themes in the responses• Scoring has yet to be demonstrated to be either reliable
or valid
What are the pros and cons of projective tests?
• Pros • Cons
Applications – how can projective tests be used in the real world?
http://tinyurl.com/mw74oc7
LAB 11 sentence completion
• Go to this page, do lab 11 (skip 10)
Take the test: http://www.humanmetrics.com/cgi-win/JTypes2.asp
Read your type: https://www.personalitypage.com/html/portraits.html
What’s your MB type?
Read your MB type and answer…
• Is your type description accurate?• Are any statements inaccurate? Which ones?• Who is the best match for you as a lover/life
partner?
Homework due next class
• Find a personality quiz online or in a magazine• Take it. Screenshot proof of completion.• Think about the questions asked in the test.
Test question correlation• Mark each question with the MBTI dimension it is trying to
measure– EI– NS– TF– PJ
• Put a dot under the letter (of the 2) that would agree with the statement
• Q1 Ex: You are almost never late for your appointments
MBTI Line up!
• What is the personality make up of this class?
Who cares?
1. Why is knowing your personality type useful?
2. MBTI is a trait test, not a projective test. What does this mean?
Big 5 Facets
• Openness ------------------------ +
• Conscientiousness - ----------------------- +
• Extraversion ------------------------ +
• Agreeableness - ----------------------- +
• Neuroticism ------------------------ +
Tom’s Big 5 score
• Tom is a musician who likes to go on road trips in his truck and play music at bars around the country.
• He enjoys meeting people at the bars, he’s the life of the party.
• He sleeps in his truck which is a mess. • He owes money on his car payments but doesn’t
worry too much about late payments and damaging his credit score.
• His mom asks him to come home often. He ignores her and does what he wants.
Create your own Big 5 character
• Describe a person of your creation• Draw a Big 5 facet scale and place them on it
each facet, explaining why.• O - ----------------------- +• C - ----------------------- +• E - ----------------------- +• A - ----------------------- +• N - ----------------------- +
Matchmaker activity
• Sandy, heterosexual female, 31• “Serial monogomist”, has a long list
of long term relationships, little single time in-between
• Small circle of close friends she would do anything for
• Generous with time, money, advice, affection
• Plans beautiful parties for loved ones’ birthdays, weddings, special events
• Detail-oriented, notices what people are wearing each day and other observations
Answer the following questions about Sandy
• What’s her myers briggs type?• What types would be a good match for her?• Whats the best combo for her on each facet?
– II or IE– SS or SN– FF or FT– JJ or JP
• How would she FEEL and REACT if her best friend picked her up for “brunch” but then took her to the airport and whisked her off on a surprise vacation?
• Design the perfect man for Sandy. Describe his name, age, family background, personality and their wedding.
Matchmaker activity II• Simon, homosexual male, 25• Outgoing, friendly and down to earth• Likes to debate• Gets annoyed with his slobby roommates
who are willing to live in a pig sty! Not afraid to complain to them either!
• Already has internships lined up, job applications written, well-organized computer files, ready to graduate from college and get to work!
• Decided to move to east coast because that’s where the jobs are… even though it upsets his parents and friends that he’s going so far
• What’s his myers briggs type?• What types would be a good match for him?• How would he FEEL and REACT if his best bud
told him that he was gifting his other ticket to the Grammy’s to his disabled brother (even though they’re not that close)
• Design the perfect man for Simon. Describe his name, age, family background, personality and their wedding.
Take this online personality quiz
Color personality quiz, youtube (doesn’t work on ipad)
http://tinyurl.com/lcslhaf
1. What color did you choose?2. Is the description of your personality
accurate?3. Is any part of the description inaccurate?
We are all fortune tellers!
• Create “stock spiel” - a personality description that ANYONE would agree describes them
• Mention at least 5 characteristics• At least 1 should be mildly negative (seems more realistic that
way)
Observations of a person
Now, add 2 more comments based on your observation of ME, TODAY that describe my personality (imagine you’ve never seen me before and I’m paying you to read my fortune)
• Clothes – style, cost, condition• Wedding ring?• Car • Posture• Eye-contact• Nails/hands (manicure?)
Make your own personality test!
• Will be included in exhibition magazine• Groups of 4 – 4 personality tests or fewer?• Different formats?
Generate a character!
• Fold a paper in thirds
1st minute – draw character’s head. Include appearance, and a speech bubble with character quote.
2nd minute – pass paper to left. Draw character’s torso. What are they holding? Draw an item that reflects their job, hobbies or eating habits.
3rd minute – draw their bottom half. Include a mode of transportation, maybe a background that tells us something about the person.
4th minute – decide as a group what this character’s name, gender, age, occupation and Myers Briggs type are.
Brainstorm
• What types of people are there?
Create your own personality quiz!
• Read handout – this is your unit deliverable• It is your LAST exhibition piece at Da Vinci
Design – make it good!• Do 17 magazine quiz (link on sheet)
What valentine’s day type of person are you?
• http://www.seventeen.com/fun/quizzes/prom/valentines-day-personality-quiz
First step – create 4 detailed characters/personality types
• What does your character do on weekends?• What does their house look like?• How do they eat? Sleep? Dress?• Who are their friends?• What job do they have?• How are they in relationships?• What Myers Briggs type are they?
Personality type, and their response to Q ANSWER CHOICE 1Ex : Social butterfly
ANSWER CHOICE 2 ANSWER CHOICE 3 ANSWER CHOICE 4
Q1 Ex: You bump into your teacher on a night out – awkward – how do you react?
Smile big, say hello and ask what they’re doing here
Q2
Q3
Q4
Q5
Q6
Q7
Q8
Q9
Q10
Al and Bill – projective test analysis
• Read the answers to the 12 questions by two men, Al and Bill
• Dispositional or situational?
Can a leopard change its
spots?(Homework)
Is personality fixed? Do people change their fundamental perspectives, values, emotional responses throughout life? Create a table such as the one below, and categorize each theorist as either fixed (deterministic) or flexible
(nondeterministic). Explain why.
Theorist Deterministic
Nondeterministic
Why? Detailed explanation with evidence from their theory
Freud (psychoanalyst)B.F. Skinner (behaviorist)Maslow (humanist)Rogers (humanist)
-What is a Rorschach test? -Who created the Rorschach test, and how was it originally used? -How has the use of the Rorschach test changed over time? -In what ways is the world a different place now than it was 80 years ago, when the test was first created? -What are some other examples of psychological tests that are used in our society today? -How, in general, do these tests work? -What are some arguments for and against the use of tests like these in our society today?
a. How long ago was the Rorschach test first created? b. How often is this test used today? Chapter 10: Psychological Assessmentwww.nytimes.comJackie Glasthal, The New York Times Learning Networkc. Why is this test considered controversial? d. What is a "projective" test? In addition to Rorschach, what are some other examples of projective tests? e. To what purposes do some psychologists recommend these tests be limited? Why do other psychologists disagree? f. Where did Dr. Hermann Rorschach first get the idea for this inkblot test baring his name? g. What are some of the criteria that experts use to help them score Rorschach tests? h. Who developed systematic rules for scoring Rorschach tests that are still used today? About how long does it take to train a clinician in the use of these systematic rules? i. In what types of situations do some experts consider Rorschach tests to be most useful? j. In what situations are Rorschach tests used today that can dramatically affect peoples' lives? k. What does the term "overpathologize" mean, as it is used in this article? l. What does Dr. Weiner means when he says, "Tests don't 'overpathologize.' That's done by the person who interprets them"? m. How does Dr. Meyer compare psychological tests like the Rorschach with medical tests like ultrasounds and M.R.I.'s?
