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Important Terms
• Pathogens--The "infector"• Antigen--A foreign substance that elicits the immune
response of recognizing particular microorganisms• Antibody--The immune system uses this protein and
specialized lymphocytes when responding to an antigen
I. The Three Lines of Defense (5)
1.Barriers at the body's surface2.Nonspecific Responses3.Immune Responses
THE FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE:The Barriers at the Body's Surface (5)Attacks Everything• Intact skin
o For example: oil and sweat secreted from glands give the skin a pH of around 3-5 which is not an ideal place for microorganisms to colonize.
• Mucous Membraneo For example: nose, eyes, mouth, lysozyme, throat
Lysozyme = An enzyme that digests the cell walls of bacteria, further destroying the risk of infection of the respiratory system and openings around the eyes
In the nose and throat there is mucous that catches microbes. **The not as strong pathogens get stuck here and are flushed
out through tears, saliva, urination, and diarrhea**• Infection fighting chemicals
o For example: tears, saliva
THE SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE: Nonspecific Responses (5)Attacks Everything• Inflammation
o Is triggered by physical injury. Histamine and prostaglandins are released as chemical
signals Blood flow is increased (vasodilation), vessel permeability is
increased, and phagocytes migrate to the cut Phagocytes (macrophages and neutrophils) consume the
pathogens and cell debris so that everything can heal• Organs with pathogen-killing functions
o For example: lymph nodes• Some cytotoxic cells with a range of targets
o For example: NK cells• Natural Killer Cells
o Goes around killing the body's own infected cells
THE THIRD LINE OF DEFENSE: Immune Responses (5)Attacks One Thing
• The immune system is able to recognize invaders by their antigenic markers, and therefore has a memory called acquired immunity
• T and B cellso Which function in the cell-mediated immune response and carry out
humoral immune responses Humoral Immune Responses are triggered by antibodies
• Macrophages that interact with the T and B cells• Communication signals
o For example: interleukins Interleukin is a chemical regulator that is secreted by the
macrophages. It consumes a pathogen and then binds to a T cell. The T cell then grows and multiplies and elevates the body temperature.
• Chemical Weaponso For example: antibodieso REVIEW: http://vimeo.com/29985549
II. How Do White Blood Cells Destroy Pathogens in the Blood Stream? -Neutrophil (WBC) divide and are dumped into blood stream and lymph fluids to fight the infection
-They fight invaders by "eating" bacteria and other foreign matter, neutrophil membrane wraps around the invader and traps it
-T Type lymphocyte kills foreign cells or helps to kill them by releasing chemicals---> endocytosis
III. Vaccines
• When the body is under attack white blood cells are activated and begin making antibodies
• Antibodies: • Vaccines are made up of a weaker version of the bacteria or
virus or a dead form of the organism• When injected, antibodies are produced, and after stay in
the body, thus when the real disease comes the body is ready to attack it right away
• Analogy: "most wanted poster" vs. actual killer
III. Active and Passive Immunity!Active Immunity:• Naturally acquired: when a person is exposed to a live
pathogen by environment• Artificially acquired: when a person is exposed to the
pathogen through a vaccinePassive Immunity:• Naturally acquired: happens during pregnancy, where
certain antibodies are passed from the maternal bloodstream into the fetal bloodstream.
IV. Autoimmune Diseases
An autoimmune disease is when the immune system attacks and destroys its own tissues. The immune system can't recognize the difference between healthy body tissues and antigens
Examples:-Celiac Disease-Type 1 Diabetes-Lupus
Football Analogy
Offensive Line- doesn't let other team get near quarterback (Ist)
Running Back- if the other teamgets past offensive line, then running backs step up to protect quarterback (2nd)
Quarterback-up to quarterback to run away from defense or pass the ball to a teammate (3rd)
Bibliography1. Soni, Rajinder. "Food-How to Keep Yourself Healthy with Probiotics?"
Boddunan.com. Boddunan, 15 Sept. 2009. Web. 23 Oct. 2011. <http://www.boddunan.com/health-a-fitness/39-food/3464-how-to-keep-yourself-healthy-with-probiotics.html>.• "Autoimmune Disorders." Lab Tests Online:
Welcome! AACC, 13 Oct. 2011. Web. 24 Oct. 2011. <http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/autoimmune/>.
• "Human Physiology/The Immune System - Wikibooks, Open Books for an Open World." Wikibooks. 15 Oct. 2011. Web. 24 Oct. 2011. <http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Human_Physiology/The_Immune_System>.
• "White Blood Cells." Partnerships for Environmental Education and Rural Health (PEER). Web. 24 Oct. 2011. <http://peer.tamu.edu/curriculum_modules/OrganSystems/module_1/whatweknow5.htm>.
• Starr, Cecie, Ralph Taggart, and Lisa Starr. "Immunity." Biology the Unity and Diversity of Life. Australia: Brooks/Cole, 2001. 690-96. Print.
Bibliography (cont.)
6. "Inflammatory Response | Biology." Khan Academy. BY-NC-SA. Web. 24 Oct. 2011. <http://www.khanacademy.org/video/inflammatory-response?playlist=Biology>.7."Immunity: Active and Passive Immunity — Infoplease.com." Infoplease: Encyclopedia, Almanac, Atlas, Biographies, Dictionary, Thesaurus. Free Online Reference, Research & Homework Help. — Infoplease.com. Pearson Education, 2007. Web. 24 Oct. 2011. <http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/sci/A0858765.html>.8. "How Do Vaccines Work?" HealthyChildren.org - How Do Vaccines Work? American Academy of Pediatrics, 31 May 2011. Web. 24 Oct. 2011. <http://www.healthychildren.org/English/safety-prevention/immunizations/pages/How-do-Vaccines-Work.aspx?nfstatus=401&nftoken=00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000&nfstatusdescription=ERROR%3a+No+local+token>.