The Impact of Climate Change on Food Security in the People's Republic of China - paper

8/8/2019 The Impact of Climate Change on Food Security in the People's Republic of China - paper

1/21

ZOD IGXKAZ ME ALIGKZD AOK@ND M@ EMMJ QDATVIZY K@J

XMUDVZY I@ ZOD XDMXLDQ VDXTFLIA ME AOI@K

[i, Ntfm Aoi`k Knviatlztvkl Tìudvqizy;

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emmj qdatvizy k`j zomqd lmqqdq kvd amàd`zvkzi`n m` utl`dvkfld xdmxld, dkqy zm

dxmqtvd zm `kztvkl jiqkqzdvq k`j lk`j jdnvkjkzim`. Vdldukàd me emmj qdatvizy iqqtd

i` Aoi`k zm mzodv jdudlmxi`n amt`zvidq iq klqm jiqatqqdj t`jdv zod aligkzd aok`nd

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okud zodiv m~` kjkxzkfilizy zm aligkzd aok`nd zovmtno knviatlztvkl xvmjtazim`

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i`qtvkàd, zody `ddj dzdv`kl qtxxmvz jdalkvi`n i` xmudvzy kllduikzim` xmliaidq ~izo

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qtnndqzdj zokz xvkaziakl amgxd`qkzim` m` emmj xvmjtazim` emv amxi`n ~izo aoklld`ndq

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; Jv [i Ntfm iq xvmedqqmv me zod Amlldnd me Otgkìzidq k`j Jdudlmxgd`z Qztjidq kz Aoi`k Knviatlztvkl

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2/21

; ZOD IGXMVZK@AD ME KNVIATLZTVKL JDUDLMXGD@Z I@ AOI@K

;.; Am`zviftzim` me knviatlztvkl jdudlmxgd`z i` Aoi`k zm emmj

qdatvizy

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688>, `dz advdkl dxmvzq ~dvd >.95 gillim` zm`q k`j `dz qmyfdk` igxmvzq ~dvd 18.?6

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6


3/21

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me knviatlztvd i` zod dam`mgy. Zod xmxtlkzim` i` xmudvzy jdavdkqdq qlm~ly i` zod

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aligkzia ekazmvq.

6 ZOD IGXKAZ ME ALIGKZD AOK@ND M@ KNVIATLZTVD K@JXMUDVZY I@ AOI@K

Zod igxkazq me aligkzd aok`nd m` knviatlztvkl iq zovmtno zod aok`nd me zdgxdvkztvd,

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jiqkjuk`zkndq i`jtadj fy aligkzd aok`nd m` knviatlztvkl xvmjtazim` i` Aoi`k, ftz zod

nd`dvkl igxkazq kvd zd`ji`n zm gmvd `dnkziud.

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4/21

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:


5/21

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gky okud i`jtadj gmvd lmqdq m` emmj xvmjtazim`.

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4


6/21

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qm zod ivvinkzdj kvdk me zovdd gki` avmxq i` Aoi`k ~ill aok`nd kaamvji`nly. Zod gki`

aok`nd me knviatlztvkl qyqzdg iq amàltjdj kq emtv kqxdazq. Zod eivqz m`d iq zod

aok`nd me gtlzixld xlk`zi`n kvdk dzd`jdj zm `mvzo k`j oino klziztjd kvdk. Zod

qdam`j m`d iq xlk`zi`n kvdk me ~i`zdv ~odkz dzd`jdj zm `mvzo k`j ~dqz. Zod zoivj

m`d iq gkird i` `mvzodkqz gmudj zm `mvzo k`j dkqz. Zod emtvzo m`d iq zod dzd`zqim`

me xlk`zi`n kvdk me lkzd gkztvdj ukvidzidq /Li Yibt` dz kl, 68;8).

îzo oinodv AM6 dgiqqim`, vkxij xmxtlkzim` nvm~zo k`j dam`mgia nvm~zo, kukilkfld

~kzdv emv knviatlztvd ~ill fd jdavdkqdj vkxijly. Kvdk me viad xvmjtazim` ~ill fd

jdavdkqdj fy :8$ k`j zod vki`'edj gkird xlk`zdj ~ill fd iàvdkqdj fy gmvd zok`

:8$ /=).

Qmgd vdqdkvao okq klqm amàltjdj zokz zodvd kvd `dnkziud igxkazq m` avmxq xlk`zdji` damzm`dq ~izo vdlkziudly amml dùivm`gd`z, emv dkgxld, jdavdkqd me xmzkzm

xvmjtazim` xlk`zdj i` qmtzodv` gmt`zki` kvdkq me @i`nik /Qt` Ek`n, 688?).

Vdqdkvao vdqtlz /^k`n Etzk`n, 6886) qom~q zokz knviatlztvkl xlk`zi`n qyqzdg ~ill fd

aok`ndj zm k lkvnd dzd`z. I` `mvzodkqz vdnim` me Aoi`k, viad xvmjtazim` gmudj zm

`mvzo qinìeiak`zly qiàd ;998q k`j zod xlk`zi`n kvdk me viad i` Odilm`nbik`n xvmuiàd

i` 6888 ~kq > zigdq me zokz i` ;9?> /^k`n Ytk` dz kl, 6884). Kz zod qkgd zigd, gki`

gkird xvmjtazim` kvdk ~kq gmudj zm qmtzodv` xkvz i` Odilm`nbik`n xvmuiàd, k`j

~odkz k`j qmyfdk` gmudj zm `mvzodv` xkvz, k`j xvmjtazim` me zomqd avmxq xvdedvvi`n

amml ~dkzodv nmz jdavdkqd /Xk` Otkqod`n dz kl, 688:). Lm~'zdgxdvkztvd amljjiqkqzdv okj fdd` kllduikzdj zm qmgd dzd`z k`j zod xlk`zdj kvdk me lkzd gkztvdj ~izo

oino yidlj ukvidzidq iàvdkqd /Xk` Zidet, ;99?). Viad xvmjtazim` iq igxvmudj i`

Aok`nbik`n ~kzdvqodj jtd zm zod igxvmudgd`z me qt`linoz k`j zdgxdvkztvd /IXAA,

688>).

6.1 Xmudvzy igxkazq me aligkzd aok`nd

Zod utl`dvkfilizy aktqdj fy aligkzd aok`nd viqcq iq fdamgi`n m`d me zod gki` aktqdq

me xmudvzy. Zod xdmxld i` damlmniaklly qd`qiziud kvdkq okud ~dkcdv kjkxzkfilizy zm

aligkzd aok`nd viqcq, zotq kvd gmvd licdly zm ekll i`zm uiazigq me liudliommj utl`dvkfilizy,

k`j xmudvzy iàijdàd iq oinodv. Zodvd ~dvd 61.54 gillim` kfqmltzdly xmmv xdmxld i`

Aoi`k i` 6884, gmvd zok` 94$ me ~omg liudj i` vdgmzd kvdkq, gi`mvizy'iòkfizdj

kvdkq, k`j evm`zidv kvdkq. Zod xmudvzy'qzviacd` kvdkq kvd kll ~izo dzvdgdly evknild

damlmniakl dùivm`gd`z /Gi iqzvy me Dùivm`gd`zkl Xvmzdazim`, 688?). Zodvd kvd

klvdkjy qmgd xvigkvy vdqdkvaodq m` zod ijd zieiakzim` me vdxvdqd zkziud kvdkq i`

~oiao aligkzd igxkazq m` cdy damqyqzdgq kvd licdly zm amgxdl qinìeiak`z aok`ndq i`

liudliommj xkzzdv`q, k`j ~odvd atvvd`z xmxtlkzim`q kvd xmmv mv mzodv~iqd utl`dvkfld.

Aoi`dqd Kakjdgy me Qaidàdq /688>) ijd`zieidj emtv vdnim`q me oino utl`dvkfilizy

iàltji`n2 zod kvij k`j qdgi'kvij `mvzo~dqz /gmqz xkvzq me dkqzdv` _i`bik`n, `mvzodv`

[i`noki, Nk`qt, @i`nik, Qokkì, ~dqzdv` I``dv Gm`nmlik)3 zod Zifdz'[i noki

5


7/21

xlkzdkt3 zod ckvqz txlk`jq me qmtzo~dqz Aoi`k /xkvzq me Ntiromt, Qiaotk`,

Aom`n{i`n)3 k`j jd`qdly xmxtlkzdj xdvi'tvfk` amkqzkl rm`dq. Mekg k`j mzodvq

/6889) ijd`zieidj zod damzm`dq k`j xmudvzy qzviacd` amt`zidq /Nvdd`xdkad, Mekg,

68893 Li Romt, Qt` Vtmgdi, Nkm Li`n dz kl., ;99>). Zod Xvmnvkg emv Xvmzdazim` me zod

@kzim`kl Damlmniaklly Evknild Rm`dq, iqqtdj fy zod Gi iqzvy me Dùivm`gd`zkl

Xvmzdazim` me Aoi`k, liqzq dinoz `kzim`kl damlmniaklly evknild rm`dq, `kgdly, zod

@mvzodkqz emvdqz'nvkqq damzm`d, zod @mvzo knviatlztvd'kìgkl otqfk`jvy damzm`d, zod

@mvzo~dqz jdqdvz'mkqiq damzm`d, zod Qmtzo vdj'qmil oilly k`j gmt`zki`mtq damzm`d,

zod Qmtzo~dqz ckvqz k`j jdqdvzieiakzim` damzm`d, zod Qmtzo~dqz gmt`zki`mtq

knviatlztvd'k igkl otqfk`jvy damzm`d, zod [i`noki'Zifdz Xlkzdkt amgxld dvmqim`

damzm`d k`j zod amkqzkl ~kzdv'lk`j zvk`qizim` damzm`d /Giìqzvy me Dùivm`gd`zkl

Xvmzdazim`, 688?). Evmg eintvd ;, ~d ak` qdd zod xmudvzy qiztkzim` iq gmvd qdvimtq

klqm i` zodqd damzm`dq.

Eintvd ;. Xdvad`zkndq me vtvkl xmmv xmxtlkzim` i` ? gkbmv damzm`dq

Qmtvad2 zod qzkziqziaq k`j aklatlkzim` evmg @kzim`kl Ftvdkt me Qzkziqziaq me Aoi`k

I` nd`dvkl, aligkzd aok`nd ~ill fvi`n jivdaz k`j i`jivdaz igxkazq m` xmudvzy. Zod jivdaz

igxkazq kvd vdlkzi`n ~izo dzvdgd ~dkzodv jiqkqzdvq i`jtai`n lmqdq m` knviatlztvd,

kqqdzq me liudliommj, k`j ièvkqzvtaztvd. Zod i`jivdaz igxkazq kvd evmg zovdkzd` zm

dam`mgia nvm~zo. Zodvd kvd gmvd zovdkzd`q zm xmmv kvdk, ~oiao vdlidq gmvd m`

vkièkll k`j mzodv `kztvkl vdqmtvadq, ~izo izq ~dkc kjkxzkzim` akxkaizy me ei`kàd,

zdao`mlmny k`j i`qziztzim`. Gmvd igxkazq kvd klqm nmi`n zm damzm`dq jtd zm zomqd

kvdkq oinodv qd`qiziuizy zm aligkzd ekazmvq. I`zdv kvdkq me xmudvzy k`j damzm`dq fvi`n

oino aoklld`ndq zm xmudvzy kllduikzim`.

Aligkzd viqcq kvd gkìedqzdj i` zod kfmud'gd`zim`dj damzm`dq kq evd{td`z `kztvkl

jiqkqzdvq ~oiao kvd fdamgi`n zod gkbmv aktqd me xmudvzy k`j ldkj zm k oinodv

xmudvzy iàijdàd i` zodqd kvdkq. Li Bikyk` /6884) xmi`zdj mtz zokz zodvd kvd zovdd

jivdaz aktqdq me qliji`n'fkac i`zm xmudvzy, `kgdly, `kztvkl jiqkqzdvq, qdvimtq jiqdkqdq

k`j xmxtlkzim` xvdqqtvd. Kfmtz >8$ me qlijd'fkac i`zm xmudvzy iq aktqdj fy `kztvkl

>


8/21

jiqkqzdvq. @id Rom`n{it dz kl. /688>) xmi`zdj mtz zokz kaamvji`n zm zod qtvudy me qlijd'

fkac i`zm xmudvzy am`jtazdj fy @kzim`kl Ftvdkt me Qzkziqziaq i` 6881, 44$ me ekvgdvq

qliji`n fkac i zm xmudvzy i` zokz ydkv okj fdd` oiz fy `kztvkl jiqkqzdvq. ôd`

k`klyri`n zod aktqdq me vtvkl xmmv xmxtlkzim` i` Aoi`k, Ntm Ym`nrom`n /6886) emt`j

zokz okvqo `kztvkl am`jizim`q k`j evd{td`z `kztvkl jiqkqzdvq ~dvd zod vmmz aktqdq me

xmudvzy. _id Ym`nnk`n /688>) i`jiakzdj zokz `kztvkl jiqkqzdvq gkjd iz ~mvqd i` zod

xmudvzy'qzviacd` kvdkq ~izo utl`dvkfld damqyqzdgq k`j lm~ dam`mgia jdudlmxgd`z

ldudl, zotq k uiaimtq aivald ~kq emvgdj i` k zvkac me jiqkqzdvq xmudvzy gmvd

qdudvd jiqkqzdvq gmvd qdvimtq xmudvzy, k`j `kztvkl jiqkqzdvq ~dvd zod gkbmv aktqd

me qlijd'fkac i`zm xmudvzy. Qztjidq m` zod vdlkzim`qoix fdz~dd` vtvkl xmudvzy k`j

elmmjq k`j jvmtnoz akvvidj mtz fy Rok`n _ikm k`j mzodvq qom~dj zokz vtvkl xmudvzy

iàijdàd ~mtlj iàvdkqd fy 6'1$ ~izo dudvy ;8$ iàvdkqd i` zod jkgknd zm

knviatlztvkl xvmjtazim` gkjd fy elmmjq k`j jvmtnoz. I` k ekgi`d ydkv, zod vdlkxqd vkzd

i` vtvkl kvdkq i` Ntiromt Xvmuiàd iq kq oino kq mudv 68$. Xi`naok`n Amt`zy i` zod

[i`fk gmt`zki`mtq kvdkq ~kq oiz fy qdudvd `kztvkl jiqkqzdvq i` ;991, k`j zod nvki`yidlj jdavdkqdj fy 1;.4$ zokz ydkv3 aklatlkzdj fy zod `tgfdv me xmmv omtqdomljq

k`j xmmv xmxtlkzim`, zod vdlkxqd vkzdq ~dvd 98$ k`j ?4$ vdqxdaziudly. I` zod

knviatlztvkl kvdkq i` Fiqok` Zm~` zokz ~kq m`d me zod ~mvqz'oiz vdnim`q, zod vdlkxqd

vkzd dud` vdkaodj tx zm 94$. I` fvide, jiqkqzdv'i`jtadj xmudvzy iq k gkbmv edkztvd me

vtvkl xmudvzy i` Aoi`k.

Etvzodvgmvd, qmgd kjbtqzgd`z me knviatlztvd amtlj dòkàd zod kjkxzkzim` akxkaizy

zm aligkzd aok`nd, ftz ~izomtz xmmv xdmxldq iùmludgd z. Ekailizy knviatlztvd

jdudlmxgd`z iq k amgfi`kzim` me xlk`ì`n k`j ktzm`mgmtq kjkxzkzim` qzvkzdny i`

Aoi`k k`j iz iq gmvd ~izo xlk`ì`n aokvkazdvq i` ~dqzdv` kvdk me Aoi`k, ~odvd zodekvgdvq `ddj gmvd qtxxmvz evmg mtzqijd emv kjbtqzi`n zodiv xvmjtazim` qzvtaztvd.

Om~dudv, jtvi`n jdudlmxi`n kjkxzkfilizy i` qmgd akqdq, xmmv xdmxld ~dvd daltjdj

/Fm ;).

Fm ;. Daltqim` me xmmv xmxtlkzim` evmg xlk`ì`n kjkxzkzim` kaziuizidq

Ftbik Uillknd i` Qokkì Xvmuiàd ematqdq m` udndzkfld nvddòmtqdq i` izq i`jtqzvikljdudlmxgd`z. Dkao udndzkfld nvddòmtqd ak` xvmjtad k `dz iàmgd me kfmtzVGF;8, 888 dudvy ydkv. Zotq, zod nvddòmtqdq kvd udvy xmxtlkv ~izo ekvgdvq. Zodvdkvd klzmndzodv 15 nvddòmtqdq i` zod uillknd `m~. Zod xvmbdaz et`jq kvd evmg zodqxdaiklirdj lmk`q emv xmudvzy kllduikzim`. Zod nvddòmtqd xvmbdaz ~kq ~m` fy zod

uillknd vdlkziudly dkqily, qiàd zod uillknd iq k xmudvzy kllduikzim` xmi`z jdqin`kzdj fyzod jdxtzy qdavdzkvy me zod gt iaixkl Xkvzy amggizzdd k`j nvddòmtqdq kq kìgxmvzk`z gdk`q emv avdkzi`n ~dklzo i` zod uillknd. Om~dudv, zod zovdqomlj emv zoiqxvmbdaz iq vkzodv oino emv ekvgdvq. K nvddòmtqd iq kfmtz ;8 gdzdvq ~ijd k`j ~izo kld`nzo me 48';88 gdzdvq. K zmzkl me VGF;:,888 iq `ddjdj zm ftilj k 48'gdzdv'lm`nnvddòmtqd k`j VGF;>,888';?,888 emv k ;88'gdzdv'lm`n m`d. îzo m`ly VGF9,888qtfqijirdj lmk`q xvmuijdj fy nmudv`gd z, k ekvgdv okq zm xky VGF4,888'9,888 emv knvddòmtqd. Fdqijdq, od klqm okq zm xky kfmtz VGF;48 emv zdaoìakl ntijkàd xdvydkv. Zodvdemvd, xmmv omtqdomljq ak``mz xkvziaixkzd i` zoiq xvmbdaz. Emv dkgxld, kuillkndv `kgdj Xdi Ndàkiq ekgily okq emtv gdgfdvq k`j iq kz zod gijjld ldudl i`zdvgq me ei`kàikl kfilizy. Zod ekgily qmlj k` m i` 6881 k`j fmvvm~dj evmg evid`jq k`jlmk` qokvcq /~izo k` i`zdvdqz me 18$), k`j nmz `dkvly VGF68, 888 ei`klly, qm zokz zody

amtlj xkvziaixkzd i` zod xvmbdaz me ginvkzim` k`j vdlmakzim`. Zomtno zody okj k

?


9/21

gdzok`d zk`c k`j vt`ì`n ~kzdv kz omgd kezdv zod xvmbdaz, zod ekgily ak``mz keemvj kudndzkfld nvddòmtqd k`y gmvd.

Qmtvad2 zod Qzkzd Amtàil Ldkji`n Nvmtx Meeiad me Xmudvzy Kllduikzim` k`j Jdudlmxgd`z,

Qy`zodqiq Vdxmvz me Xvmnvkg emv Xmudvzy Kllduikzim` k`j Jdudlmxgd z i` Vtvkl Kvdkq me

Aoi`k, 6889.

I` qmgd dzvdgd ~dkzodv dud`zq, odklzo emmj k`j ~kzdv amtlj `mz fd qdatvdj, dud`

~izo i`'zigd qklukzim`, qm odklzo me xmmv xmxtlkzim` ~mtlj fd zovdkzd`dj. Jiqdkqdq

jtd zm lm~dv vdqiqzk`z kfilizy k`j xmqqifld gkl`tzvizim` kvd xmqqifld maatvvdàd.

6.: Vdldukàd me emmj qdatvizy i` Aoi`k zm mzodv jdudlmxi`n

amt`zvidq

Emmj qdatvizy vdgki`q aoklld`ni`n emv gmqz amt`zvidq i` Keviak, niud` lm~ knviatlztvkl

nvm~zo, vkxij xmxtlkzim` nvm~zo, ~dkc emvdin` daok`nd dkv i nq, k`j oino

zvk`qkazim` amqzq i` li`ci`n jmgdqzia k`j i`zdv`kzim`kl gkvcdzq. Igxmvzk`z aoklld`ndqxdvqiqz emv knviatlztvd i` mzodv vdnim`q kq ~dll. ôdvd nvm~zo i` `m`knviatlztvkl

qdazmvq okq kaadldvkzdj, dqxdaiklly i` Kqik, zod vdkllmakzim` me lkfmv mtz me knviatlztvd

iq lknni`n, amàd`zvkzi`n xmudvzy i` vtvkl kvdkq k`j ~ijdì`n vtvkl tvfk` iàmgd

jiqxkvizidq. Zoiq fdamgdq k gkbmv qmtvad me xmliziakl zd`qim`q k`j i`qdatvizy. ôdvd

knviatlztvdq qokvd i` zod dam`mgy okq qovt`c qinìeiak`zly, kq i` Lkzi` Kgdviak,

am``dazi`n xmmv vtvkl omtqdomljq zm knviatlztvdq `d~ jy`kgia qtfqdazmvq, dizodv kq

qgkllomljdvq mv kq ~mvcdvq, vdgki`q k aoklld`nd /^mvlj Fk`c, 688?2 65). Qm emmj

qdatvizy i` Aoi`k gdk`q kz ldkqz zod qzkfilizy me m`d eiezo xmxtlkzim`q i` zod ~mvlj

amtlj fd cdxz k`j zod ~mvlj emmj gkvcdz ~m`z fd eltaztkzdj zmm gtao. Etvzodvgmvd,

zod dxdvidàdq me Aoi`k m` knviatlztvkl jdudlmxgd`z k`j emmj qdatvizy xvimvizy amtlj

fd qokvdj gmvd ~izo mzodv jdudlmxi`n amt zvidq, klm`n ~izo Aoi`kq kij xmliaidq

aok`nd, d.n. emmj kij zm Keviak` amt`zvidq.

1 I@ZDVLI@CKND ME XMUDVZY KLLDUIKZIM@ K@J GIZINKZIM@

K@J KJKXZKZIM@ ZM ALIGKZD AOK@ND EVMG I@QZIZTZIM@KL

XDVQXDAZIUD

Ekai`n ~izo zovdkzd` me aligkzd aok`nd m` knviatlztvkl xvmjtazim` k`j emmj qdatvizy3

zodvd kvd lm`n'zdvg aoklld`ndq emv igxvmui`n knviatlztvkl kjkxzkfilizy k`j jded`ji`n

akxkaizy zm aligkzd jiqkqzdvq. Iz iq klqm k aoklld`nd emv zomqd xmmv xdmxld liui`n i`

evknild kvdkq zm kjkxz zm aligkzd aok`nd i`jtadj qiztkzim` k`j cddx zodiv liudliommj

qzkfld k`j qtqzki dj. Gizinkzim` k`j kjkxzkzim` kvd z~m kqxdazq i` amxi`n ~izo

aligkzd aok`nd aoklld`ndq. Gizinkzim` iq k lm`n'zdvg k`j kvjtmtq zkqc, k`j

kjkxzkzim` zm aligkzd aok`nd iq k vdkliqzia k`j dgdvnd`z zkqc. Aoi`k okq xvmgiqdj m`

vdjtai`n nvddòmtqd nkq dgiqqim` ~izo dòkài`n xmliaidq m` qkui`n d`dvny k`j

mxzigiri`n i`jtqzvikl qzvtaztvd3 k`j kz zod qkgd zigd, iz klqm ematqdq m` igxvmui`n

kjkxzkfilizy zm aligkzd aok`nd zovmtno damlmniakl xvmzdazim` xvmnvkg k`j

ièvkqzvtaztvd am`qzvtazim` m` xvdud`zi`n k`j kllduikzi n jiqkqzdvq /@JVA, 688>).

ôkz zomqd xmliaidq okud fvmtnoz zm xmudvzy ~oild qmlui`n xvmfldgq jtd zm aligkzd

9


10/21

aok`nd iq k aviziakl {tdqzim` i` zdvgq me xmmv xdmxldq liudliommj. M` zod mzodv ok`j,

xmudvzy kllduikzim` xmliaidq ~dvd lkqzi`n emv qdudvkl jdakjdq qiàd k emvgkl Dinoz'

Qdud` Xmudvzy Kllduikzim` Qzvkzdny i` ;9?> k`j xlkydj k` igxmvzk`z vmld m` vdjtai`n

xmudvzy i` Aoi`k. ôd` ekai`n gmvd k`j gmvd qdvimtq qiztkzim` i`jtadj fy aligkzd

aok`nd k`j qmgd xvdqqtvdq evmg zomqd xvmgiqdq me gizinkzim` aligkzd aok`nd, iz iq

t`kumijkfld zm ematq m` zod etàzim` me xmudvzy kllduikzim` qzvkzdny i` Aoi`k m`

vdjtai`n aligkzia viqcq.

1.; Xmudvzy kllduikzim` qzvkzdny k`j aligkzia viqcq

Xmudvzy kllduikzim` qzvkzdnidq i` Aoi`k i` zod 6; ad`ztvy vdjtad xmudvzy zovmtno k`

i`zdnvkzdj uillknd xlk`ì`n k`j i`jtqzviklirkzim` kxxvmkao, zmndzodv ~izo ukvimtq

knviatlztvkl k`j vtvkl jdudlmxgd`z et`jq evmg zod nmudv`gd`z. Zodvd kvd qinìeiak`z

vdqtlzq me kllduikzdj xmudvzy gd`zim`dj i` xvduimtq am`zd`zq. Om~dudv, zod damlmniakl

utl dvkfilizy me xmmv xdmxld liui`n i` zomqd evknild kvdkq iq ndzzi`n ~mvqd jtd zm

aligkzia viqcq, ~oiao okud `mz fdd` i`zdnvkzdj i`zm atvvd`z xmudvzy kllduikzim` qzvkzdny.

Zoiq xkxdv k`klyqdq qdudvkl qxdaieia xmudvzy kllduikzim` xmliaidq ~izo aligkzd aok`nd

am`qijdvkzim , d.n. giavm'avdjiz, i`jtqzviklirkzim`, i`zdnvkzdj uillknd xlk`ì`n, k`j emmj

emv ~mvc.

Me zod gk`y zyxdq me xmudvzy kllduikzim` lmk`q, qgkll lmk`q ak` jivdazly vdkao

ekvgdvq, zotq fmmqz zod jiudvqizy me iàmgd qmtvadq me xmmv ekvgdvq fy akxizkl k`j

zdao`mlmniakl qtxxmvz k`j avdkzd am`jizim`q emv jiudvqieidj ~kyq me liui`n k`j akxizkl

kaatgtlkzim` emv ekvgdvq /Fm ;). Jiudvqieiakzim` me liudliommj iq k vkzim`kl mxzim` emv

ekvgdvq zm kumij viqc, ~oilqz akxizkl kaatgtlkzim` ak` odlx zodg jdkl ~izo finndv

viqcq. Giavmei`kàd xvmbdazq i` qmgd xlkadq klqm xvmuijd lmk`q ~od` alid`zq qteedvevmg t`dxdazdj jiqkqzdvq, zm gizinkzd viqc igxkazq. Zod amgxkviqm` fdz~dd` xvmbdaz

uillkndq k`j mvji`kvy uillkndq qom~dj zokz zod fmvvm~dv evmg zod xvmbdaz amtlj fdzzdv

qzk`j qdudvd `kztvkl jiqkqzdvq zok` ekvgdvq ~om okj `mz xkvziaixkzdj i` zod xvmbdaz,

k`j ~kq ldqq keedazdj i` am`qtgxzim` ldudl fy jiqkqzdvq /^t Ntmfkm dz kl., 6881).

Om~dudv, ekvgdvq ak``mz kumij lmqqdq me gkzdvikl kqqdzq i` t`dxdazdj jiqkqzdvq

~od` giavmei`kàd xvmbdazq kvd i` xvmnvdqq. T`jdv qtao aivatgqzkàdq, iz xvdud`zq

ekvgdvq evmg emvgi`n `d~ nvmtxq k`j fmvvm~i`n evmg zod xvmbdazq3 zodvdemvd, zod

liudliommj utl`dvkfilizy me ekvgdvq ak``mz fd vdjtadj k`j zodqd ekvgdvq ~ill vdgki`

xmmv. I` mzodv ~mvjq, giavmei`kàd okq izq m~` ligizq i` gizinkzi`n zod `dnkziud deedazq

me aligkzd aok`nd viqcq m` xmmv xmxtlkzim`, emv dkgxld, iz ak``mz zkcd zod xlkad me

giavm'i`qtvkàd ~od` qdudvd `kztvkl jiqkqzdvq maatv.

Fm 6. Vmld me zod giavmei`kàd i` vdjtai`n liudliommj utl`dvkfilizy me ekvgdvq

Ekvgdvq i` Rodntytk` Uillknd me Lintk` Zm~` i` _i`nvd` Amt`zy me NtiromtXvmuiàd vdalkigdj ~kqzdlk`j k`j xlk`zdj mudv 1,888 yd~q ;4 ydkvq knm. Fdemvdzody vdadiudj k`y qgkll lmk`q, zody okj zm atz jm~` k`j qdll zvddq kq zodiv gki`qmtvad me iàmgd. Om~dudv, dkao yd~ amtlj fd qmlj m`ly kz k xviad me VGF48'688,ftz zod xviad ~mtlj iàvdkqd zm VGF;,888 dkao ie iz iq atz jm~` kz zod knd me 68 k`jkfmud. Zok`cq zm qgkll lmk`q, zody fdnk` zm xlk`z udndzkfldq 1 ydkvq knm, zodiàmgd evmg ~oiao okq nvkjtklly fdamgd zod gki` qmtvad. Zod ekvgdvq jm `mz atzjm~` zvddq k`y gmvd3 i`qzdkj, zody ak` vdqdvud zod yd~q kq k qmtvad me etztvd

;8


11/21

iàmgd. @dudvzodldqq, zody qzill okud zm atz jm~` yd~q zokz kvd qtxxmqdj zm fd k`kqqdz vdqdvud, ~od` zod yidlj me udndzkfldq iq keedazdj fy xlk`z jiqdkqdq k`j i`qdazxdqzq aktqdj fy aok`ni`n zdgxdvkztvd.

Qmtvad2 Lit Yk`li dz kl. Akqd Qztjy m` Ièltdàd me Giavmei`kàd m` Vdjtai`n Liudliommj

Utl`dvkfilizy me Ekvgdvq. Vtvkl Dam`mgy, 688? /:).

I`jtqzvikl xmudvzy kllduikzim` kaziuizidq kig zm fmmqz zod qtqzki`kfld liudliommj me

ekvgdvq k`j amggtìzidq. Zody kvd fy `kztvd xvmuiji`n ekvgdvq ~izo odlx qigilkv zm

klzdv`kziud liudliommjq zm kumij aligkzd viqcq. @m`dzodldqq, zodqd kaziuizidq ak``mz

vdkao zod xmmv xmxtlkzim` ~izomtz kjkxzkfilizy, jtd zm zod ligizq me ukvimtq am`jizim`q.

Kq kq kemvdgd`zim`dj i` xvduimtq zdz, ekvgdvq ~om ak``mz vdadiud kij emv i`jtqzvikl

jdudlmxgd`z okud `m aomiad ftz zm nm m` ~izo zodiv zvkjizim`kl xlk`zi`n, k`j zodiv

lmqqdq ak``mz fd amgxd`qkzdj ~izo zod yidlj me nvddòmtqd avmxq. Gmvdmudv, zod

kfmud'gd`zim`dj giavmei`kàd et`jq kvd ligizdj, zotq ak``mz qtxxmvz klzdv`kziud

liudliommjq. Fdqijdq, i`jtqzvikl xmudvzy kllduikzim` xvmgmzdq qakld xvmjtazim`3 zod` m`zod m`d ok`j, qakld xvmjtazim` ak` dòkàd zod akxkaizy me vdqxm`ji`n zm `kztvkl

viqcq iàltji`n aligkzd viqcq, ie iz iq ntkvk`zddj fy knviatlztvkl ekailizidq, qtao kq

nvddòmtqdq emv udndzkfldq /Fm 6). ~oild m` zod mzodv ok`j, iz gky vdjtad zod

jiudvqizy me xvmjtazim`, k`j ekvgdvq ~ill fd gmvd dkqily dxmqdj zm viqcq ~izo

t`xvdjiazkfld ~dkzodv mv ~od` xviadq eltaztkzd.

Fm 1. Ekailizy knviatlztvd iq fd`deiaikl zm vdjtai`n zod liudliommj utl`dvkfilizy zm

aligkzd

Kgm`n zod 58 omtqdomljq qtvudydj i` Ntk`zk` Uillknd me @i`nik Oti Ktzm`mgmtq

Vdnim`, m`d omtqdomlj iq me lm~dqz utl`dvkfilizy /gki`ly d`nkni`n i` zvk`qxmvzkzim`),? me gdjitg utl dvkfilizy k`j zod mzodv 4; me oino utl dvkfilizy. Mudv 48$ /4omtqdomljq) me zod ? gdjitg'utl`dvkfilizy omtqdomljq xlk`z gmvd zok` : ukvidzidq meavmxq, k`j kll 4 me zodg xlk`z z~m jvmtnoz'vdqiqzk`z avmxq /qtèlm~dv k`j akqzmv'milxlk`z) k`j zovdd nvddòmtqd avmxq /atatgfdv, zmgkzm k`j ~kzdvgdlm`). Qtèlm~dvk`j akqzmv'mil xlk`z okud vdlkziudly qzkfld okvudqzq dud` i` jvmtnoz mv ~izo lizzld vki`,k`j okud vdklirdj oinodv xviadq kq dam`mgia avmxq i` vdad`z ydkvq. Kq zod lmaklnmudv`gd`z xvmgmzdq zod `m`'qzkxld emmj qtxxly xvmbdaz k`j zklcq kfmtz zod fd`deizqme udndzkfldq k`j evtizq zm aok`nd zod jidz me zod lmakl xdmxld, zod gkvcdz iùdndzkfldq k`j evtizq cddxq dxk`ji`n, qm ekvgdvq ~izo nvddòmtqdq fd`deiz k lmzevmg zod xvmadqq. Zok`cq zm zod ~kzdv'qkui`n k`j deedaziud knviatlztvkl xlk`zi`nqyqzdg, ekvgdvq ak` kumij zod qiztkzim` i` ~oiao zod mzodvq kvd zvkxxdj, ~od` yidlj meavmxq jdali`dq mv dud` vdqtlzq i` ekiltvd jtd zm jvmtnoz k`j zod vdjtazim` me ~kzdvaok``dldj evmg zod Ydllm~ Viudv.

Qmtvad2 zod qtvudy me Qmaikl Kjkxzkzim` zm Aligkzd Aok`nd am`jtazdj fy Amlldnd me

Otgkìzidq k`j Jdudlmxgd`z Qztjidq, Aoi`k Knviatlztvkl Tìudvqizy i` Gkvao 68;8.

@dudvzodldqq, qmgd xmudvzy kllduikzim` xmliaidq k`j gdkqtvdq, qtao kq iùdqzgd`z i`

dgxlmygd`z nd`dvkzim` kq k gdkqtvd me xmudvzy kllduikzim`, iq xmqiziud i` dòkài`n

kjkxzkfilizy zm aligkzd aok`nd zm qmgd dzd`z i` xvkaziad, dud` zomtno zody m`ly xky

kzzd`zim` zm kaadqq zm ièvkqzvtaztvd emv zod xmmv xmxtlkzim` i nd`dvkl, ftz niud `m

qxdaikl am`qijdvkzim` zm kjkxzkzim` zm aligkzd viqcq. Zod gki` zmml iq zm xvmgmzd k

gmvd deedaziud amgfi`kzim` me ukvimtq `kztvkl vdqmtvadq zovmtno zod dqzkfliqogd z me

;;


12/21

ukvimtq ièvkqzvtaztvdq, qm zokz vdqmtvadq ak` fdzzdv xlky zodiv vmld. Zkfld ; qom~q

zokz zod ~mvc'vdlide et`jq okud `m jivdaz yidljq i` ivvinkzim` k`j ~kzdv am`qdvukày,

ekvglk`j akxizkl am`qzvtazim` k`j qgkll i`zdnvkzdj ~kzdvqodj gk`kndgd`z, ~oild

qgkll'qakld ivvinkzim` k`j ~kzdv am`qdvukày k`j ekvglk`j akxizkl am`qzvtazim` avdkzd

am`jizim`q zm igxvmud zod t`fklkàdj jiqzviftzim` me vkièkll k`j zdgxdvkztvd k`j emv

zod xmmv xmxtlkzim` zm tzilird `kztvkl vdqmtvadq qtao kq lk`j, ~kzdv k`j zmzkl

zdgxdvkztvd i` k gmvd deeiaid`z gk``dv /Fm :). Vmkj am`qzvtazim` i` amt zidq,

zm~`qoixq k`j uillkndq d`kfldq zodg zm d`zdv i`zm zod gkvcdz. Jvi`ci`n ~kzdv xvmbdazq

emv otgk` k`j liudqzmac igxvmud zod liui`n am`jizim`q me xmmv omtqdomljq jivdazly.

Fm :. Vmld me ~kzdv am`qdvukày ekailizidq i` vdjtai`n zod utl`dvkfilizy zm aligkzd viqcq

Zod xdv akxizk kvdk me ivvinkzdj lk`j iq 6.4 gt i` Ntk`zk` Uillknd me @i`nik OtiKtzm`mgmtq Vdnim` kezdv zod uillknd aok``dldj ~kzdv evmg zod Ydllm~ Viudv ;8 ydkvqknm, k`j izq nvki` mtzxtz okq fdd` iàvdkqi`n qzdkjily. Amgxkvdj ~izo uillkndq ~izom`ly kvkfld jvy lk`j, Ntk`zk` Uillknd ak` vdqxm`j gmvd kjd{tkzdly zm k aok`ndkfld

aligkzd. Uillkndvq tqd zod gkird nvm~` m` ivvinkzdj lk`j kq eddj emv liudqzmac k`jxmtlzvy, zotq qkui`n VGF?,888 m` eddj amqzq dudvy ydkv, ~oiao ak` gkcd tx zodivqomvzknd me akqo iàmgd k`j odlx zodg jdudlmx kìgkl otqfk`jvy.

Qmtvad2 zod qtvudy me Qmaikl Kjkxzkzim` zm Aligkzd Aok`nd am`jtazdj fy Amlldnd me

Otgkìzidq k`j Jdudlmxgd`z Qztjidq, Aoi`k Knviatlztvkl Tìudvqizy i` 68;8.

Nd`dvklly qxdkci`n, atvvd`z xmudvzy kllduikzim` qzvkzdnidq k`j vdlduk`z xmliaidq k`j

gdkqtvdq jij `mz xky kzzd`zim` m` vdjtai`n aligkzd aok`nd viqcq, ~oiao gky daltjd

xmmv xdmxld ~om gky fd gmvd qd`qiziud k`j ~izo oinodv utl`dvkfilizy zm aligkzd

aok`nd. Om~dudv, qmgd deedaziud gdkqtvdq amtlj fd kq vdedvdàd ~od` kjbtqzi`n

qzvkzdnidq emv `dz zd` ydkvq xlk`.

1.6 Xmliaidq me gizinkzim` k`j xlk``dj kjkxzkzim` zm aligkzd

aok`nd k`j utl`dvkfilizy me xmmv xdmxld

Zod nmudv`gd`z me Aoi`k okq jdudlmxdj k `kzim`kl qzvkzdnia vdqxm`qd zm aligkzd

aok`nd. Zod @kzim`kl Jdudlmxgd`z Vdemvg Amggiqqim` /zod ad`zvkl dam`mgia

xlk`ì`n k`j ammvji`kzim` giìqzvy) okq zkcd` vdqxm`qifilizy emv ammvji`kzi`n `kzim`kl

aligkzd vdqxm`qdq, k`j okq kqqdgfldj k gtlzi'qdazmvkl kjuiqmvy @kzim`kl Ldkji`n

Nvmtx m` Aligkzd Aok`nd, ~izo vdxvdqd`zkziudq evmg ;8 `kzim`kl giìqzvidq, iàltji`n

Qaidàd k`j Zdao`mlmny, Dùivm`gd`z, D`dvny, ^kzdv Vdqmtvadq, Knviatlztvd, k`j

zod Aoi`dqd Kakjdgidq me Qaidàd k`j me Knviatlztvkl Qaidàdq. Zoiq Ldkji`n Nvmtx

am`zviftzdj zm jvkezi`n Aoi`kq @kzim`kl Aligkzd Aok`nd Xvmnvkggd, vdldkqdj fy zod

@kzim`kl Jdudlmxgd`z Vdemvg Amggiqqim` i` Bt`d 688> /Aoi dqd Kakjdgy me

Qaidàdq, 688?2 ;:). Xlk`ì`n emv kjkxzkzim` vdgki`q kz k udvy dkvly qzknd. Gizinkzim`

me aligkzd aok`nd okq vdadiudj gtao gmvd xvmgi`d`z kzzd`zim` k`j vdqdkvao

iùdqzgd`z, k`j lm~ akvfm` jdudlmxgd`z qzvkzdnidq, vd`d~kfld d`dvny zdao`mlmnidq

k`j d`dvny deeiaidày iùdqzgd zq kvd kll iàvdkqi n vkxijly. @dudvzodldqq, iz iq

jieeiatlz zm ei`j zod xmudvzy i`zdnvkzim` i` zod `kzim`kl aligkzd aok`nd xvmnvkggd. I`

xvkaziad, zodvd kvd gk`y xmliaidq vdlkzi`n ~izo gizinkzim` k`j xlk``dj kjkxzkzim` zm

aligkzd aok`nd, qtao kq fim'nkq xvmbdazq i` vtvkl kvdkq, vdztvì`n ekvglk`j zm emvdqzq,

;6


13/21

et`jq emv emvdqz damlmniakl fd`deiz amgxd`qkzim`, vdztvì`n zod xkqztvd zm nvkqqlk`jq,

~dzlk`j xvmzdazim`, k`j am`qzvtazim` me `kztvd vdqdvudq. Om~dudv, zodqd xmliaidq

qmgdzigdq in`mvd izq vdldukàd zm zod utl`dvkfilizy me xmmv xdmxld. Zoiq xkxdv btqz

vkiqdq m`d akqd evmg `kztvd vdqdvud xmliay kq dkgxld zm dxlki` zod in`mvkàd.

Zod xmliaidq emv `kztvd vdqdvudq okud gtlzixld ièltdàdq m` zod xdmxld amàdv`dj. I`zod gk`kndgd`z me gk`y `kztvd vdqdvudq, zodvd kvd gdkqtvdq me damlmniakl

amgxd`qkzim` k`j klzdv`kziud liudliommjq, i`qzdkj me qigxld xvmzdazim` emv `kztvd.

Om~dudv, zodqd qtxxmvzi`n xmliaidq niud lizzld am`qijdvkzim` zm zod liudliommj

utl`dvkfilizy me zod xmmv xmxtlkzim` ~om, zodvdemvd, kvd daltjdj zm qmgd dzd`z. Fm

? jdqavifdq zod qiztkzim` i` k `kztvd vdqdvud i` zod Qk`bik`n Xlki`, ~odvd zod uillkndvq

lmqd zodiv iàmgd evmg avmx ekvgi`n kq ~dll kq zod xmliay qtfqijidq emv nvki` nvm~i`n.

Fm 42 Damlmniakl xvmzdazim` k`j mxxmvztìzy amqz me ekvgdvq liui`n i` `kztvd vdqdvudq

Zod `kztvd vdqdvud okq `mzoi`n zm jm ~izo tq. @m fd`deizq kz kll. I` zod xkqz, xdmxld

evmg Ym`ned`n Uillknd k`j Bikod Zm~` ~d`z i` emv ekvgi`n i` zod `kztvd vdqdvud. Zodyamtlj xlmtno kezdv xkyi`n k qgkll kgmt`z me gm`dy zm Vkmod Lk`j Kjgiìqzvkzim`/jtvi`n ;9?9 k`j ;99:, ekvgdvq amtlj fvi`n ~dzlk`j t`jdv atlziukzim` kezdv xkyi`n zodvdalkgkzim` eddq me VGF48-gt) emv zod kxxvmukl. Zod lk`j, kq kxxvmudj fy zod lk`jkjgi iqzvkzim`, iq t`vdamudvkfld k`j ak` vdadiud z~m qtfqijidq /jivdaz k`jamgxvdod`qiud nvki qtfqijidq) kq ~dll. Ftz `m~, zod ~dzlk`j iq t`jdv zodgk`kndgd z me zod emvdqzvy kjgiìqzvkzim`, k`j ekvgdvq kvd `mz kllm~dj zm xlmtno zodlk`j. /K` i`zdvuid~ ~izo k uillkndv me Ym`ned`n Uillknd)

Qmtvad2 ^k`n Lifi` dz kl., 68892 ;8>';8?

Gtao kzzd`zim` okq fdd` xkij zm damlmniakl amgxd`qkzim` ~oiao iq dud` jdqavifdj i`

zod xvmnvkg emv damzm`dq. Iz iq udvy igxmvzk`z zm vdlkzd zod ~kyq me amgxd`qkzim` k`jdamlmniakl amgxd`qkzim` zm vdjtai`n zod liudliommj utl`dvkfilizy me xmmv ekvgdvq.

Fdqijdq zod diqzi`n damlmniakl xmliaidq, zod xmliay xvmgiqdq me gizinkzi`n aligkzd

aok`nd okud `d~ vd{tivdgd`zq, ~oiao kvd almqdly vdlkzdj zm vtvkl liudliommjq. Zod

gdkqtvd me vdjtai`n akvfm` qmtvadq kigq zm xvmgmzd zod tqi`n me fimetdl k`j aldk`

d`dvny i` vtvkl kvdkq. K`j zod gdkqtvd me iàvdkqi`n akvfm` qd{tdqzvkzim` iàltjdq

keemvdqzkzim` k`j dòkài`n zod xvmjtaziuizy me ~mmjlk`j k`j nvkqqlk`jq. Zodvd ~ill

fd k qdvidq me gkavm xmliaidq amgi`n klm`n ~izo zomqd gdkqtvdq. Ei`kàikl Vdqdkvao

I`qziztzdq me Giìqzvy me Ei`kàd jij emvdakqzi`n k`klyqdq m` akvfm` zk xmliay. Zod

vdqtlz me zoiq jy`kgia vdqdkvao ei`jq zokz jiqavdzim`kvy iàmgd i` vtvkl kvdkq ~ill

jdavdkqd nvkjtklly k`j zokz zod kaatgtlkzdj jdavdkqdj xdvad`zknd ~ill fd 8.:: k`j

1.6; vdqxdaziudly kz giìgtg k`j gkigtg zk vkzdq, k`j zokz i` tvfk` kvdkq ~ill fd

8.64 k`j ;.96 vdqxdaziudly /Qt Gi`n dz kl. 6889). Kll zodqd gdkqtvdq ~ill iàvdkqd zod

liudliommj utl`dvkfilizy me zod xmmv xmxtlkzim` zm qmgd dzd`z ~izoi` k advzki` xdvimj me

zigd. Zodvdemvd, ~d qomtlj xvmuijd zod xmmv xmxtlkzim` ~izo ukvimtq zvk`qedv

xkygd`zq, iàltji`n zdaoìakl qtxxmvz.

1.1 Ktzm`mgmtq kjkxzkzim` zm aligkzd aok`nd me xmmv xdmxld

Xmmv xdmxld okj fdd` kjkxzdj zm aligkzd aok`nd kll zod zigd ftz ekadj ligizkzim`q emv

vdjtad zodiv utl`dvkfilizy ~izo zodiv m~` kqqdzq am`jizim`q.

;1


14/21


15/21

me gkird, k`j qtèlm~dv i`qzdkj me aodqz`tz. I` akqdq me qdudvd jvmtnoz, ekvgdvq

okud zm niud tx xlk`zi`n k`y avmxq. Fdqijdq, `m`'knviatlztvkl iàmgd iq zdgxmvkvy

~od` ekvgdvq nm mtz zm ~mvc. Zody vdztv` zm zod uillknd emv knviatlztvkl kaziuizidq i`

ftqy ekvgi`n qdkqm`q.

Zod akqd me ^tgi`n i` Ntk`ni Rotk`n Ktzm`mgmtq Vdnim` qom~q zokz jvmtnozk`j elmmjq kvd am`qijdvdj fy zod ekvgdvq zod finndqz jieeiatlzy zody okud dudv

dàmt`zdvdj. z. Aligkzd aok`nd okq gkjd xvmjtazim` gmvd utl`dvkfld. Emv dkgxld,

zod kvdk me ivvinkzdj lk`j okq jvmxxdj evmg mudv 188 gt i` zod xkqz zm zod xvdqd`z 5:

gt, jtd zm zod lmqq me ~kzdv vdqdvudj i` zod vdqdvumiv. Kjkxzkzim` qmltzim`q am`qiqz me

vdqxm`qiud k`j kjkxziud gdkqtvdq. T`jdv zod kjkxziud gdkqtvdq, gk`y ekvgdv

omtqdomljq gkcd kjbtqzgd`zq fy xlk`zi`n akqqkuk, k akqo avmx, i`qzdkj me advdkl

avmxq. I` zod akqd me vdqxm`qiud gdkqtvdq, ekvgdvq nm zm zod vdqdvumiv zm xtgx ~kzdv

mv qiz q ~kizi`n emv vkièkll, ~od` zody qteedv evmg jvmtnoz k`j ~kzdv qomvzkndq /^k`n

_ited , 688>). I` zoiq akqd, zod xlk`zi`n vdqzvtaztvi`n vdjtadq zod liudliommj

utl`dvkfilizy me ekvgdv omtqdomljq3 `dudvzodldqq, zod gkvcdz klqm xlkyq k` igxmvzk`z

vmld i` zdaoìakl qtxxmvz k`j ntijkàd emv xvmjtaz qkldq. Zod`, ekvgdv omtqdomljq i`

zod kvdkq ~odvd kjkxziud kaziuizidq ak``mz fd etvzodv kijdj k`j qtxxmvzdj okud zm

ekad k gmvd jieeiatlz qiztkzim`.

Qztjidq am`jtazdj fy Oti _td /6885) m` viqcq emv ekvgdv omtqdomljq i`

Rom`njik`,Yt``k` Xvmuiàd qom~dj zokz i` kqqdqqgd`z me amukvik`z viqcq, ekvgi`n

omtqdomljq liui`n m` viudvq zomtnoz elmmjq zod gmqz qdvimtq, emllm~dj fy giqzy vki`

k`j okil, ~oilqz zomqd liui`n m` oinolk`j am`qijdvdj q`m~qzmvg k`j zod jdkzo me

liudqzmac zm fd gmvd qdvimtq. Kq emv gdkqtvdq zm vdjtad zod kfmud'gd`zim`dj viqcq,

zod qztjidq qom~dj zokz viao ekvgdv omtqdomljq amtlj jdxd`j m` lmk`q, ~oilqz zodxmmv amtlj m`ly vdly m` kij evmg `dinofmvq k`j zod nmudv`gd`z. @m`dzodldqq, fmzo me

zodg ~dvd keedazdj ~od` amukvikzd `kztvkl viqcq okxxd`dj, k`j iz ~kq okvj emv xmmv

omtqdomljq zm vdly m` kij evmg zodiv `dinofmvq t`jdv qtao aivatgqzkàdq, qm zody

okj `m mzodv aomiad zok` zm qdll kqqdzq, gki`ly liudqzmac. Om~dudv, zodvd ~dvd qzill

:8$ xmmv omtqdomljq zokz amtlj m`ly vdly m` `dinofmvq kij jtvi`n zod gmqz jieeiatlz

zigd. Nd`dvklly qxdkci`n, ~od` amukvikzd viqcq qtao kq `kztvkl jiqkqzdvq okxxd`dj,

i` kjjizim` zm nmudv`gd`z kij, zod kqqiqzkàd et`jq qdz tx fy amggtìzidq xvduimtqly,

nmi`n mtz zm ~mvc k`j amlldaziud am`qzvtazim` me jkgq klqm xlkydj k vmld i` gizinkzi`n

zod `dnkziud deedazq me viqcq. Kaamvji`n zm zodiv dxdvidàd k`j dxdazkzim`q, ekvgi`n

omtqdomljq zomtnoz zokz me kll zod viqc'vdjtai`n qzvkzdnidq, k amggtìzy qkedzy `dz

~kq zod gmqz deedaziud, k`j djtakzim` emv aoiljvd` ~kq k` deedaziud lm`n'zdvg

qzvkzdny. Kaadqq zm zvki i`n emv `d~ knviatlztvkl k`j ekvgi n zdao`mlmnidq, bmi z

jdaiqim`'gkci`n k`j iàvdkqi`n zod `tgfdv me nvkri`n odvjq ~dvd am`qijdvdj zm fd

deedaziud lm`n'zdvg qzvkzdnidq zokz amtlj dòkàd viqc'vdqiqzi`n akxkaizy. Ekvgi n

omtqdomljq klqm am`qijdvdj zokz jiudvqieidj emvgq me iàmgd k`j qzvd`nzod`dj ekgily

zidq ~mtlj fd deedaziud i` zod qmvz'vt`.

Zod qtvudy am`jtazdj fy Aod` Bid dz kl. /6889) i` Gkjtm Amt`zy i` Qk`nbik`nytk`

vdnim` me [i`noki Xvmuiàd i`jiakzdj zod jddxdv igxkazq me aligkzd aok`nd m` zod

igxmudviqogd`z i` zoiq vdnim`. Jtvi`n ;9>9 k`j ;9?;, Gkjtm Amt`zy fmkqzdj zod

;4


16/21

oinodqz xdv akxizk iàmgd i` Aoi`k. I` ;9>9, zod zmzkl liudqzmac iùd`zmvidq i` zod

amt`zy vdkaodj tx zm 5>5,>88, ~izo xdv akxizk me ;;4.;. Om~dudv, kq k vdqtlz me zod

jvmtnoz i` zod ;9?8q, zod nvkqqlk`jq jdnvkjdj k`j liudqzmac akvvyi`n akxkaizy

vdjtadj, k`j zotq zodvd ~kq `mz d`mtno eddj emv liudqzmac. I` 688:, zod zmzkl kgmt`z

me odvfiumvmtq liudqzmac iùd`zmvidq vdjtadj zm 61?,588, jdali i`n fy 5:.>$

amgxkvdj ~izo zokz i` ;9>9, ~oild zod xdv akxizk kgmt`z vdjtadj zm ;9, jdaliì`n fy

?1.4$. Gmvd zok` 518 omtqdomljq me odvjqgd` fdakgd dam'vdetnddq dudvy ~i`zdv,

amgxviqi`n 65.9$ me kll odvjqgk` omtqdomljq. Gmvd zok` 6,?88 qgkll lkcdq okud

jvidj tx, ~izo eidlj kvdkq qovi`ci`n ydkv fy ydkv, k`j zod am`qdvukày me ~kzdv

qmtvadq fdakgd ~dkcdv. Fy zod d`j me zod ;998q, zod qdazim` fdz~dd` Rokli`n Lkcd

k`j Dli`n Lkcd kz zod qmtvad me zod Ydllm~ Viudv okj jvidj tx, qm zokz zod xdmxld i`

Gkjtm Amt`zy ~dvd qomvz me dldazviaizy k`j ~kzdv, ~izo `m ~kzdv emv jvi`ci`n, dud`

zomtno zody liudj i` zod qmtvad vdnim` me zovdd viudvq. Nvkqqlk`j jdnvkjkzim`

qdvimtqly keedazdj zod xvmjtazim` me kìgkl otqfk`jvy k`j gkjd zod xmudvzy qteedvdj

fy odvjqgd` ~mvqd. I` 688:, zodvd ~dvd ?19 xmmv omtqdomljq i` Gkjtm Amt`zy,amgxviqi`n 14.?6$ me zod zmzkl, k`j 1,6;9 xmmv xdmxld, kaamt`zi`n emv 1;.9$ me zod

zmzkl xmxtlkzim` i` zod xkqztvdlk`j. Zod kjkxziud gdkqtvd zkcd` fy qmgd odvjqgd`

~kq zm ldkud zodiv xkqztvd k`j nm mtz zm nvkrd odvjq kq oivdj odvjqgd`, mv am`jtaz

mzodv xvmjtaziud kaziuizidq.

1.: Dxdvidàdq me dòkài`n kjkxzkfilizy zm aligkzd aok`nd me

xmmv xdmxld i` Aoi`k

Ekvgi`n omtqdomljq okud zod `ddjq me ndzzi`n dzdv`kl kqqiqzkàd zm igxvmud zodiv

m~` kjkxzkfilizy. Zod qztjidq i` @i nik Oti Ktzm`mgmtq Vdnim` qom~dj zokzekvgi`n omtqdomljq i` zod `mvzodv` ivvinkzdj kvdk omxdj zokz zod nmudv`gd`z amtlj

xvmuijd qtfqzk`zikl qtxxmvz emv ekvglk`j akxizkl am`qzvtazim`, i`xtz me knviatlztvkl

gkzdviklq k`j akqo zvk`qedv, emv zod lmaklq d`nkndj i` knviatlztvd k`j kìgkl

otqfk`jvy, zodvdfy d`kfli`n zodg zm jdudlmx ftqi`dqqdq kq klzdv`kziud liudliommjq.

Zomtno zod ekvgdvq i` zod gijjld kvij kvdk klqm dxvdqqdj zodiv omxdq emv zod kfmud'

gd`zim`dj kqqiqzkàd, ~okz zody `ddjdj gmqz ~kq zod jivdaz akqo xkygd`z evmg

zod nmudv`gd`z, qiàd {tizd k xvmxmvzim` me lmakl knviatlztvd okq fdd` qdvimtqly

keedazdj fy jvmtnoz k`j gk`y ekvgdvq zomtnoz zokz zod xvmfldg amtlj `mz fd qmludj

fy ekvglk`j akxizkl am`qzvtazim` mv iàvdkqdq i` i`xtz me knviatlztvkl gkzdviklq, k`j

zokz akqo qtfqijidq ~mtlj fd gmvd deedaziud. Qigilkv zm zod qiztkzim` i` zod gijjld

kvdk, zod ekvgdvq i` zod qmtzodv` gmt`zki`mtq kvdk vdlidj gmvd m` akqo xkygd`z

k`j i`xtz me knviatlztvkl gkzdviklq /^t Yk`btk`, 688?).

I` zod jvy `mvzo~dqz vdnim`, ekvgdvq okud fdd` dàmtvkndj zm qoiez evmg vki`'edj

knviatlztvd zm nvddòmtqd xvmjtazim`. Zod tqd me qigxld xlkqzia nvddòmtqd

zdao`mlmny vdjtadq dukxmvkziud lmqqdq evmg zod qmil, k`j xdvgizq zod atlziukzim` me

oino ukltd udndzkfld avmxq, ftz zodqd vd{tivd i zd`qiud ivvinkzim` qm ~kzdv tqd

kaztklly iàvdkqdq.

Zodvd okq fdd` iàvdkqdj tqd me i`qtvkàd xmliaidq xvmuijdj fy nmudv`gd`z mv

zovmtno gtztkl i`qtvkàd kqqmaikzim`q. Aoi`k I`qtvkàd Vdntlkzmvy Amggiqqim` okq

;5


17/21

`mziadj zod ièltdàd me aligkzd aok`nd m` zod i`qtvkàd i`jtqzvy. I` 688>, zody

iqqtdj k `mzieiakzim` zm dgxokqird zm zkcd akvd me zod deedazq me gmvd evd{td`z

dzvdgd gdzdmvmlmniakl dud`zq, k`j zm akll emv gmvd i``mukzim`q i` i`qtvkàd xvmjtaz.

Kll ekvgdvq amtlj fty i`qtvkàd emv fvddji`n qm~q, gilc am~ k`j vkxdqddj k`j

qxdaiklirdj ekvgdvq amtlj fty i`qtvkàd emv viad, nvddòmtqd udndzkfldq,

~kzdvgdlm`, mvk`ndq, emvdqz, xin, aoiacd`, jtac, nmmqd, k`j eiqo. Okrkvj amudvknd

iàltjdq zvmxiakl ayalm`d, vki qzmvg, elmmj, evmqz jkgknd, amggm` i`qdazq k`j

jiqdkqd. Zomtno knviatlztvkl i`qtvkàd zm ekvgdvq iq k nmmj ~ky zm igxvmud zodiv

vdqilidàd zm jiqkqzdv, iz iq kl~kyq jieeiatlz zm igxldgd`z i` xvkaziad zovmtno xtvd

amggdvaikl kxxvmkao. Qmgd ci`jq me xtvd aligkzd aok`nd i`qtvkàd, ~oiao okud

fdd` igxldgd`zdj i` I`jik, amtlj fd zkcd` i`zm am`qijdvkzim`.

Zodvd okud klqm fdd` deemvzq zm~kvjq fdzzdv jiqkqzdv xvdxkvdj`dqq k`j ~kvì`n me

elmmjq mv zyxomm`q. Zod lmakl nmudv`gd`z k`j gdzdmvmlmniakl ftvdktq gkcd etll tqd

me kjukàdj amggtìakzim` zdao`mlmny zm odlx ekvgdvq k`j eiqodvgd` zm xvdxkvd emv

gdzdmvmlmniakl jiqkqzdv.

K emvdqzkzim` k`j vd'emvdqzkzim` xvmbdaz m` jdnvkjdj lk`j i` `mvzo~dqz Qiaotk` iq zod

eivqz emvdqz akvfm` gkvcdzi`n xvmbdaz i` Aoi`k fkqdj m` aligkzd, amggtìzy k`j fim'

jiudvqizy /AAF). Kezdv eiud ydkvq xvdxkvkzim` k`j ktzod`ziakzim , zod xvmbdaz ~kq

amgxldzdj m` 65zo @mudgfdv 6889. Zod m~`dv me zod xvmbdaz iq Jkjtod Keemvdqzkzim`

Ftvdkt k`j iz qmlj :58888 zm`q me izq akvfm` dgiqqim` {tmzk zm Om`ncm`n Lm~'

akvfm` Kqik` Amgxk`y, kz k xviad `m lm~dv zok` 4 TQJ xdv zm`, k`j zod iàmgd

daddj 6.1 gillim` TQJ. Zoiq xvmbdaz ~ill ftilj tx 664;.? odazkvd kvzieiaikl emvdqz m`

jdnvkjdj lk`j i` 6? uillkndq me 6; zm~`qoixq i` eiud amt`zidq me Li_ik`, Gkm_ik`,

FdiAotk`, [i`nAotk` k`j Xi`n^t. îzo vdnkvj zm zod zok` 6.1 gillim` TQJ iàmgd

evmg akvfm` dgiqqim` {tmzk, zod meeiaikl vdqxm`qifld i` zod Ftvdkt alkigdj zokz iz ~ill

fd qokvdj ~izo ;6>:4 ekvgdvq i` eiud amt`zidq m` k vkzim fkqiq, k`j zod ekvgdvq i` zod

xvmbdaz igxldgd zkzim` jiqzviaz ~ill mfzki` k qzkfld iàmgd emv 68 ydkvq /Ot Yk`qot,

6889).

: VDAMGGD@JKZIM@Q M@ VDQDKVAO K@J XMLIAIDQ

:.; Kazim` vdqdkvao m` amggtìzy'fkqdj kjkxzkzim` zm aligkzd

aok`nd i` evknild kvdkqZoiq ci`j me kazim` vdqdkvao ~ill ematq m` lmakl kjkxzkzim` kaziuizidq zokz klvdkjy

am`zviftzd zm vdldkqd lmakl xdmxldq utl`dvkfilizy, k`j zod amgfi`kzim` me dzdv`kl

qtxxmvz k`j i`jind`mtq c`m~ldjnd, xkvziatlkvly xvdjiazim` ièmvgkzim` jiqqdgi`kzim`,

giavm'i`qtvkàd gdaokìqg qdz'tx k`j igxldgd`zkzim`, k`j klzdv`kziud liudliommj

kaziuizidq jdudlmxgd`z. Zoiq kazim` vdqdkvao ~ill iùmlud vdlduk`z nmudv`gd z

jdxkvzgd`zq k`j gkcd zod vdqtlzq zm fd vdedvdàdj fy xmliay'gkcdvq jivdazly.

;>


18/21

:.6 Qxdaieia amgxd`qkzim` xmliaidq m` dàmtvkni n knviatlztvkl

xvmjtazim`, xkvziatlkvly emmj xvmjtazim`

Fkqdj m` atvvd z emmj qtfqijy xmliay, k~kvji`n kxxvmkao k`j `d~ zdao`mlmny

qtxxmvz ~mtlj fd xvmuiji`n gmvd iàd`ziudq zm lmakl xdmxld emv emmj xvmjtazim`.

:.1 Damlmniakl amgxd`qkzim` xmliaidq i` evknild kvdkq

Ldkji`n fy `kzim`kl vdemvg k`j jdudlmxgd`z amggizzdd, damlmniakl amgxd`qkzim`

xmliaidq gkci`n iq i` zod xvmadqq i` 68;8k`j dxdazdj zm fd jm`d ~izoi` z~m ydkvq. Iz

iq zod aokàd zm i`zdnvkzd zod am`qijdvkzim` m` emmj qdatvizy, liudliommj jdudlmxgd`z

me xmmv k`j dùivm`gd`zkl xvmzdazim`.

:.: K` iàltqiud xmudvzy kllduikzim` qzvkzdny ~izo i`zdnvkzim` me

aligkzd aok`nd kjkxzkzim`

Xmudvzy kllduikzim` qzvkzdnidq qomtlj fd qd`qiziud zm aligkzd viqc. Qyqzdgkzia xmudvzykllduikzim` qzvkzdnidq qomtlj niud etll kzzd`zim` zm zod zovdkzq me aligkzd aok`nd viqcq zm

xmmv xmxtlkzim`, k`j vdjtad zod liudliommj utl dvkfilizy me xmmv xmxtlkzim` i`

damzm`dq, zovmtno ~mvci`n mtz qzvkzdnia jivdazim`, am`zd`zq k`j gmjdq.

Zod am`zviftzim` me zod xmmv xmxtlkzim` zm gizinkzi`n zod igxkaz me aligkzd aok`nd /uik

`kztvd vdqdvudq-kvdkq xvmoifizi n dxlmizkzim`, nvkqqlk`j damlmniakl am`qzvtazim`

xvmbdazq, keemvdqzkzim` k`j vd'emvdqzkzim` xvmbdazq, emmj qdatvizy xvmbdazq, k`j fim'

d`dvny xvmbdazq dza.) gtqz fd etlly amgxd`qkzdj. Amgxd`qkzim` qomtlj fd amgfi`dj

~izo zod igxldgd`zkzim` me jdudlmxgd`z qzvkzdnidq emv zod liudliommjq me zod xmmv

xmxtlkzim , zm d`qtvd zokz amgxd`qkzmvy gdkqtvdq ak` xvmgmzd zodiv kqqdzkaatgtlkzim` k`j qdatvd qtqzki`kfld liudliommjq.

Qxdaiklirdj xmudvzy kllduikzim` gdkqtvdq k`j ei`kàikl ftjndzq, kq ~dll kq

qxdaiklirdj zvk`qedv xkygd`zq ~ill fd dqzkfliqodj emv damzm`dq.

Zod dòkàdgd`z me lmakl vdqijd`zq kjkxzkfilizy zm aligkzd aok`nd viqc qomtlj fd

amgfi`dj fy zod amggt`kl k`j atlztvkl jdudlmxgd`z me dzoìa gi`mvizy amggtìzidq

i` damzm`dq ~odvd dzoìa gi`mvizidq kvd amàd`zvkzdj, qtao kq Qiaotk , Ntiromt,

Yt``k`, Aom`n{i`n k`j Ntk`ni i` zod Qmtzo~dqz ckvqz k`j jdqdvzieiakzim` damzm`d,

mudv :8 amt`zidq k`j gtìaixklizidq qtao kq Kfk Zifdzk` k`j [ik`n Ktzm`mgmtq

Xvdedaztvd, Nk`ri Zifdzk` Ktzm`mgmtq Xvdedaztvd k`j Lik`nqok` Yi Ktzm`mgmtqXvdedaztvd i` Qiaotk` Xvmuiàd, Ji{i`n Zifdzk` Ktzm`mgmtq Xvdedaztvd, Libik`n aizy

k`j @tbik`n Liqt Ktzm`mgmtq Xvdedaztvd i` Yt``k` Xvmuiàd k`j Litxk`qoti aizy i`

zod `mvzo~dqz me Ntiromt Xvmuiàd i` zod Qmtzo~dqz gmt`zki`mtq knviatlztvd'kìgkl

otqfk`jvy damzm`d, k`j zod Zifdz Ktzm`mgmtq Vdnim` k`j [i`noki Xvmuiàd i`

[i`noki'Zifdz Xlkzdkt amgxld dvmqim` damzm`d.

LIZDVKZTVD

Aod` Bid k`j Ltm Jk` dz kl., /6889). K Qtvudy me Damqyqzdg Vdokfilizkzim` me

Nvkqqlk`jq i` Aoi`k. Qok`noki Ekv'Dkqz Xvdqq2 ;95'66;. /i` Aoi`dqd)

;?


19/21

Aoi`k @kzim`kl Jdudlmxgd z k`j Vdemvg Amggizzdd /@JVA). Aoi`k @kzim`kl Xvmbdaz

me Amxi`n ~izo Aligkzd Aok`nd. Xvi`zdj m` Bt`d 688> /i` Aoi`dqd)

Aoi`dqd Kakjdgy me Qaidàdq, IQDZ Kqqmaikzd. Aligkzd Kjkxzkzim` i` Kqik2

C`m~ldjnd Nkxq k`j Vdqdkvao Iqqtdq i` Aoi`k. Ei`kl Vdxmvz zm IJVA k`j JEIJ.

Qdxzdgfdv 688?

Nkm Odzkm. Zod Okvudqz me Qtggdv Nvki` Avmxq Jdavdkqdj fy Okle jtd zm zod

Jvmtnoz i` Yt``k` Xvmuiàd. Jkymm.amg'Ntk`nromt Jkily. 6? Edfvtkvy 68;82

8:28?. /i` Aoi`dqd)

Nd Bikìm`n dj. /;99>). Aoi`dqd Dginvkzim` Umltgd II. Etbik` Xdmxldq Xtfliqoi`n

Omtqd2 45'4>. /i` Aoi`dqd)

Nvdd`xdkad k`j Mekg /6889). Aligkzd Aok`nd k`j Xmudvzy'''Akqd Qztjy m`

Aoi`k. Bt`d 6889. /i` Aoi`dqd)

Ntm Ym`nrom`n. Qztjidq m` Vtvkl Xmmv Xmxtlkzim` i` Aoi`k. Qztjy % Dxlmvkzim`.6886, Uml. 62 :9'4:. /i` Aoi`dqd)

Ot [ik`n /6884). K`klyqiq me Dùivm`gd`z'i`jtadj Xmudvzy m` zod Lkàk`n Viudv i`

Yt``k` Xvmuiàd. Gkqzdv jdnvdd jiqqdvzkzim` me Aoi`k Knviatlztvkl Tìudvqizy. 6884.

/i` Aoi`dqd)

Ot Yk`qot /6889). Zod eivqz emvdqz akvfm` {tmzk ftqi`dqq amgxldzdj i` Qiaotk`.

ozzx2--~~~.qa1`.amg. 6889';;'6> 89284. qmtvad2 Qiaotk` Jkily /i` Aoi`dqd)

IXAA Aligkzd Aok`nd 688>, Igxkazq, Kjkxzkzim` k`j Utl`dvkfilizy, Am`zviftzim` me

~mvci`n nvmtx II zm zod emtvzo kqqdqqgd`z vdxmvz me zod i`zdvnmudv`gd`zkl xk`dl màligkzd aok`nd. Akgfvijnd, TC k`j @d~ Ymvc. Akgfvijnd Tìudvqizy Xvdqq

Li Bikyk` /6884). Qztjidq m` Qtqzki`kfld Jdudlmxgd`z me Xmxtlkzim` k`j K`zixmudvzy

i` Vtvkl Kvdkq. Ot`k` Xdmxldq Xtfliqoi`n Omtqd2 ;;>. /i` Aoi`dqd)

Li ^d`bt` k`j Rok`n [ik` /6889). Jdamji`n zod Jildggk m` Nvkqqlk`jq'''

T`jdvqzk`ji`n me Tzilirkzim` k`j Gk`kndgd`z me Qdgikvij k`j Kvij Nvkqqlk`jq.

Dam`mgia Qaidàd Xvdqq2 ;5:';54. /i` Aoi`dqd)

Li Yibt`, ^k`n Aot`yi /68;8). Igxkazq me Aligkzd Aok`nd m` Avmx Xlk`zi`n Qzvtaztvd

i` Aoi k. Aoi dqd Kakjdgy me Gdzdmvmlmniakl Qaidàdq. Kjukàdq I` Aligkzd

Aok`nd Vdqdkvao. 68;8, 5 /6)2 ;61';69 /i` Aoi`dqd)

Li Romt, Qt` Vtmgdi k`j Nkm Li`n dz kl. Qztjidq m` zod Vdlkzim`qoix fdz~dd` zod

Gmjd me Jdudlmxgd`z k`j Damlmniakl Aok`ndq i` zod Xmmv Gmt`zki`mtq Kvdkq i`

Aoi`k. Zkiytk`2 Qokì Dam`mgy Xvdqq, ;99>2 ;>. /i` Aoi`dqd)

Li` D.J., _im`n ^., Bt O., dz kl. Aligkzd aok`nd igxkazq m` avmx yidlj k`j {tklizy

~izo AM6 edvzilirkzim` i` Aoi`k. Xoilmqmxoiakl Zvk`qkazim` me zod Vmykl Qmaidzy F.

6884, 1582 6;:9p6;4:

Li` Dvjk, Bt Oti, _im`n ^di, dza, Aligkzd Aok`nd k`j Emmj Qdatvizy i` Aoi`k.

_tdytk` Xvdqq. Fdibi`n, Maz. 688? /i` Aoi`dqd)

;9


20/21

Li` Dvjk, _t Yi`lm`n k`j Bik`n Biòd dz kl. @kzim`kl Kqqdqqgd`z Vdxmvz m` Aligkzd

Aok`nd /II)2 Aligkzd Aok`nd Igxkazq k`j Kjkxzkzim`. Kjukàdq i` Aligkzd Aok`nd

Vdqdkvao2 6885, 6 /6)2 4;'45. /i` Aoi`dqd)

Giìqzvy me Dùivm`gd`zkl Xvmzdazim` me zod Xdmxldq Vdxtflia me Aoi`k. Xvmnvkg emv

Xvmzdazim` me zod @kzim`kl Damlmniaklly Evknild Rm`dq. Qdxzdgfdv 688?. /i` Aoi`dqd)

Xk` Otkqod`n, Rok`n Ntiotk, Rt Qoiod`. Zod Qztjy m` zod igxkazq me aligkzd

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Odilm`nbik`n Gdzdmvmlmny, 6886, /:)2 >p;? /i` Aoi`dqd)

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Qaidàd. ;99?, /;)2 ?5p?9 /i` Aoi`dqd)

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Kakjdgy me Knviatlztvkl Qaidàdq /i` Aoi`dqd)

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^dqz Aoi`k. Jiqqdvzkzim` emv Aoi`k Knviatlztvkl Tìudvqizy. /i` Aoi`dqd)

Zod Qzkzd Amtàil Ldkji`n Nvmtx Meeiad me Xmudvzy Kllduikzim` k`j Jdudlmxgd`z

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/i` Aoi`dqd)

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@kztvkl Jiqkqzdvq. 688> /5)2 ;>;';>9. /i` Aoi`dqd)

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