THE IMPACT OF OPERATIONAL AND MARKET RISK

DISCLOSURES ON FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF

COMMERCIAL BANKS IN KENYA

ONJALA FRANKLIN OMBAKA

A Finance Management Re$earch Project Submitted In Partial

Fulfillment Of The Requirement for the award of the degree of Master

Of Business Administration (MBA), Department of Business

Administration, School Of business, University Of Nairobi.

OCTOBER 2010

DECLARATION

This management research project is my original work and has not been presented

for a degree in any other university.

Signed .0<>\&............

Franklin Ombaka Onjala Reg. No. D61/8306/2006

This management research project has been submitted with my approval as

University Supervisor.

Signed Date ! 5 771. 1 °

James Ng’ang’a

DEDICATION

I dedicate this project to my wife Beatrice E.Ombaka and children; Collins

Khavaya,Calvin Onjala and Sabrina Nyarotso who gave me encouragement

throughout this research process. To my friends James Letaro and Joseph Tonui, I

say a big thank you for your moral and material support that you accorded me during

the research process.

All praise goes to our Almighty Father.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I wish to acknowledge and thank my supervisor, Mr. Ng’anga, whose guidance and

constructive critiques of the project in progress have been invaluable. He has been

remarkably patient, considering the resources this research project has taken to take

shape, providing consistent guidance, constructive feedback and helpful advice

during the successive stages of this project.

I am also deeply indebted to my brother Vincent Nyanga of KPMG who graciously

gave his time in providing data that led to successful completion of the project.

in

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I wish to acknowledge and thank my supervisor, Mr. Ng’anga, whose guidance and

constructive critiques of the project in progress have been invaluable. He has been

remarkably patient, considering the resources this research project has taken to take

shape, providing consistent guidance, constructive feedback and helpful advice

during the successive stages of this project.

I am also deeply indebted to my brother Vincent Nyanga of KPMG who graciously

gave his time in providing data that led to successful completion of the project.

ABSTRACT

The aim of the study is to test if banks are more interested in disclosure about their market risk management compared to the operational risk but locally owned banks lag behind their counterpart in either risk disclosures.

The research methodology was based on a Score Card approach study on commercial banks that are listed at the NSE.This method is chosen because it will enable the researcher to probe and obtain an in depth of the market and operational disclosure by locally owned banks and foreign owned banks.

The sample that would be used will comprise of 10 commercial banks ,which issued

and listed their shares at the Nairobi Stock Exchange between 1 July 2004 and 30

June 2009.The primary source of data will be the published accounts availed by the

banks. A total of 10 banks were listed during the period under study.However, two

of the banks will be excluded because one of them was listed in the last one year and

another one was bought out by another foreign bank.

IV

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Declaration......................................................................................................................I

Dedication...................................................................................................................... II

Acknowledgement........................................................................................................Ill

Abstract.........................................................................................................................IV

Table of Contents..........................................................................................................V

List of Tables..............................................................................................................VII

List of Figure.............................................................................................................. VII

Chapter One.................................................................................................................. 1

1.0 Introduction........................................................................................................ 1

1.1 Background of the Study....................................................................................1

1.2 Statement of the Problem.................................................................................. 5

1.3 Objective of the Study....................................................................................... 7

1.4 Importance of the Study.....................................................................................8

Chapter Tw o.................................................................................................................92.0 Literature Review.............................................................................................. 9

2.1 Introduction....................................................................................................... 9

2.2 Evidence of Risk Disclosure........................................................................... 11

2.3 Merits of Risk Disclosure................................................................................ 13

2.4 Demerits of Risk Disclosure............................................................................ 14

2.5 Reasons for Disclosure.................................................................................... 14

2.6 Risk Management Structure............................................................................ 15

2.7 Market Risk and Operational Risk..................................................................15

2.8 Related Studies.................................................................................................16

Chapter Three.............................................................................................................22

3.0 Research Design.............................................................................................. 22

3.1 Introduction..................................................................................................... 22

3.2 Research Design.............................................................................................. 22

3.3 The Population Of The Study..........................................................................22

3.4 Data Collection.................................................................................................23

v

3.5 Data Analysis 23

Chapter Four.............................................................................................................. 26

4.0 Data Analysis, Findings and Discussions....................................................... 26

4.1 Data Analysis....................................................................................................26

4.2 Presentation and Interpretation of Findings................................................... 27

4.2.1 Based On Figures And Correlation.......................................................27

4.3 Based On Regression....................................................................................... 34

Chapter Five................................................................................................................ 38

5.0 Conclusion........................................................................................................38

5.1 Conclusion and Implications...........................................................................38

5.2 Limitations of the Study.................................................................................. 39

5.3 Suggestions for Further Research..................................................................39

References....................................................................................................................41

Appendices

Appendix I: Banks in Kenya........................................................................................46

Appendix II: Disclosure Indexes................................................................................ 48

vi

LIST OF TABLES

Table 4.1: Correlation Coefficient Of Operational Risk Disclosure Index To Annual

Profits...........................................................................................................................29

Table 4.2: Correlation Coefficient Of Value At Risk Disclosure Index To Annual

Profits...........................................................................................................................30

Table 4.3: Pair Wise Correlation Coefficient Of Ordi And Vardi To Annual Profits

...................................................................................................................................... 31

Table 4.4: T Test Of Ordi And Vardi......................................................................... 32

Table 4.5: Results For Analysis Of Variance (Anova)...............................................33

Table 4.6: Results For Regression Of Ordi And Vardi............................................. 34

Table 4.7: Results For Regression Components Within The Model.........................35

Table 4.8: Results For The Statistical Models........................................................... 36

vii

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Banks Operational Risk Disclosure Index For The Year 2005 Through

2009..............................................................................................................................27

Figure 2: Banks Value At Risk Disclosure Index For The Year 2005 Through 2009

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

Banks in Kenya are established under the Banking Act Cap 488 and regulated under

the provisions of the Central Bank of Kenya Act cap 491 of the Laws of Kenya. The

Banking Act cap 488 Part II sec 4(1) and (2) gives the Minister of Finance powers to

license any institution intending to carry out banking business in Kenya on the

recommendation of the Central Bank of Kenya after an inspection to ensure that they

conform with the prudential guidelines issued by the Central Bank of Kenya from

time to time. This is in line with one of the principal objectives of banks as outlined

in the Central Bank Kenya Act of 1996 Part II sec 4(2) which states “The bank shall

foster liquidity, solvency and proper functioning of a stable market based financial

system”. This objective can be achieved by ensuring that the regulatory and

supervisory frameworks are put in place for the entire financial system.

Commercial banks in Kenya were as a result of commercial connections between

India and the East Africa region which existed towards the close of the nineteenth

century. The National bank of India was the first bank in Kenya in 1886.Later the

Standard Bank of Africa came in 1910.The establishment of these banks was in line

with the practice of British banks to follow development of trade in their colonies

and promote international trade. Commercial Banks and Mortgage Finance

Institutions are licensed and regulated pursuant to the provisions of the Banking Act,

Regulations and Prudential Guidelines issued there under. They are the dominant

players in the Kenyan Banking system and closer attention is paid to them while

1

conducting off-site and on-site surveillance to ensure that they are in compliance

with the laws and regulations. Currently there are 43 licensed commercial banks and

1 mortgage finance company. Out of the 44 institutions, 3 1 are locally owned and

13 are foreign owned. The locally owned financial institutions comprise 3 banks

with significant shareholding by the Government and State Corporations, 27

commercial banks and 1 mortgage finance institution (Central Bank of Kenya ).

Major loss events have caused the downfall of historical institutions such as Barings

Bank of Britain in 1995 where a 235 year old bank went under because of a rogue

trader who concealed some major bank deals. The Daiwa Bank of Japan lost

approximately USD 1.1 Billion in 1995 all through concealing of deals by a trader

(Dermont,2002).Such events have led the world’s regulatory authorities to introduce

regulations to protect financial markets and clients from the risk of bank failures as a

result of operational errors. Bank managers are now placing greater emphasis on

evaluating the soundness of the bank’s management processes with regard to

controlling risks. Other corporate failures such as Enron and WorldCom have led

regulators to introduce the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 to ensure that robust

controls are in place to protect the integrity of financial statements.

Risk management in financial institutions has attracted the attention of the top

management, boards of financial institutions who regularly face threats to their

business operational failure (Mishkin and Eakins,2002).Banks that are in the process

of financial intermediation are confronted with various kinds of financial and non

financial risks like credit, interest rate, foreign exchange rate, liquidity, equity price,

commodity price, legal, regulatory, reputational, operational risks (Shekhar and

Lekshmy,2005). With the new mechanisms and tools in place to manage all kinds of

2

risks such as credit risk and enterprise wide risk, all the banks are now using a

consolidated approach that includes both operational and market risk management as

well. More public information about the risks incurred by banks and the quality of

their portfolio can better enable stockholders, creditors, and depositors to evaluate

and monitor banks and act as a deterrent to excessive risk taking by management.

This view is consistent with a position paper issued by the Euro Currency Standing

Committee of the G 10 Central banks in 1994, which recommended that estimates of

financial risk generated by firms’ own internal risk management systems be adapted

for public disclosure purposes. Such information would supplement disclosures

based on traditional accounting conventions by providing information about risk

exposure and risk management that is not normally included in the conventional

balance sheet and income statement reports (Mishkin and Eakins,2002). The key

question surrounding the implementation of either operational or market risk

management is whether the benefits of implementation can outweigh the costs.

Enhanced accounting disclosures have led to better transparency and stronger

market discipline in the banking sector. The Basel II Core Principle No.21 on

“Corporate Governance of Banks” has explicitly recommended better disclosures by

banks to allow the market to have a better picture of the overall position of the banks

and to allow market players to price and deal appropriately. More disclosures help in

reducing the informational gap between the investors with privileged information

and those with minority investment in the institutions. It also facilitates more

efficient monitoring as sufficient information is necessary for market participants to

exert effective disciplinary roles.

3

Key factors considered vital by financial institutions in their annual reports are

accounting disclosure which is considered to be of particularly high level of

importance to banking organizations compared to non financial firms, banks

inherently are more open in their course of action. Transparency and disclosure is an

important ingredient of banking sector stability as we have seen that undisclosed

data can result in banking disasters like it has happened in Kenya like in the case of

Trade Bank in 1992,Trust Bank in 1998 and Delphis Bank in 2001 (Central Bank of

Kenya annual reports). Enhanced financial disclosures should be required for all

commercial banks operating within the national economy. Their deposit taking from

the public and the safety net extended to them by the regulatory authorities like the

Central Bank of Kenya and the Capital Markets Authority for the listed firms. A

simplified, relevant and standardized checklist of core disclosure items for market

and operational risk management needs to be developed for commercial banks. The

above factors have prompted a range of proposals for enhanced public disclosure by

banks like the (Value at Risk/Market Risk) or Basel II (Operational Risk).These

proposals may be focused on disclosure of forward looking risk infonnation like

Value at Risk (VaR) for trading portfolios or for operational and structural

management of the financial institute resolutions like Basel II.

The importance of disclosure is to ensure that the entities disclose pertinent

information in their financial statements and enable users to evaluate the

significance of various risk exposures that the institution is exposed to in the market

environment. This will give an indication of the significance of the operational and

market risk disclosure to the institutions performance. International Financial

Reporting Standards (IFRS) 7 requires disclosures by class of financial instrument.

4

An entity should provide sufficient information to facilitate a reconciliation of line

items presented in the balance sheet (IFRS 7). The financial world has always

managed operational exposures. In simpler terms the signs of actions are visible

through security screens around cashiers, complex and extensive physical security,

safes and strong boxes. Business managers put in place measures to prevent the

repetition of risks (IFRS 7).

The study will investigate the impact of operational and market risk disclosure on

financial performance of Kenyan commercial banks. The market has two distinct

interested parties; investors and creditors who monitor and assess changes in the

banks reporting style.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Stiff competition within the financial services sector poses new strategic challenges

to bank managers. The critical point of discussion by bank management include

generating sustainable returns above the cost of capital, value based management,

integrating risk and capital management. Market diversity influences decision

maker’s attitudes towards risk, results in diverse bank management strategies and

practices. Risk taker decision makers are willing to accept higher risk for higher

returns whereas risk averse managers accept lower level of risk for lower returns.

An annual financial report by Barclays Bank of Kenya (2003) revealed that the key

risks facing the banks in Kenya included credit risk, operational, legal and tax risks.

Given the volume of transactions that are conducted daily within the banking

sectors, there is need therefore to establish the extent of risk disclosure in financial

statements in order to ensure that commercial banks returns are commensurate with

5

associated risks. In a working paper number 272 (Rose, 1997) banks are faced with

risks including market risk and operational risk. In a local study by Omondi (2007)

he found out that investors will most likely invest in shares of companies that make

more frequent financial disclosures, hence providing critical information required on

a timely basis. This will have a positive effect on the prices and trading value of

shares of companies at the Nairobi stock exchange.

According to Me Kinsey (2002) “Global Investor and Emerging market policy

maker opinion survey on corporate governance” “Accounting disclosure” was

listed as the most important factor considered by 71% of investors surveyed and

“enhanced disclosures” was the number one key progress area by 44% of policy

makers. In a research conducted by Goyal and Jiajing (2007) they found out that

disclosure plays an important role in market discipline since market participants

need to have meaningful information to base their judgment of risk and

performance. Disclosure is particularly important in the banking industry, since

banks are generally viewed as being opaque to outsiders. As a result, banking

supervisors and other public sector officials have encouraged enhanced disclosure

by banking institutions, particularly for forward-looking estimates of risk. The study

also tried to compare market risk and operational risk disclosures with reference to

the emerging and established markets and then tried to establish a relationship

between risk disclosure and value of the bank's current assets. It did establish the

impact of operational and market risk disclosures on current assets.

Prior studies conducted have revealed the importance of disclosure to the users of

financial statements. According to Mucheke (2001) he established that key causes of

bank failure were bad lending practices, incompetence of bank risk managers and

6

unsound operational practices. In a survey by Yussuf (2005) on operational risk

management practices by commercial banks found out that operational risk

management departments only exist in big banks. It was noted that the most

common categories of operational risk in Kenyan commercial banks are human risks

which arise from failure of employees and conflict of interest or from other internal

fraudulent behavior, external risks, which arise from fraud or litigation by parties

external to the firm and weaknesses in processes. Several studies (Mugucia,2002 and

Kinya 1993) have addressed the impact of various corporate characteristic on

annual report disclosures. These characteristics include size, listing status, leverage,

profitability, industry, type of auditor, size of the equity market and degree of

economic development, types of economy, activity on the equity market, dispersion

of stock ownership and culture. The study by Kinya (1993) like many others before

rejected the null hypothesis on the type of the auditor in favour of alternative

hypothesis thus concluding that type of the auditor has a significant impact on the

levels of compliance. Its therefore imperative that those companies audited by other

auditors, comply less which paints even a worse situation in Kenya is as far as

International Accounting Standards (IAS) disclosure requirements are concerned.

It is against this background that this study sets to investigate the impact of

operational and market risk disclosures on commercial banks performance in the

Kenyan market.

1-3 Objective of the study

The study intends to investigate the impact of operational and market risk disclosure

on the financial performance of commercial banks in Kenya.

7

The findings of the study will assist banks in identifying and developing best

practice policies that will guide in disclosing of operational and market risk in their

financial statements. Discussing this issue can lead to the development of standard

risk disclosure requirements for the banks by the market regulators. It will also

hopefully serve as a call to action on the need for financial market reform in Kenya.

It will help senior managers in identifying risks that need to be mitigated.

Commercial banks will use the study to identify and pick areas of improvement.

Management consultants will get assistance from the study in development of tools

for management and quantify operations of banks. Finally, the study forms a basis

for future researchers and academicians who may be conducting research on

operational and market risk disclosure studies.

1.4 Importance of the study

8

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

Risk Management has been gaining momentum in all industries throughout the

globe for the past decade. Fraudulent trading around the world, rapidly increasing in

pace and ultimately resulting in losses of billions of dollars clearly shows the need

for risk management and heightened regulatory efforts. Risk management has

attracted the attention of the top tier executives of financial institutions, who

regularly face threats to their business in one form or another regarding their

operational or model failure. With new and advanced mechanisms to manage all

kinds of risks such as actuarial risk, credit risk and enterprise-wide risk, all the

organizations are now using consolidated approach that includes both operational

and market risk management as well (Jiajing and Goyal,2007).

This chapter discusses the topic under different sections in order to give an insight

into matters relating to operational and market risk disclosures and its impact on the

financial performance of commercial banks in Kenya. International Accounting

Standards (IAS) prescribes the basis for presentation of general purpose financial

statements, to ensure comparability both with the entity’s financial statements and of

other entities. It also emphasizes that the financial statement shall be presented at

least annually. In most circumstances, a fair presentation is achieved by compliance

with applicable International Financial Reporting Standard (IFRS). An entity whose

financial statement conforms to the requirements of IFRS shall make an explicit and

unreserved statement of such compliance in the notes to the accounts. When

9

preparing financial statements an entity shall disclose in the notes information about

key assumptions concerning the future and other key sources of estimation,

uncertainty at the balance sheet date, that they have a significant risk of causing

material adjustment to the carrying amount of assets and liabilities within the next

financial year. An entity shall disclose information that enables users of its financial

statements to evaluate the entity’s objectives, policies and processes for managing

capital (International Accounting Standards Board,2006).Company’s Act Cap 486

section 147 requires companies to keep a proper books of accounts and present a

profit and loss account or an income statement together with the balance sheet for

one calendar year not later than nine months in an annual general meeting. Section

149 further stipulates that every balance sheet laid before members must give a true

and fair view of the state of affairs of the company as at the end of its financial year

and every profit and loss account must give a true and fair view of the profit and loss

of the company for the financial year. Therefore the Act makes it mandatory for

companies operating in Kenya to make financial disclosures at least once a year.

Financial institutions have already complied with this requirement .Therefore the

question is whether these disclosure requirements do have an impact on a firm

performance especially in terms of increasing returns or decreasing returns due to

the level of disclosures in the financial statements. According to Omondi (2007) he

argued that investors will most likely invest in shares of companies that make more

frequent financial disclosures, hence providing that critical information required on a

timely basis. This will have a positive effect on the prices and trading value of

shares of companies at the Nairobi Stock Exchange.

10

2.2 Evidence of Risk Disclosure

Since there are no regulations currently forcing banks to disclose risk management

information, most banks in almost all the economies are very reluctant in releasing

more information about operational risk. Contrary to this financial institutions are

relatively willing to disclose market risk information like Value-at-Risk (VaR)

related information. A detailed investigation into the annual reports of the banks of

both developed and emerging markets clearly show this big void in the amount of

risk disclosure (Perignon and Smith, 2006). However with major operational failure

globally in the recent past the regulatory bodies in almost all the countries (whether

developed or emerging economies) requires the Financial Institutions to comply

with Basel II.

Now it is only a matter of coming up with a fixed date for the implementation of

Basel II. Like the Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions (OSFI)

required Canadian banks to comply with Basel II by the beginning November 2007

(OSFI, 2007) and contrary to this various regulators in the United States had not yet

agreed on a date for the implementation of Basel II (Federal Reserve System, 2007).

But in some emerging markets like South Africa l sl January 2008 had been fixed as

the adoption date for Basel II and in United Arab Emirates it is currently under the

process of implementation. As required by Pillar 3 under Basel II, banks will have to

disclose information relating to operational risk management such as:

i. Strategies and processes for operational risk management

ii. The structure of the risk management department

U1- Information regarding the risk measurement system

iv. Procedures on how to mitigate risks and Systems on how to monitor the

effectiveness of the risk management system (Alexander, 2003).

A majority of these banks tend to release very detailed information about VaR for

market risk. They disclose how they calculated VaR as well as the results of VaR,

such as characteristics and statistics like the holding period, confidence level, and

VaR of different investments. Graphs containing historical VaR figures and trading

revenues are also presented.

Finally, these banks even back test their VaR figures to determine the number of

exceptions in their models. However, the most striking feature of this disclosure

pattern is the high variance in the disclosure by banks (irrespective of the market

they may be trading in), which may be primarily based on firm size, earnings

volatility, growth and capitalization rates. Overall in reference to global arena, the

difference in terms of the amount of information being disclosed between market

risk management and operational risk management is not too wide.

However, to give a brief idea on why banks may be more willing to disclose market

risk information (mainly in foreign owned banks), market risk has a popular model

called VaR, which is quantifiable. This model tells the public the maximum amount

of loss the banks can incur within a certain degree of confidence level. As a result,

for public with little or even no knowledge in financial risk management, the VaR

figures can provide some understandable information, but for developing economies

like China, India, Indonesia, Egypt, Thailand, implementation of a VaR model is has

been quite far from reality. With market risk relatively more developed than

12

operational risk; along with stiff competition in the market among the banks so as to

have a bigger and a loyal customer base to indirectly increase their net assets is

driving them to disclose more and more market risk information (Perignon and

Smith, 2006). The impact of operational risk and market risk disclosure on the

financial performance of commercial banks in Kenya will be investigated in this

study.

2.3 Merits of Risk Disclosure

Individual depositors and other bank creditors will not have enough incentive to

produce private information about the quality of banks assets. To ensure that there is

better information for depositors and the market place, regulators can require that

banks adhere to certain standard accounting principles and disclose a wide range of

information that helps the market assess the quality of a bank’s portfolio and the

amount of the bank’s exposure to risk. More public information about the risks

incurred by banks and the quality of their portfolio can better enable stock holders,

creditors and depositors to evaluate and monitor banks so as to act as a deterrent to

excessive risk taking. Such information would supplement disclosures based on

traditional accounting conventions by providing information about risk exposure and

risk management that is not normally included in conventional balance sheet and

income statement reports. Existence of minimal disclosure information suggests that

consumers may not have enough information and they need to protect themselves

fully through disclosures. Declining profitability as a result of competition could tip

the incentives of bankers toward assuming greater risk in an effort to maintain

former profit levels .This can reduce the efficiency of banking institutions hence the

need for disclosure requirements (Mishkin and Eakins, 2003).

13

2.4 Demerits of Risk Disclosure

Particular problems in bank regulation occur when banks are engaged in

international banking and thus can readily shift their business from one country to

another. Bank regulators closely examine the domestic operations of banks in their

country, but often they do not have knowledge to keep a close watch on foreign

banks (Mishkin and Eakins,2003).Financial institutions have strong incentive to

avoid existing regulations by loophole mining. The depositors and other interest

groups are likely to demand for more pertinent disclosures that can expose the banks

operations to competitors. More disclosures by the banks can affect the investment

strategy as management has to be careful and more cautious on the risks they are

going to undertake in each investment decision they make.

2.5 Reasons for disclosure

Banking operations worldwide have undergone phenomenal expansion in the last

two decades. Although the benefits of these developments have been substantial,

they have also created more risks. The banking crisis episodes have led to the need

to closely monitor banking and financial institutions. The existing disclosure and

transparency of information by banks is sufficient enough for various interested

groups to judge these entities. Making the bank asset portfolio more transparent

could help in the task of measuring capital and risks associated with banking

transactions. Secondly, increased transparency could also facilitate market

discipline. Thirdly, disclosure and transparency enable markets to discipline banks

to pursue healthy and sustainable policies via funding costs, credit lines and share

prices.

14

Lastly, public disclosure can limit the contagious effects during market turmoil as

sound banks can distinguish themselves from the weak ones (Shekhar and Lekshmi,

2005).

2.6 Risk Management Structure

The global trend is towards centralizing risk management with integrated treasury

management function to benefit from information on aggregate exposure, natural

netting of exposures, economies of scale and easier reporting to top management

(Shekhar & Lekshmy,2005).The primary responsibility of understanding the risks

run by the bank and ensuring that risks are appropriately managed should be clearly

vested with the Board of Directors. Risk management is a complex function and it

requires specialized skills and expertise. Banks have been moving towards use of

sophisticated models for measuring and managing risks. Multinational banks have

developed internal risk management models to be able to compete effectively with

their competitors. As the domestic market integrates with the international markets,

the banks should have necessary skills in managing various types of risks in a

scientific manner.

2.7 Market Risk and Operational Risk

Market risk is defined as the risk that the market price or value of an asset will

decline resulting in a capital loss when sold. Interest rate risk or re-investment risk is

the risk that the bank will be forced to place earnings from a loan or security into a

lower yielding investment because interest rates have fallen. Default risk on the

other hand is the probability that the borrower will fail to meet one or more

15

promised principal or interest payment on a loan or security. Operating risk is the

risk that arises due to faulty internal controls on operational activities of the bank.

Inflation risk is the risk that arises due to faulty internal controls on operational

activities of the bank. Currency risk is the risk that adverse movement in the price of

one national currency vis-a-vis another will reduce the net rate of return from a

foreign investment (Rose, 1997).

Operational risk is defined as any risk which is not categorized as market or credit

risk or the risk of loss arising from various types of human or technical error

(Shekhar and Lekshmy, 2005).The Basel Committee defines operational risk as “the

risk of loss resulting from inadequate or failed internal processes, people, systems or

from external events, the committee identified the following operational risks which

are likely to result in substantial losses:-Intemal frauds which include intentional

mis-reporting of positions, employee theft and insider trading on employee’s own

interest, external frauds through robbery, forgery, cheque kitting and damage from

computer leaking, employment practices and work place safety relating to

compensation claims, violation of employee health and safety rules, organized

labour activities, discrimination claims and general liability. Managing operational

risk is becoming an important feature of sound risk management practices in modem

financial markets. The most important type of operational risk involves breakdowns

in internal controls and corporate governance.

2.8 Related studies

The fundamental question surrounding the implementation of either operational or

market risk disclosure is whether the benefits of disclosure can outweigh the costs of

16

implementation of the policy. Enhanced accounting disclosure leads to better

transparency and stronger market discipline in the banking sector. The third pillar of

Basel II, Basel Core Principles No.21, and the Policy Brief released by the

Organisation for Economic Cooperation Development (OECD) in 2007 i.e. the

“Corporate Governance of Banks" Task Force, it explicitly asked for better

disclosures by banks to allow the market to have a better picture of the overall risk

position of the banks and to allow the counterparties of the banks to price and deal

appropriately. More disclosures help in reducing the information asymmetry

between the investors with privileged information and those with little information

on the organization. Besides this it also facilitates more efficient monitoring, as

sufficient information is necessary for market participants to exert effective

disciplinary roles.

According to Mucheke (2001) among the key causes of bank failure are bad lending

practices, incompetence on the part of bank risk managers and unsound operational

practices. A study on the banking sector regulatory framework; its adequacy in

reducing bank failures and found that of the 39 banks which failed during the period

1984 and 2002 in Kenya, 37.8% collapsed mainly due to poor quality of lending.

Though most banks provide clear and sound lending policies, the reality is that they

have been quite reckless in their lending activities (Obiero, 2002).A survey on

operational risks management practices by commercial banks found that operational

risk departments only exist in the big banks. It was noted that the most common

categories of operational risk in Kenyan commercial banks are human risks which

arise from failure of employees and conflict of interest or from other internal

fraudulent behavior, external risks, which arise from fraud or litigation by parties

17

external to the firm and weaknesses in processes (Yussuf, 2005). In a study by

Omagwa (2005) it revealed that most banks carried out regular and systematic

assessment of exposure measurement strategies and their foreign exchange risk

management policies in general. It emerged that credit/default risk was considered

the most important financial exposure though empirical evidence shows that most

organizations are concerned with foreign exchange risk. Translation exposure was

considered most critical when compared to economic exposure. In a survey carried

out by Mugucia (2005) it was concluded that the extent of compliance is very low.

This conclusion arises from the believe that listed companies in any country are

expected to comply more than those not listed. The study also revealed that the

industry in which a company operates has no significant impact on levels of

compliance. It was worth noting that companies in the Finance sector were observed

to comply more than the ones in other sectors.

Several studies (Mugucia, 2002 and Kinya, 1993) have addressed the impact of

various corporate characteristic on annual report disclosures. These characteristics

include size, listing status, leverage, profitability, industry, type of auditor, size of

the equity market and degree of economic development, types of economy, activity

on the equity market, dispersion of stock ownership and culture. The study by Kinya

(1993) like many others before rejected the null hypothesis on the type of the auditor

in favour of alternative hypothesis thus concluding that type of the auditor has a

significant impact on the levels of compliance. Its therefore imperative that those

companies audited by other auditors, comply less which paints even a worse

situation in Kenya is as far as International Accounting Standards (IAS) disclosure

requirements are concerned. In a companion paper by Barth,Caprio and Levine

18

(2001) studying the relationship between differences in bank regulation and

supervision and bank performance and stability, they conclude that, countries with

policies that promote private monitoring of banks have better bank performance and

more stability. Countries with more generous deposit insurance schemes tend to

have poorer bank performance and more bank fragility. The banks have a

diversification of income streams and loan portfolios by not restricting bank

activities. It also tends to improve performance and stability. Countries in which

banks are encouraged to diversify their portfolios domestically and internationally

suffer fewer bank failures and crisis.

In a study on the effects of the Audit Committees on major disclosures by Shamira

(2003) there appeared to be reservations on the time available to audit committees

and the requirement of a broader mandate. Although from the observations, there is

a significant effect of audit committees on the major disclosures and other non

financial characteristics of companies listed at the NSE, it was apparent that the

essence of audit committees in listed companies in Kenya is yet to be appreciated

and understood by the board and management. A survey that was conducted on the

impact of operational losses on profitability of commercial banks in Kenya revealed

that the profitability of commercial banks is affected by operational losses and there

exists an inverse relationship between profitability and operational losses of

commercial banks in Kenya. The study showed the impact of operational losses on

profitability of commercial banks is significant as opposed to general believes that

the impact of operational losses on profitability of commercial banks is not

significant.

19

According to a study by Thuku (2002) he found that banks with a high proportion of

foreign ownership performed relatively better than those with a small proportion of

foreign ownership. Foreign owned banks that are not locally incorporated have

100% shareholding held by foreign entities while those that are foreign owned but

locally incorporated are partly owned by locals (www.centralbank.go.ke). In a study

conducted by Perignon and Smith (2006) it was found out that a majority of banks

tend to release very detailed information about VaR for market risk. They disclose

how they calculated VaR as well as the results of VaR, such as characteristics and

statistics like the holding period, confidence level, and VaR of different investments.

Graphs containing historical VaR figures and trading revenues are also presented.

These banks even back test their VaR figures to determine the number of exceptions

in their models. However, the most striking feature of this disclosure pattern is the

high variance in the disclosure by banks (irrespective of the market they may be

trading in), which may be primarily based on firm size, earnings, volatility, growth

and capitalization rates. Overall in reference to global arena, the difference in terms

of the amount of information being disclosed between market risk management and

operational risk management is not too wide.

However, to give a brief idea on why banks may be more willing to disclose market

risk information (mainly in developed markets), market risk has a popular model

called VaR, which is quantifiable. This model tells the public the maximum amount

of loss the banks can incur within a certain degree of confidence level. As a result,

for public with little or even no knowledge in financial risk management, the VaR

figures can provide some understandable information, but for developing economies

like China, India, Indonesia, Egypt and Thailand. Implementation of a VaR model is

20

quite far from reality. With market risk relatively more developed than operational

risk; along with stiff competition in market among the banks so as to have a bigger

and a loyal customer base to indirectly increase their net assets is driving them to

disclose more and more market risk information.

In conclusion, most of the studies focused on statutory disclosures as per the

guidelines given by regulatory bodies and accounting conventions. The studies

basically focused on foreign exchange risks and credit risks which have led to most

of the bank failure. The study by Kinya (1993) and Shamira (2003) was closer in the

issue of disclosures. However, they did not focus on the different disclosure

practices for locally and foreign owned commercial banks that also adhere to

reporting regulations in the countries of domicile. This study will bring new insight

into the banking sector by analysing the impact of operational and market risk

disclosure on the commercial banks performance in Kenya using the VaRDI and

ORDI disclosure index as predictors on the level of disclosure in the financial

statements of the bank.; this will help management in curbing excessive risk

undertaking and mitigate unfavourable operational and market risk exposure before

the eventual collapse of any commercial bank in the banking sector.

21

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 RESEARCH DESIGN

3.1 Introduction

This study intends to determine the impact of operational and market risk disclosure

on financial performance of commercial banks in Kenya using the value at risk

disclosure index and the operational risk disclosure index. The models will use the

movement in the bank’s profitability to ascertain the impact of disclosures on a bank

performance. These variables are critical in determining the eventual success and

limit the risk taking appetite of commercial banks in the market.

3.2 Research design

The study will use the scorecard approach based on the checkpoint basis to study

and review the operational and market risk disclosure effect on the banks

performance. There is a set of predefined fields in scorecard and they are referred to

as the checklist to find the amount of data disclosed regarding the operational and

market risk management by the banks in their annual reports. Following previous

work on disclosure (Perignon and Smith 2006, Roberts, Goyal, Yeung, Jin and

Yang, 2007), we construct an Operational Risk Disclosure Index (ORDI) and Value

at Risk Disclosure Index (VaRDI) and try to tabulate and compute the risk

disclosure done by commercial banks in Kenya.

3.3 The population of the study

The study population comprises of 43 commercial banks trading in Kenya for a

period of five years 2005 to 2009 as shown in appendix I. However, for banks that

had not been incorporated or under statutory management in that period the study

WlH exclude them. In a related study by Goyal and Jaijing (2007) on operational and22

market risk disclosures they used data extracted from annual reports of banks in

emerging markets and developed markets for one year which was sufficient in

relation to the sample size. Given the similarity of this study to the particular study,

five year period was deemed to be adequate to come up with the findings.

3.4 Data Collection

We will use secondary data from financial statements from commercial banks

licensed and operating in Kenya, which are posted the specific banks website and

Central Bank of Kenya. The data will cover the entire population of commercial

banks registered by Central Bank of Kenya. Bank specific data for each reporting

period/calendar year comes in two sources. The first one is the year end balance

sheet and the second is income statement reported by the commercial banks plus the

accompanying notes to the financial statements.

3.5 Data Analysis

The data collected will be analysed by use of descriptive statistics. In particular the

analysis will be in the form of histograms and correlations. The study will also try to

find an explanation to the Bank's ORD1 and VaRDl score with respect to profits.

Data will be analysed using the statistical package STATA and content analysis will

be used in summarizing the findings.

The study will use a modified version of VaRDl score with respect to return on

capital. To facilitate the empirical analysis we make use of the disclosure index, the

VaRDl developed and used by (Perignon and Smith, 2006) for their paper “The

Level and Quality of Value at Risk Disclosure by Commercial Banks”. This

disclosure scorecard approach aggregates six strikingly distinct yet vital of VaR

disclosure into a single number between 0 and 15. The six index components are:

23

VaR characteristics, summary of VaR statistics, intertemporal comparison, daily

VaR figures, trading revenues and back testing. A maximum of 15 points are

allocated if the financial institute was being surveyed, in its annual report publicly

discloses all of the above set of information. The disclosure index for ORDI uses

five strikingly distinct yet vital of operational risk disclosure into a single number

between 0 and 15. The five index components are: Recognition and Definition of

Operational Risk, Operational Risk Capital, Intertemporal Comparison, Governance,

Measurement and Control. A maximum of 15 points are allocated if the financial

institute was being surveyed, in its annual report publicly discloses all of the above

set of information.

To do this the study will run a couple of regressions so as to figure out the exact

relationship between bank's levels of disclosure with respect to an explanatory

variable.

Based on the R2 and t-statistic, the Regression Model Y = a + b * 1 n (7r) as the best

fit model for both the risk disclosure indices is chosen.

Where;

Y- Represents dependent variable or disclosure

a- Represents constant or return on capital not affected by disclosure

b- Represents coefficient of the variable

7T- Independent variable or return on capital

The basic criteria for selecting a model as a best fit are:

24

Model should have the highest R2 value among all models being studied, like ORDI,

to formally compare these levels we compute a two-sample t-test (assuming equal

variance). In (7r) i.e. natural logarithm of the Bank's profits is the best explanatory

parameter for the risk disclosure index value as the t-statistics are significant for all

the models and value of R2 is also better compared to other models. Descriptive

statistics, case analysis, comparative analysis and regression analysis will be used in

determining the effect of operational risk and market risk disclosures on the banks

performance. The ratios will be plotted on graphs to determine the trend. While the

total impact will be established by estimating a comparative analysis for the period

under study. The results of these statistical techniques will be analysed and

compared with conclusions drawn from literature reviews.

25

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 DATA ANALYSIS, FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS

4.1 Data Analysis

The Operational Risk Disclosure Index and Value at Risk Disclosure Index for the

commercial banks registered in Kenya was analysed. To achieve this, information

from financial statements was reviewed to determine the level of disclosure that is

done in the published financial statements. A disclosure index was developed for

both operational risk and value at risk.

It was noted that there was no standard way of presenting risk disclosure information

in the published financial statements and most of the time it depended on the auditor.

In some instances the banks were not posting the full set of accounts on the website.

The study therefore focused only on the banks whose financial statements could be

accessed.

Banks whose information could not be extracted and those that had traded in the

market for less than 5 years were eliminated from the study. These banks were

therefore not included from the study as the results would not provide any

meaningful insight.

The fin a l sam ple data used in the study is attached as A ppendix II

To achieve the objective of the study, the researcher tested (the hypothesis) whether

there is a correlation between the level of operational and value at risk disclosure,

and if its statistically significant to affect commercial banks performance in Kenya.

Hypothesis testing is the procedure of investigating or determining the validity or

26

otherwise of inferences about a population based on results obtained from samples

(Ngau,2004).The underlying motive is to evaluate whether the observed differences

or similarities or association is so large that it could not have occurred by chance

(Nachmias and Nachmias, 1999).

4.2 Presentation and Interpretation of Findings

4.2.1 Based on Figures and Correlation

The researcher performed an analysis to test the correlation between the ORDI and

VaRDI in relation to the profits. The structure of data presentation is shown in the

tables, histograms below and appendix II.

Figure 1: Banks Operational Risk Disclosure Index for the year 2005 through

2009

27

From figure 1 above, the banks operational risk have been on a steady increase since

2005 where the disclosure index was none. The disclosure index has risen up to a

sum of 214 in the 43 banks which were sampled. This is an indicator that the

banks are now adopting the strategy of disclosing their operational risk disclosure

index.

Figure 2: Banks Value at Risk Disclosure Index for the year 2005 through 2009

From figure 2 above, the banks value at risk disclosure index has also been on a

steady increase since 2005 where the sum of disclosure indexes was 55. The

disclosure index has rose up to a sum of 111 in the 43 banks which were sampled.

This is an indicator that the banks are now adopting the strategy of disclosing their

value at risk disclosure index.

Further, the structure of data presentation is shown in the tables below.

28

The table below shows the correlation coefficient of annual profits in relation to the

Operational Risk Disclosure Index (ORDI) in the years 2005 to 2009.

Table 4.1: Correlation coefficient of Operational Risk Disclosure Index to

Annual Profits

No. Year.

Correlation Coefficient^]

Annual Profit.

1 2009 15.89%

2 2008 22.95%

3 2007 20.90%

4 2006 5.52%

5 2005

Overall 25.34%

The table above shows the correlation coefficient of annual profits in relation to the

Operational Risk Disclosure Index (ORDI) in the years 2005 to 2009. There is a

correlation of annual profits to the banks operation risk disclosure index (ORDI).

The year 2008 displayed the highest level of correlation (22.95%) of ORDI to

profits. The year 2005 had no data to correlate to the profits.

29

Table 4.2: Correlation coefficient of Value at Risk Disclosure Index to Annual

Profits

The table below shows the correlation coefficient of annual profits in relation to the

Value at Risk Disclosure Index (VaRDI) in the years 2005 to 2009.

No. Year. Correlation Coefficient^] Annual Profit.

1 2009 34.05%

2 2008 59.13%

3 2007 18.97%

4 2006 37.26%

5 2005 *19.65%

Overall 39.93%

*The 19.65% correlation coefficient is a negative correlation

The table above shows the correlation coefficient of annual profits in relation to the

Value at Risk Disclosure Index (VaRDI) in the years 2005 to 2009. In 2008, just like

ORDI, value at risk disclosure index also demonstrated the highest level of

correlation (59.13%)when correlated to annual profits. There was a spurious

correlation of VaRDI in the year 2005 of 19.65%. This is largely because there was

scanty data in the year 2005 to warrant any statistical significance. There may be a

couple of reasons behind this limited disclosure, like a number of banks speculate on

market return and movement for huge gains, but as per the human nature, no

investor will like his money to be used for speculation so alternately banks disclose30

less in there Financial Statement and Annual Report to abide by the investor or

shareholder mentality.

Table 4.3: Pair wise Correlation Coefficient of ORDI and VaRDI to Annual

Profits

No. Year.

Correlation Coefficient]/?]

Annual Profit.

ORDI. VaRDI.

1 2009 15.89% 34.05%

2 2008 22.95% 59.13%

3 2007 20.90% 18.97%

4 2006 5.52% 37.26%

5 2005 *19.65%

Overall 25.34% 39.93%

*The 19.65% corre ation coefficient is a negative correlation

We can observe that the correlation coefficient of ORDI and VaRDI was high in the

year 2008.The study can conclude that there is a correlation between the two

disclosure indices. There is a peculiar trend here; according to which on an average,

commercial banks disclose more about their Value at Risk and Market Risk

mitigation strategy as compared to the data on their operational failure or

Operational Risk Management tactics. The possible explanation to this trend may

be that commercial banks are more willing to commit substantial and strong

31

financial resources so that they can come up with the robust models like Value at

Risk for their trading strategies.

From the above table it is quite explicit that the disclosure index used for this project

does a good as a whole but not in isolation. The results of the indices appear to be

co-related irrespective of the way we are using our data. They show a correlation of

about 25.34% for ORDI and 39.93% for VaRDI.

After considering the levels of disclosure of Operational Risk and VaR, we study the

correlation between both the indices. It is potentially possible that the banks with

strong risk management frameworks will require high disclosure across all aspects

of bank risk. Somewhat surprisingly when we calculate the correlation (as

summarized in the table above) we observe some very low levels of correlation

between the disclosure indices. The results of the indices appears to be co­

related irrespective of the way we are using our data i.e. for each year or for the

whole period under review.

Table 4.4: t test of ORDI and VaRDI

Group Observation Mean.

Standard

Errors.

Standard

Deviation.

[95% Confidence

Interval).

ORDI. 144 4.340278 0.397663 4.771951 3.554221 5.126334

VaRDI. 134 3.358209 0.210381 2.435338 2.942083 3.774335

Combined. 278 3.866906 0.231083 3.852926 3.412004 4.321809

^Difference. “ 0.982069 0.459516 0.077467 1.88667

*The dif 'erence = Mean (0) - Mean (1)

32

The table above shows the t test performed on the ORDI and VaRDI to establish if

the banks disclose one of the indexes more than the other. That is to be able establish

any possibility of the banks disclosing ORDI more that VaRDI or vice versa.

From a 2 tailed probability curve, Pr(| T |>| / 1)= 0.0335<0.05

Conclusion: We reject the null hypothesis and conclude that there is a statistically

significant difference between ORDI and VaRDI at 95 percent confidence interval.

The level of disclosure by commercial banks of the two indices is different for each

of the indices.

Table 4.5: Results for Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)

Source.Between Groups. Within Groups Totals.

' ORDI. VaRDI. ORDI. VaRDI. ORDI. VaRDI.

Sum of

Squares.2220.337 765.9667 1401.5 1.5 3631.837 767.4667

Degrees of

Freedom.122 114 123 5 245 119

Mean of

Squares.18.19949 6.719 11.39431 0.3 14.78301 6.4492

F 1.6 22.4 - — “

Probability> F 0.005 0.0012 “'

33

Conclusion: There is a statistically significant difference at 95% confidence interval

between ORDI and the annual profits since the p-value of the F is 0.005 which is <

0.05 level of significance. In addition, there is a statistically significant difference at

95% confidence interval between VaRDI and the annual profits since the p-value of

the F is 0.0012 which is < 0.05 level of significance.

4.3 Based on Regression

Apart from using graphs and correlation, we also try to find an explanation to the

Bank's ORDI and VaRDI score with respect to parameters like bank's profits and

bank disclosure index.

To do this we run a couple of regressions so as to figure out the exact relationship

between bank's levels of disclosure with respect to an explanatory variable. Based

on the R“ and t-statistic, we decided to choose the Regression Model Y = a + b * 1 n

(x) as the best fit model for both the risk disclosure indices.f

Table 4.6: Results for Regression of ORDI and VaRDI

Disclosure. ORDI. VaRDI.

No. of Observations. 126 120

*F(1,124) and **F(1, 118) 8.51 22.38

Probability > F 0.0042 0.00)

R Squared. 0.0642 0.1594

Adjusted R-Squared. 0.0567 0.153

Root MSE. 1.80E+09 1.8OE-09

(*)Operational Risk Disclosure Index. (**) Value at Risk Disclosurelndex.

34

The p value of the F-test shows the overall significance of the models. In this case,

the ORDI model is statistically significant at 0.0042 while the VaRDI model is

statistically significant at 0.000. Value at risk disclosure index has more impact on

the banks profits as compared to the operational risk disclosure index (ORDI).

The R-squared of the regression is the fraction of the variation of annual profits

(dependent variables) that is accounted for (or predicted by) the ORDI or VaRDI

(independent variables), in this case, it means that approximately 6.42% and 15.23%

of the variability in the annual profits as a result of ORDI and VaRDI respectively is

accounted for in the models, even after taking into account the number of predictor

variables in the model.

Table 4.7: Results for Regression components within the model

Source.Sum of Squares. Degrees of Freedom. Mean of Squares.

ORDI. VaRDI. ORDI. VaRDI. ORDI. VaRDI.

Model.2.91E+1

9

7.13E+1

91 1

2.91E+1

9

7.13E+1

9

Residual.4.23E+2

0

3.76E+2

0124 118

3.41E+1

8

3.19E+1

8

Total.4.52E+2

0

4.48E+2

0125 119

3.62E+1

8

3.76E+1

8

35

i £ AM

Table 4.7 displays the sum of squares, degrees of freedom and the mean squares for

the model and the residual. It also displays the total of the components within the

model.

Table 4.8: Results for the Statistical Models

Model.Annual

ProfitsCoefficient Standard Error t P>t Beta [95% Confidence Interval]

'

I.

ORDI. 1.01E+08 3.48E+07 2.92 0.004 0.2534319 3.26E+07 1.70E+08

Constant. 8.77E+08 2.19E+08 4.01 0.000 4.44E+08 1.31E+09

II.

VaRDI. 3.05E+08 6.44E+07 4.73 0.000 0.399283 1.77E+08 4.33E+08

Constant. 2.73E+08 2.75E+08 0.99 0.322 -2.71E+08 8.17E+08

-/

Table 4.8 displays the statistical formulas (Models) that have been derived from the

data at 95% confidence interval. The coefficients in the Beta column are all in the

same standardized units you can compare these coefficients to assess the relative

strength of each of the indexes. In this regression, VaRDI has the highest Beta

coefficient (0.399283, in absolute value) as compared to ORDI which is 0.2534319.

In interpreting this output, the difference between the numbers listed in the

Coefficient column and the Beta column is in the units of measurement. For

example, to describe the raw coefficient for ‘ORDI’ you would say, a one-unit

increase in ORDI would yield a 1.01E+08 unit increase in the annual profits.

However, for the standardized coefficient (Beta) you would say, a one standard

36

deviation increase in ORDI would yield a 0.2534319 standard deviation increase in

the annual profits. However, the same pattern follows with VaRDI. For the

standardized coefficient (Beta) you would say that a one standard deviation increase

in VaRDI would yield a 0.399283 standard deviation increase in the annual profits.

37

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 CONCLUSION

5.1 Conclusion and Implications

Disclosure plays an important role in market discipline since market participants

need to have meaningful information to base their judgment of risk and

performance. Disclosure is particularly important in the banking industry, since

banks are generally viewed as being opaque to outsiders. As a result, banking

supervisors and other public sector officials have encouraged enhanced disclosure

by commercial banks, particularly for forward-looking estimates of risk. This study

tried to compare market risk and operational risk disclosures with reference to

commercial banks in Kenya and then tried to establish a relationship between risk

disclosure and value of the bank's profits.

/

The key variable of examining disclosures is an index scorecard for both market risk

and operational risk disclosure that capture the amount of risk information that

financial institutes are willing to share with their common shareholders through their

annual reports. The index is constructed for a sample of forty three commercial

banks which had traded between 2005 and 2009. Overall, the quality of both the

disclosures is better for listed banks than for unlisted banks at the Nairobi stock

exchange. One possible explanation for this puzzling result may be that the sample

banks may not be representative of all commercial banks in the national economy.

As a result, multinational banks have more resource to devote to operational risk

performance measurement than other average banks in the country. It should always

be kept in mind that market discipline has two distinct components:38

• Investors and creditors ability to monitor and assess changes in bank's

condition.

• Their ability to influence management behavior.

Both of the factors are affected by the amount and quality of information disclosed.

Through our research, improvement of risk disclosures is still needed for all

commercial banks especially for non listed banks. Without adequate disclosure

information, investors and creditor's ability to monitor and assess bank's financial

ability will be negatively affected consequently negatively affecting bank’s

management behavior and even its future in long run.

5.2 Limitations of the study

The following are some of the limitations of the study:

Risk disclosure index is not the only factor that influences profits. Other important

factors such as turnover should be considered while assessing the level of profits.

Investors can only gain if there is an assurance that other factors in the economy

will remain unchanged.

5.3 Suggestions for Further Research

The researcher suggests the following areas for further research:

• The study focused on investigating the impact of operational and market risk

disclosure on commercial banks performance in Kenya. Kenya is classified

as a developing country and it shares similar climatic, weather and cultural

conditions with the other East African countries, further research could be

done by assessing correlation between VaRDI and ORDI in the three East

African countries and disclosure trends.

39

Further research can be done to assess the motivation behind operational risk

and market risk disclosure; and

Research could also be done to assess compliance levels to the Basel

Committee resolutions in the subsequent financial reporting and risk

management strategies.

REFERENCES

Abhinav Kant Goyal and Jiajing Wu. O perational and market Risk D isclosure by

Banks A comparison o f D eveloped and Em erging Econom ies (2006).

Angeline A. Kinya.Adherance to mandatory F inancial D isclosure Requirem ents by

Public C om pany’s in K enya , University of Nairobi, 1993.

Alexander, Carol. 2003. O perational Risk: Regulation, Analysis and M anagem ent.

Prentice Hall, Financial Times.

Anthony Saunders and Marcia Millon Cornett, F inancial Institutions M anagement.

Risk M anagem ent Approach. McGraw Hill International Edition 6th

edition,2008.

Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, Enhancing Bank Transparency” Bank

for International Settlements, 1998.

Basel Committee on Banking Supervision. "International Convergence o f Capital

M easurem ent and Capital Standards'. A Revised Framework."Bank for

International Settlements,2004.

Basel Committee on Banking Supervision. "International Convergence o f Capital

M easurem ent and Capital Standards'. A Revised Framework."Bank for

International Settlements,2006.

Barth, James R., Gerard Caprio Jr., and Ross Levine (2001) The Regulation and

Supervision o f Banks Around the W orld: University of Minnesota Financial

Studies Working Paper No. 0006;A New Database World Bank Policy

Research Working Paper No. 2588.

41

Barclays Bank of Kenya annual report,2003

Central Bank of Kenya website from http://www.centralbank.go.ke/bank

information/shareholding/html

Central Bank of Kenya, Prudential guidelines.

Company Act Cap 486, Laws of Kenya.

Frederic S Mishkin and Stanley G.Eakins. Financial Institutions and Institutions 4lh

Edition (page 499-501),2002.

John C. Hull. R isk M anagem ent and Financial Institutions 2007 Prentice Hall

Jonathan Reuvid. M anaging Business Risk -4lh Edition, 2005.

International Financial Reporting Standards 7 (Financial Instrum ents D isclosure).

Http://www.investopedia.com/terms/m/montecarlosimulation

Me Kinsey “Global Investor and Em erging m arket po licy m aker opinion survey on

corporate governance" ,2002.

Mugucia Harrison Chege, A Survey o f the extent o f Com pliance to International

Accounting Standards D isclosure Requirem ents fo r Listed Com panies at the

Nairobi stock Exchange. University of Nairobi, 2005.

Nachmias,David and Chava Frankfort Nachmias, Research Methods in the Social

Sciences and Data Bank Disk: With Data bank disk, 6Ih Edition New

York, Worth Publishers, 1999.

Nairobi Stock Exchange from http://www.nse.co.ke

42

Ngau Peter M. and Kumssa Asfaw, Research Design,D ata Collection and Analysis;

A training manual, United Nations Centre fo r Regional Development, African

Office, 2004.

Obiero D.The Banking Sector Regulatory fra m ew o rk in Kenya. Its adequacy in

reducing bank fa ilure. University of Nairobi,2002.

Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions (OSFI) Canada. 2007.

Retrieved from http://www.osfi-bsif.gc.ca/osfi/index~e.aspx7ArticleID

Omagwa Job Ombongi,Foreign Exchange R isk M anagem ent Practices by foreign

ow ned com m ercial Banks in K enya , University of Nairobi,2005

Ongera Joshua Bosire,/! survey o f the impact o f operational losses on profitability o f

com m ercial banks in Kenya, University of Nairobi,2006

Paul Wilmott. Q uantitative Finance. John Wiley & Sons,2007.

Perignon, Christophe and Smith, Daniel R. The Level and Quality o f Value-at-Risk

D isclosure by Com mercial Banks. Retrieved from

http://www.sfu.ca/-cperigno/BUS865Lectures/PerignonSmith.pdf (2006).

Shekhar K.C and Lekshmy. Banking Theory and Practice, 19th Edition Vikas

publishing House PVT Ltd 2005 page 270

Shamira Hussein, The effect o f Audit Committees on m ajor disclosures and other

non fin a n c ia l characteristics o f companies listed at the N airobi Stock

Exchange. University of Nairobi,2003

The banking Survey 2009, The Global F inancial Crisis and its impact on Kenya.

43

Xiaohua Fang, Inform ativeness o f Value-at - R isk D isclosure in the Banking

Industry,2009.

Yussuf A.Idarus.A survey o f operational R isk M anagem ent practices by

Com m ercial Banks in Kenya. University of Nairobi, 2005.

44

Xiaohua Fang, Inform ativeness o f Value-at -R isk D isclosure in the Banking

Industry,2009.

Yussuf A.Idarus.A survey o f operational R isk M anagem ent practices by

Com m ercial Banks in Kenya. University of Nairobi, 2005.

44

APPENDICES

Appendix 1: Banks in Kenya

African Banking Corporation Ltd.

Bank of Africa Kenya Ltd.

Bank of Baroda (K) Ltd.

Bank of India

Barclays Bank of Kenya Ltd.

CFC Stanbic Bank Ltd.

Charterhouse Bank Ltd (Under statutory management)

Chase Bank (K) Ltd.

Citibank N.A Kenya

Commercial Bank of Africa Ltd.

Consolidated Bank of Kenya Ltd.

Co-operative Bank of Kenya Ltd.

Credit Bank Ltd.

Development Bank of Kenya Ltd.

Diamond Trust Bank (K) Ltd.

Dubai Bank Kenya Ltd.

Ecobank Kenya Ltd

Equatorial Commercial Bank Ltd.

Equity Bank Ltd.

Family Bank Ltd

Fidelity Commercial Bank Ltd

Fina Bank Ltd

First community Bank Limited

Giro Commercial Bank Ltd

Guardian Bank Ltd

45

Gulf African Bank Limited

Habib Bank A.G Zurich

Habib Bank Ltd

Imperial Bank Ltd

Investment & Mortgages Bank Ltd

Jamii Bora Bank Ltd.

Kenya Commercial Bank Ltd

K-Rep Bank Ltd

Middle East Bank (K) Ltd

National Bank of Kenya Ltd

NIC Bank Ltd

Oriental Commercial Bank Ltd

Paramount Universal Bank Ltd

Prime Bank Ltd

Standard Chartered Bank (K) Ltd

Trans-National Bank Ltd

Victoria Commercial Bank Ltd

UBA Kenya Bank Ltd.

Source -Central Bank of Kenya website

46

APPENDIX II: DISCLOSURE INDEXES

Table 4.9: Annual Profits and ORDI

No. Name of the Bank.Y ear: 2009 Y ear: 2008 Y ear: 2007 Y ear: 2006 Y ear: 2005

O R D I. A nn ual Pro fit. O R D I. A nn ual P ro fit. O R D I. A nn ual P ro fit. O R D I. A nn ual P ro fit. O R D I. A nn ual P ro fit.

1 ABC Bank. “ 224,000,000 185,000,000 - 140,000,000 - 124,000,000

2 Bank of Africa. 0 396,000,000 0 271,000,000 0 158,000,000 0 61,000,000 0 7,000,000

3 Bank of Baroda. 5 5 633,000,000 5 524,000,000 0 373,000,000 0 238,000,000

4 Bank of India. 5 5 609,000,000 5 474,000,000 0 278,000,000 0 124,000,000

5 Barclays Bank of Kenya. 5 9,002,000,000 5 8,016,000,000 5 7,079,000,000 0 6,475,000,000 0 5,401,000,000

6 CFC Stanbic Bank. 5 709,000,000 5 1,322,000,000 5 1,352,000,000 0 1,366,000,000 0 865,000,000

7 Chase Bank. “ “ 247,000,000 180,000,000 ■ 111,000,000 - 65,000,000

8 Citibank. 11 3,055,000,000 11 3,353,000,000 11 1,782,000,000 0 1,530,000,000 0 1,285,000,000

9 City Finance Bank. * “ (3,000,000) " (28,000,000) • (17,000,000) • (47,000,000)

10 Charter House Bank. 11 (85,000,000) 11 (130,000,000) 11 87,000,000 5 77,000,000 • 122,000,000

11 Commercial Bank of Africa. 6 1,964,000,000 6 1,765,000,000 0 1,416,000,000 0 1,343,000,000 0 369,000,000

12 Consolidated Bank of Kenya. 11 10 85,000,000 0 26,000,000 0 16,000,000 0 (12,000,000)

13 Co-operative Bank of Kenya. 11 3,735,000,000 10 3,359,000,000 10 2,094,000,000 0 1,256,000,000 0 714,000,000

14 Credit Bank. ’ 79,000,000 • 131,000,000 “ 90,000,000 • 90,000,000

15 Development Bank of Kenya. 10 189,000,000 10 169,000,000 10 156,000,000 0 128,000,000 0 165,000,000

16 Diamond Trust Bank. 6 1.929,000,000 6 1,604,000,000 5 1,055,000,000 0 681,000,000 0 427,000,000

r I Dubai Bank. I - - 7,000,000 - 14,000,000 - 20,000,000 - 29,000,000

Ecobank. * “ 67,000,000 * 112,000,000 “ 47,000,000 “ 13,000,000

19 Equatorial Commercial Bank. 12 74.000,000 11 (10,000,000) 12 73,000,000 11 94,000,000 0 109,000,000

20 Equity Bank. 5 5,278,000,000 6 4,988,000,000 6 2,364,000,000 0 1,103,000,000 0 501,000,000

21 Family Bank. 6 342,000,000 6 576,000,000 0 268,000,000 • N/A • N/A

22 Fidelity Commercial Bank. 9 37,000,000 " 35,000,000 49,000,000 • 26,000,000 • 13,000,000

23 Fina Bank. 0 160,000,000 0 139,000,000 0 150,000,000 0 151,000,000 0 107,000,000

24 First Community Bank. * (307,000,000) - N/A - N/A 0 N/A

25 Giro Commercial Bank. 0 148,900,000 0 126,000,000 0 41,000,000 0 59,000,000 0 (6,000,000)

26 Guardian Bank. 11 61,000,000 11 44,000,000 11 25,000,000 11 48,000,000 0 56,000,000

27 Gulf African Bank. 11 (162,000,000) 11 (382,000,000) 11 (275,000,000) - N/A - N/A

28 Habib A.G Zurich. 11 286,000,000 11 242,000,000 11 204,000,000 0 165,000,000 0 147,000,000

29 Habib Bank Ltd. 11 196,000,000 11 146,000,000 11 107,000,000 0 6,000,000 0 21,000,000

30 I&M Bank. 10 1,794,000,000 11 1,619,000,000 11 1,294,000,000 0 936,000,000 0 489,000,000

31 Imperial Bank. “ “ 673,000,000 “ 564,000,000 - 387,000,000 • 305,000,000

32 Kenya Commercial Bank. 9 6,300,000,000 11 6,013,000,000 11 4,226,000,000 0 3,167,000,000 0 1,948,000,000

33 K-Rep Bank Limited. 5 (289,000,000) 5 (472,000,000) 0 190,000,000 0 152,000,000 0 53,000,000

48

Table 4.9: Annual Profits and ORDI

No. N am e o f the B ank.

Y ear: 2009 Y ear: 2008 Y ear: 2007 Y ear: 2006 Y ear: 20 05

O R D I. A nn ual P ro fit. O R D I. A nn ual P ro fit.\

\O R D I. A nn ual P ro fit. O R D I. A nn ual P ro fit. O R D I. A n n u a l P ro fit.

34 United Bank of Africa - Kenya. " " N/A * N/A - N/A - N/A

35 National Bank of Kenya. 6 2,159,000,000 6 1,797,000,000 0 1,610,000,000 0 934,000,000 0 859,000,000

36 NIC Bank. 0 1,526,000,000 0 1,484,000,000 0 1,050,000,000 0 677,000,000 0 403,000,000

37 Oriental Commercial Bank. 9 47,000,000 9 68,000,000 5 177,000,000 0 (65,000,000) 0 (86,000,000)

38 Paramount Universal Bank. “ 51,000,000 * 43,000,000 - 31,000,000 0 15,000,000

39 Prime Bank. “ 563,600,000 460,000,000 * 317,000,000 - 191,000,000 - 125,000,000

40 Southern Credit Bank. “ 6,000,000 * (14,000,000) - 32,000,000 - 31,000,000

41 Standard Chartered. 13 6,728,000,000 13 4,720,000,000 11 4,910,000,000 11 3,810,000,000 0 3,513,000,000

42 Trans-National Bank. 0 87,000,000 0 121,000,000 0 81,000,000 0 46,000,000 0 59,000,000

43 Victoria Commercial Bank. “ _ 170,000,000 • 151,000,000 - 128,000,000 - 124,000,000

49

Table 4.10: Annual Profits and VaRDI

No. N am e o f the B ank.

Y ear: 2009 Y ear: 2008 Y ear: 2007 Y ear: 2006 Y ear: 2005

V aR D I. A nn ual P ro fit. V aR D I. A nn ual P ro fit. V aR D I. A nn ual P ro fit. V aR D I. A nn ual Pro fit. V aR D I. A nn ual P ro fit.

1 ABC Bank. * 224,000,000 - 185,000,000 - 140,000,000 - 124,000,000

2 Bank of Africa. 6 396,000.000 6 271,000,000 6 158,000,000 2 61,000,000 2 7,000,000

3 Bank of Baroda. 3 3 633,000,000 3 524,000,000 2 373,000,000 2 238,000,000

4 Bank of India. 3 3 609,000,000 3 474,000,000 2 278,000,000 2 124,000,000

5 Barclays Bank of Kenya. 11 9,002,000,000 11 8,016,000,000 3 7,079,000,000 3 6,475,000,000 2 5,401,000,000

6 CFC Stanbic Bank. 12 709,000,000 12 1,322,000,000 3 1,352,000,000 3 1,366,000,000 2 865,000,000

7 Chase Bank. * 247,000,000 • 180,000,000 111,000,000 - 65,000,000

8 Citibank. 3 3,055,000,000 3 3,353,000,000 3 1,782,000,000 2 1,530,000,000 2 1,285,000,000

9 City Finance Bank. * (3,000,000) “ (28,000,000) * (17,000,000) * (47,000,000)

10 Charter House Bank. 3 (85,000,000) 3 (130,000,000) 2 87,000,000 2 77,000,000 2 122,000,000

11 Commercial Bank of Africa. 1,964,000,000 1,765,000,000 1,416,000,000 * 1,343,000,000 - 369,000,000

12 Consolidated Bank of Kenya. " 85,000,000 " 26,000,000 * 16,000,000 - (12,000,000)

13 Co-operative Bank of Kenya. 0 3,735,000,000 7 3,359,000,000 7 2,094,000,000 2 1,256,000,000 2 714,000,000

14 Credit Bank. * 79,000,000 131,000,000 - 90,000,000 - 90,000,000

15 Development Bank of Kenya. 3 189,000,000 3 169,000,000 3 156,000,000 2 128,000,000 2 165,000,000

16 Diamond Trust Bank. 3 1,929,000,000 3 1,604,000,000 3 1,055,000,000 2 681,000,000 2 427,000,000

17 Dubai Bank. " * 7,000,000 * 14,000,000 20,000,000 “ 29,000,000

50

1 18 1 Ecobank. - - 67,000,000 - 112,000,000 - 47,000,000 - 13,000,000

19 Equatorial Commercial Bank. 3 74,000,000 3 (10,000,000) 3 73,000,000 2 94,000,000 2 109,000,000

20 Equity Bank. 2 5,278,000,000 7 4,988,000,000 7 2,364,000,000 2 1,103,000,000 2 501,000,000

21 Family Bank. 0 342,000,000 0 576,000,000 3 268,000,000 * N/A - N/A

22 Fidelity Commercial Bank. 2 37,000,000 2 35,000,000 * 49,000,000 * 26,000,000 - 13,000,000

23 Fina Bank. 3 160,000,000 3 139,000,000 3 150,000,000 3 151,000,000 3 107,000,000

24 First Community Bank. “ ‘ (307,000,000) * N/A * N/A - N/A

25 Giro Commercial Bank. 2 148,900,000 2 126,000,000 2 41,000,000 2 59,000,000 2 (6,000,000)

26 Guardian Bank. 3 61,000,000 3 44,000,000 3 25,000,000 2 48,000,000 2 56,000,000

27 Gulf African Bank. 3 (162,000,000) 3 (382,000,000) 3 (275,000,000) * N/A - N/A

28 Habib A.G Zurich. 3 286,000,000 3 242,000,000 3 204,000,000 2 165,000,000 2 147,000.000

29 Habib Bank Ltd. 10 196,000,000 10 146,000,000 3 107,000,000 2 6,000,000 2 21,000,000

30 I&M Bank. 4 1,794,000,000 3 1,619,000,000 9 1,294,000,000 2 936,000,000 2 489,000,000

31 Imperial Bank. * “ 673,000,000 * 564,000,000 - 387,000,000 - 305,000,000

32 Kenya Commercial Bank. 2 6,300,000,000 8 6,013,000,000 8 4,226,000,000 2 3,167,000,000 2 1,948,000,000

33 K-Rep Bank Limited. 5 (289,000,000) 3 (472,000,000) 3 190,000,000 3 152,000,000 3 53,000,000

51

Table 4.10: Annual Profits and VaRDI

No. N am e o f the B ank.

Y ear: 2009 Y ear: 2008 Y ear: 2007 Y ear: 2006 Y ear: 2005

V aR D I. A nn ual P ro fit. V a R D I. A nn ual P ro fit. V aR D I. A nn ual P ro fit. V aR D I. A nn ual P ro fit. V aR D I. A nn ual P ro fit.

34 United Bank of Africa - Kenya. " * N/A * N/A * N/A * N/A

35 National Bank of Kenya. 6 2,159,000,000 6 1,797,000,000 2 1,610,000,000 3 934,000,000 3 859,000,000

36 NIC Bank. 2 1,526,000,000 2 1,484,000,000 2 1,050,000,000 2 677,000,000 3 403,000,000

37 Oriental Commercial Bank. 0 47,000,000 0 68,000,000 8 177,000,000 2 (65,000,000) 2 (86,000,000)

38 Paramount Universal Bank. “ * 51,000,000 * 43,000,000 * 31,000,000 * 15,000,000

39 Prime Bank. * 563,600,000 “ 460,000,000 “ 317,000,000 • 191,000,000 * 125,000,000

40 Southern Credit Bank. “ 6,000,000 * (14,000.000) * 32,000,000 - 31,000,000

41 Standard Chartered. 11 6,728,000,000 8 4,720,000,000 3 4,910,000,000 3 3,810,000,000 2 3,513,000,000

42 Trans-National Bank. 3 87,000,000 3 121,000,000 3 81,000,000 3 46,000,000 3 59,000,000

43 Victoria Commercial Bank. * “ 170,000,000 “ 151,000,000 128,000,000 124,000,000

52

Co-operative Bank of Kenya.

lhu>

Table 4.11: O

RD

I 2009

/ 14 / Credit Bank. ' - - - - - - - - - - - - - - •

/ 15 / D eve lopm ent Bank o f Kenya. 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0

16 Diamond Trust Bank. 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 6

17 Dubai Bank. “ " * “ " - - - - “ - - - - •

18 Ecobank. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

19 Equatorial Commercial Bank. 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 12

20 Equity Bank. 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 5

21 Family Bank. 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 6

22 Fidelity Commercial Bank. 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 9

23 Fina Bank. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

24 First Community Bank. " - - “ - - - - - - - - - - -

25 Giro Commercial Bank. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

26 Guardian Bank. 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 11

27 Gulf African Bank. 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 11

28 Habib A.G Zurich. 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 11

29 Habib Bank Ltd. 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 11

30 I&M Bank. 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 10

31 Imperial Bank. • • - - - - - - - - - - - - -

32 Kenya Commercial Bank. 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 9

33 K-Rep Bank Limited. 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 5

54

341 U nited Bank o f A frica -

Kenya.- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

35 National Bank of Kenya. 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 6

36 NIC Bank. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

37 Oriental Commercial Bank. 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 9

38 Paramount Universal Bank. " • • - - - - - - - - - - - -

39 Prime Bank. “ " ■ ■ ■ • • - - - - - - - -

40 Southern Credit Bank. " • ■ “ ■ ■ - - - - - - - - -

41 Standard Chartered. 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 13

42 Trans-National Bank. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

43 Victoria Commercial Bank. " ■ * " “ ■ • " ■ • - • - •

55

Ch

GO N> - o to oo cn Ol -u CO N> - zo

Co-operative Bank of Kenya.

Consolidated Bank of Kenya.

Com

mercial Bank of A

frica.

Charter H

ouse Bank.

City Finance Bank.

Citibank.

Chase Bank.

CFC

Stanbic Bank.

Barclays Bank of Kenya.

Bank of India.

Bank of Baroda.

Bank of Africa.

AB

C Bank.

Nam

e of the Bank.

- - - - • - • - - - - O •Operational Risk.

- o o - • - • o o o o O •Reputation Risk.

- - o - • - • o o o o O •Legal Risk.

- - - - • - • o o o o O •Portion of Risk Capital (% or Kshs.)

o o o o • o • o o o o O 'Calculation Method.

/

o - o - • - • o o - - o •Previous Year OR Portion.

- - - - • - • - - o o o •OR Governance Structure.

- - o - • - • o o o o o •Reputation Governance Structure.

- - o - • - • o o o o o •Legal Governance Structure.

- - - - • - • - - - - o •OR Measurement.

o o o o • o • o o o o o •Reputation Measurement.

o o o o • o • o o o o o •Legal Measurement.

- - - - • - • - - - - o •Data Collection Process.

- - - - - - • - - - - o •OR Reporting.

o—ko Cl -A • - • cn cn cn cn o •

ORDI.

Table 4.12: O

RD

1 2008

14 ' C red it Bank. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

15 Development Bank of Kenya. 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 10

16 Diamond Trust Bank. 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 6

17 Dubai Bank. • • ■ • - ' • - • - - - - - •

18 Ecobank. * - - - - • - - - - - - - - •

19 Equatorial Commercial Bank. 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 11

20 Equity Bank. 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 6

21 Family Bank. 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 6

22 Fidelity Commercial Bank. ~ " " “ " • - • - " • - - - •

23 Fina Bank. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

24 First Community Bank. - - - - - - - - - - - - - •

25 Giro Commercial Bank. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

26 Guardian Bank. 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 11

27 Gulf African Bank. 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 11

28 Habib A.G Zurich. 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 11

29 Habib Bank Ltd. 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 11

30 I&M Bank. 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 11

31 Imperial Bank. “ ■ • “ ■ ■ - “ - “ • • - - •

32 Kenya Commercial Bank. 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 11

33 K-Rep Bank Limited. 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 5

57

34 U nited Bank o f A frica - Kenya. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

35 National Bank of Kenya. 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 6

36 NIC Bank. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

37 Oriental Commercial Bank. 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 9

38 Paramount Universal Bank. “ " ■ ■ • - - - - - - - - - -

39 Prime Bank. “ " • • ■ - - - - - - - - - -

40 Southern Credit Bank. “ “ “ • ■ - - - - - - - - *

41 Standard Chartered. 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 13

42 Trans-National Bank. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

43 Victoria Commercial Bank. “ “ " “ “ “ • " - • - - - - -

5«

LnID

co to - o CO CO -vl CT) Ol CO ro - zo

Co-operative Bank of Kenya.

Consolidated Bank of Kenya.

Com

mercial Bank of A

frica.

Charter H

ouse Bank.

City Finance Bank.

Citibank.

Chase Bank.

CFC

Stanbic Bank.

Barclays Bank of Kenya.

Bank of India.

Bank of Baroda.

Bank of Africa.

ABC

Bank.

Nam

e of the Bank.

- o o - • - • - - - - o •Operational Risk.

- o o - • - • o o o o o •Reputation Risk.

- o o - • - • o o o o o •Legal Risk.

- o o - • - • o o o o o •Portion of Risk Capital (% or Kshs.)

o o o o • o • o o o o o •Calculation Method.

o o o - • - • o o - - o •Previous Year OR Portion.

- o o - • - • - - o o o ■OR Governance Structure.

- o o - • - • o o o o o •Reputation Governance Structure.

- o o - • - • o o o o o •Legal Governance Structure.

- o o - • - • - - —k - o •OR Measurement.

o o o o • o • o o o o o 1ReputationMeasurement.

o o o o • o • o o o o o •Legal Measurement.

- o o - • a • - - - - o •Data Collection Process.

- o o - • - • —I - - - o •OR Reporting.

o o o - • mJk —k l cn cn cn cn o l ORDI.

Table 4.13: ORD

I 2007

r

/ C re d it B a n k . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

15 Development Bank of Kenya. 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 10

16 Diamond Trust Bank. 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 5

17 Dubai Bank. " ■ - - “ - - - - - “ - - - •

18 Ecobank. “ - “ - - - - - - - - - - - •

19 Equatorial Commercial Bank. 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 12

2 0 Equity Bank. 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 6

21 Family Bank. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

22 Fidelity Commercial Bank.

23 Fina Bank. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

24 First Community Bank. “ • - " “ - - - - - - - - - •

2 5 Giro Commercial Bank. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2 6 Guardian Bank. 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 11

27 Gulf African Bank. 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 11

28 Habib A.G Zurich. 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 11

2 9 Habib Bank Ltd. 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 11

30 I&M Bank. 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 11

31 Imperial Bank. " - " ■ ■ - - - • - “ - - - •

32 Kenya Commercial Bank. 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 11

33 K-Rep Bank Limited. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

60

r

I U n ite d B a n k o f A fr ic a - K e n y a . “ • • “ “ “ ”' ■ '

“ “ ” “ “

35 N ationa l Bank of Kenya. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

36 NIC Bank. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

37 Oriental Commercial Bank. 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 5

38 Paramount Universal Bank. " " “ • - - - - - - - - - - -

39 Prime Bank. " * " ■ “ • - - - - - - - - -

40 Southern Credit Bank. “ “ “ “ • ■ - “ - - - - - - -

41 Standard Chartered. 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 11

4 2 Trans-National Bank. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

43 Victoria Commercial Bank. • ■ • “ ■ “ “ ■ • - - - - - -

61

cnNJ

OJ ho - o CO CD CD cn CO NJ - zo

Co-operative Bank of Kenya.

Consolidated B

ank of Kenya.

Com

mercial Bank of A

frica.

Charter H

ouse Bank.

City Finance Bank.

Citibank.

Chase Bank.

CFC

Stanbic Bank.

Barclays Bank of Kenya.

Bank of India.

Bank of Baroda.

Bank of Africa.

ABC Bank.

Nam

e of the Bank.

o o o - • o • o o o o o •O p e ra t io n a l R is k .

o o o o • o • o o o o o •R e p u ta t io n R is k .

o o o o • O • o o O o o •L e g a l R is k .

o o o o • o • o o o o o •P o r t io n o f R is k C a p ita l

(% o r K s h s .)

o o o o • O • o o o o o •C a lc u la t io n M e th o d .

o o o o • o • o o o o o •P r e v io u s Y e a r O R

P o r t io n .

o o o - ■ o • o o o o o •

O R G o v e rn a n c e

S t ru c tu re .

o o o o • O • o o o o o •

R e p u ta t io n G o v e rn a n c e

S t ru c tu re .

o o o o • o • o o o o o •

L e g a l G o v e rn a n c e

S t ru c tu re .

o o o - • o • o o o o o •O R M e a s u re m e n t .

o o o o • o • o o o o o •

R e p u ta t io n

M e a s u re m e n t .

o o o o • o • o o o o o •L e g a l M e a s u re m e n t .

o o o - • o • o o o o o •D ata C o l le c t io n P r o c e s s .

o o o - • o • o o o o o •O R R e p o r t in g .

o o o cn 1 o ■ o o o o o • O R D I.

r/ C re d it B a n k . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

h

Development Bank of Kenya. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

16 Diamond Trust Bank. 0 0 0 0 0 \ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

17 Dubai Bank. • • “ “ - - - - - - - - - •

18 Ecobank. * - • “ - ■ • - - - - - - - •

19 Equatorial Commercial Bank. 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 11

20 Equity Bank. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

21 Family Bank. - - “ - - - - - - - - - - - -

22 Fidelity Commercial Bank. - - • “ • - - “ - - - - - - •

23 Fina Bank. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

24 First Community Bank. - “ - - - - - - - - - - - - -

25 Giro Commercial Bank. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

26 Guardian Bank. 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 11

27 Gulf African Bank. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

28 Habib A.G Zurich. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

29 Habib Bank Ltd. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

30 I&M Bank. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

31 Imperial Bank. “ ■ ■ ■ ■ “ • - - - - - - - •

32 Kenya Commercial Bank. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

33 K-Rep Bank Limited. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

63

64

NJ - o CO 00 ~vl cn cn CO to - zo

Consolidated Bank of

Kenya.

Com

mercial Bank of

Africa.

Charter H

ouse Bank.

City Finance Bank.

Citibank.

Chase Bank.

CFC

Stanbic Bank.

Barclays Bank of Kenya.

Bank of India.

Bank of Baroda.

Bank of Africa.

ABC

Bank.

Nam

e of th

e Ba

nk.

O o • • o • o O o o o •O p e ra t io n a l R is k .

O o • • o • o O o o o •R e p u ta t io n R is k .

o o • • o • o o o o o •L e g a l R is k .

o o • • o • o o o o o •P o r t io n o f R is k C a p ita l

(% o r K s h s .)

o o • • o • o o o o o •C a lc u la t io n M e th o d .

o o • • o • o o o o o •P r e v io u s Y e a r O R

P o r t io n .

o o • • o • o o o o o •O R G o v e rn a n c e

S t ru c tu re .

o o • • o • o o o o o •R e p u ta t io n G o v e rn a n c e

S t ru c tu re .

o o • • o • o o o o o 1L e g a l G o v e rn a n c e

S t ru c tu re .

o o ■ • o • o o o o o •O R M e a s u re m e n t .

o o > • o • o o o o o •R e p u ta t io n

M e a s u re m e n t .

o o • • o • o o o o o •L e g a l M e a s u re m e n t .

o o • • o • o o o o o •D a ta C o l le c t io n P r o c e s s .

o

\

o • • o • o o o o o •O R R e p o r t in g .

o

s

o • • o ■ o o o o o 1 O R D I.

Ta

ble

4.1

5: O

RD

I 20

05

66

67

cr>oo

00 ro - o CD 00 ~vl 05 on 00 ro - zo

Co-operative Bank of Kenya.

Consolidated Bank of Kenya.

Com

mercial Bank of Africa.

Charter H

ouse Bank.

City Finance Bank.

Citibank.

Chase Bank.

CFC

Stanbic Bank.

Barclays B

ank of Kenya.

Bank of India.

Bank of Baroda.

Bank of Africa.

ABC

Bank.

Nam

e of th

e B

an

k.

o • • o • o • - - o o o •H o ld in g P e r io d .

o • • o • o 1 - - o o o •C o n f id e n c e L e v e l.

o • • o • O • - - o o o •H ig h , L o w , A v e ra g e .

o • • o • o • - o o - •Y e a r -E n d V a lu e a t R is k .

o • • o • o • -a - o o - •R is k C a te g o ry .

o • • o • O • - - o o - •D iv e r s if ic a t io n .

o • • - • - • - o - - - •P r e v io u s Y e a r.

o • ■ o • o • o - o o o ■

H is to g ra m D a ily V a lu e at

R is k .

o • • - • - • - - - - - •H y p o th e t ic a l R e v e n u e .

o • • - • - • - - - - - •N o T ra d in g F e e s .

o • ' o • o • o o o o o •

H is to g ra m D a ily

R e v e n u e .

o ■ • o • o • ro ro o o o •E x c e p t io n s .

o - • o • o • - o o o o l E x p la n a t io n E x c e p t io n s .

o • ■ u> • oo • ro - oo oo 05 •V aR D I.

r' C re d it B a n k .

15 Development Bank of Kenya. 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 3

16 Diamond Trust Bank. 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 3

17 Dubai Bank. * - • - - - - - - - - - - -

18 Ecobank. _ • - - - - - - - - - - - -

19 Equatorial Commercial Bank. 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 3

20 Equity Bank. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 2

21 Family Bank. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

22 Fidelity Commercial Bank. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 2

23 Fina Bank. 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 3

24 First Community Bank. • ■ - - - - - - - - - - - -

25 Giro Commercial Bank. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 2

26 Guardian Bank. 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 3

27 Gulf African Bank. 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 3

28 Habib A.G Zurich. 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 3

29 Habib Bank Ltd. 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 2 1 10

30 I&M Bank. 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 4

31 Imperial Bank. " • - - - - - - - - - - - -

32 Kenya Commercial Bank. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 2

33 K-Rep Bank Limited. 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 5

69

34 f U nited Bank o f A frica - Kenya. - - • • - • - • ■ ■ ■ - ■ •

35 National Bank of Kenya. 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 6

36 NIC Bank. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 2

37 Oriental Commercial Bank. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

38 Paramount Universal Bank. • - • - • - - - - - - - - •

39 Prime Bank. “ - • • - - - - - - - - - •

40 Southern Credit Bank. • “ ■ “ - - - - - - - • • ■

41 Standard Chartered. 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 2 1 11

42 Trans-National Bank. 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 3

43 Victoria Commercial Bank. “ “ " ■ “ “ - • “ - - • - •

70

CJ ro - o CO CO 1̂ O) cn -c. CJ ro - zo

Co-operative Bank of Kenya.

Consolidated Bank of Kenya.

Com

mercial Bank of Africa.

Charter H

ouse Bank.

City Finance Bank.

Citibank.

Chase Bank.

CFC

Stanbic Bank.

Barclays Bank of Kenya.

Bank of India.

Bank of Baroda.

Bank of Africa.

ABC

Bank.

Nam

e of the Bank.

- • • O • o • - - o o o •H o ld in g P e r io d .

o • • o • o • - - o o o •C o n f id e n c e L e v e l.

- • • o • O • - - o o o •H ig h , L o w , A v e ra g e .

- • ■ o • O • - —X o o —X •Y e a r -E n d V a lu e a t R is k .

- ■ • o • o • - - o o - •R is k C a te g o ry .

- • • o • O • - - o o - ■D iv e r s if ic a t io n .

o • • - • - ■ - o - -A - -P r e v io u s Y e a r.

o • • o • o • o - o o o •H is to g ra m D a ily V a lu e a t

R is k .

- • • - ■ - • - - - - - •H y p o th e t ic a l R e v e n u e .

- • ■ - • - • - - - - - •N o T ra d in g F e e s .

o • • o • o • o o o o o •H is to g ra m D a ily

R e v e n u e .

o • ■ o • o • ro ro o o o •E x c e p t io n s .

o • • o • o • - o o o o •E x p la n a t io n E x c e p t io n s .

■ • C J ■ C J • ro —X C J C J CT> •V aR D I.

L—/ C red it B a n k . ' - - - - - - - - - - - - -

15 Development Bank of Kenya. 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 3

16 Diamond Trust Bank. 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 3

17 Dubai Bank. “ ■ - • - / - - - - - - - - -

18 Ecobank. * - - - - - - - - - - - - -

19 Equatorial Commercial Bank. 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 3

20 Equity Bank. 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 7

21 Family Bank. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

22 Fidelity Commercial Bank. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 2

23 Fina Bank. 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 3

24 First Community Bank. - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

25 Giro Commercial Bank. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 2

26 Guardian Bank. 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 3

27 Gulf African Bank. 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 3

28 Habib A.G Zurich. 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 3

29 Habib Bank Ltd. 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 2 1 10

30 I&M Bank. 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 3

31 Imperial Bank. ■ ■ ■ - - - - - - - - - - -

32 Kenya Commercial Bank. 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 8

33 K-Rep Bank Limited. 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 3

72

1 34 f United Bank of Africa - Kenya. - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

35 National Bank of Kenya. 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 6

36 NIC Bank. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 2

37 Oriental Commercial Bank. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

38 Paramount Universal Bank. • “ - - - - - - - - - - - -

39 Prime Bank. • - • - - - - - - - - - - -

40 Southern Credit Bank. • • " - - - - - - - - - - ■

41 Standard Chartered. 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 8

42 Trans-National Bank. 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 3

43 Victoria Commercial Bank. “ ■ “ - - - - - - - - - - -

7?

''J

CO ro - -Ao CO 00 "4 CT) on CO ro - z

o

Co-operative Bank of Kenya.

Consolidated Bank of Kenya.

Com

mercial Bank of A

frica.

Charter H

ouse Bank.

City Finance Bank.

Citibank.

Chase Bank.

CFC

Stanbic Bank.

Barclays Bank of Kenya.

Bank of India.

Bank of Baroda.

Bank of Africa.

ABC

Bank.

Nam

e of the Bank.

- • • o 1 o • o o O o o •H o ld in g P e r io d .

o • ■ o • O • o o o o o •C o n f id e n c e L e v e l.

- • • o • O • o o o o o •H ig h , L o w , A v e ra g e .

- • • o • o • o o o o - •Y e a r -E n d V a lu e a t R is k .

- • ■ o • o • o o o o - •R is k C a te g o ry .

- • • o • O • o o o o - •D iv e r s if ic a t io n .

o • • o • - • - - - - - •P r e v io u s Y e a r.

o • • o • o • o o o o o •H is to g ra m D a ily V a lu e a t

R is k .

- • • - • - • - - - - - •H y p o th e t ic a l R e v e n u e .

- • • - • - • - - - - - •N o T ra d in g F e e s .

o • • o • o • o o o o o •H is to g ra m D a ily

R e v e n u e .

o • • o ■ o • o o o o o •E x c e p t io n s .

o • ■ o 1 o • o o o o o •E x p la n a t io n E x c e p t io n s .

• ■ ro • go • co CO CO CO at ■V a R D I.

Ta

ble

4.1

8: V

aR

DI 2

00

7

1 1 4 f Credit Bank. - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

15 Development Bank of Kenya. 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 3

16 Diamond Trust Bank. 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 3

17 Dubai Bank. “ - - • - • - - - - • • - •

18 Ecobank. “ - - - - - - - - - - - - •

19 Equatorial Commercial Bank. 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 3

20 Equity Bank. 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 7

21 Family Bank. 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 3

22 Fidelity Commercial Bank. - - - “ - - - - “ - - - - •

23 Fina Bank. 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 3

24 First Community Bank. - - - - - “ - - - - • - - •

25 Giro Commercial Bank. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 2

26 Guardian Bank. 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 3

27 Gulf African Bank. 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 3

28 Habib A.G Zurich. 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 3

29 Habib Bank Ltd. 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 3

30 I&M Bank. 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 9

31 Imperial Bank. - - - ” - " • • • “ ■ " " •

32 Kenya Commercial Bank. 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 8

33 K-Rep Bank Limited. 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 3

75

r 14 1 C red it Bank. - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

15 Development Bank of Kenya. 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 3

16 Diamond Trust Bank. 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 3

17 Dubai Bank. * - • - • - - - - - - - - •

18 Ecobank. “ - - - - - - - - - - - - •

19 Equatorial Commercial Bank. 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 3

2 0 Equity Bank. 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 7

21 Family Bank. 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 3

22 Fidelity Commercial Bank. • “ • • • • - “ “ • • - - •

23 Fina Bank. 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 3

24 First Community Bank. - - - - - - - - - - - - - •

25 Giro Commercial Bank. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 2

26 Guardian Bank. 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 3

27 Gulf African Bank. 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 3

28 Habib A.G Zurich. 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 3

29 Habib Bank Ltd. 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 3

30 I&M Bank. 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 9

31 Imperial Bank. - - - - - • ■ • - - - " • •

32 Kenya Commercial Bank. 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 8

33 K-Rep Bank Limited. 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 3

75

r

U nited Bank of Africa - Kenya. - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

3 5 National Bank of Kenya. 0 0 0 0 0\ 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 2

36 NIC Bank. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 2

37 Oriental Commercial Bank. 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 8

38 Paramount Universal Bank. _ - - - - - - - - - - - - •

39 Prime Bank. • - - - - - - - - - - - •

40 Southern Credit Bank. “ “ - - - - - - - - - - - •

41 Standard Chartered. 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 3

42 Trans-National Bank. 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 3

43 Victoria Commercial Bank. " • • • “ ~ ■ ■ • • - “ • *

co ro - o to 00 - j <j> CJl 4»- to ro - zo

Co-operative Bank of Kenya.

Consolidated Bank of Kenya.

Com

mercial Bank of Africa.

Charter H

ouse Bank.

City Finance Bank.

Citibank.

Chase Bank.

CFC

Stanbic Bank.

Barclays Bank of Kenya.

Bank of India.

Bank of Baroda.

Bank of Africa.

ABC

Bank.

Nam

e of th

e B

an

k.

O • • o • O • o o o o o •H o ld in g P e r io d .

O • • o • O • o o o o o •C o n f id e n c e L e v e l.

O • • o • o • o o o o o •H ig h , L o w , A v e ra g e .

O ■ 1 o • O • o o o o o •Y e a r -E n d V a lu e a t R is k .

O ■ • o • o • o o o o o •R is k C a te g o ry .

O ■ • o • O • o o o o o •D iv e r s if ic a t io n .

O • • o • O • - - o o o •P r e v io u s Y e a r.

o • • o • O • o o o o o •H is to g ra m D a ily V a lu e a t

R is k .

- • • - • - • - - - - - •H y p o th e t ic a l R e v e n u e .

- • • - • - • - - - - - •N o T ra d in g F e e s .

o • • o • o • o o o o o •

H is to g ra m D a ily

R e v e n u e .

o • • o • o • o o o o o •E x c e p t io n s .

o • • o • o • o o o o o •E x p la n a t io n E x c e p t io n s .

■ • ro • ro • to to ro ro ■V aR D I.

Ta

ble

4.1

9: V

aR

DI 2

00

6

14 Credit Bank. - - - - - - - - - - * - - -

15 Development Bank of Kenya. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 2

16 Diamond Trust Bank. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 2

17 Dubai Bank. “ • " • • ' • " • • ■ - " - •

18 Ecobank. • - - “ - - • • • - - - •

19 Equatorial Commercial Bank. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 2

20 Equity Bank. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 2

21 Family Bank. - - - - - - - - - - - - - •

22 Fidelity Commercial Bank. - - - - “ - • • ■ • - • - •

23 Fina Bank. 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 3

24 First Community Bank. - - - - - - - - - - - - - •

25 Giro Commercial Bank. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 2

26 Guardian Bank. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 2

27 Gulf African Bank. - - - - - - - - - - - - - •

28 Habib A.G Zurich. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 2

29 Habib Bank Ltd. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 2

30 I&M Bank. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 2

31 Imperial Bank. - “ - - - - - - ■ - - - - •

32 Kenya Commercial Bank. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 2

33 K-Rep Bank Limited. 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 3

78

14 Credit Bank. - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

15 Development Bank of Kenya. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 2

16 Diamond Trust Bank. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 2

17 Dubai Bank. “ • “ ” • / • • - ■ “ ■ “ • •

18 Ecobank. * - - - • • - “ - - - “ •

19 Equatorial Commercial Bank. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 2

20 Equity Bank. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 2

21 Family Bank. - - - - - - - - - - - - - •

22 Fidelity Commercial Bank. • ■ - ■ • ■ • • ■ ■ • • • “

23 Fina Bank. 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 3

24 First Community Bank. ■ • - - - - ■ - • - • ” • •

25 Giro Commercial Bank. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 2

26 Guardian Bank. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 2

27 Gulf African Bank. " • - - ■ - - • - ■ • • - •

28 Habib A.G Zurich. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 2

29 Habib Bank Ltd. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 2

30 I&M Bank. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 2

31 Imperial Bank. • ■ “ - ■ “ • ■ ■ ■ “ • ■ •

32 Kenya Commercial Bank. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 2

33 K-Rep Bank Limited. 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 3

78

34 United Bank of Africa - Kenya. - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

35 National Bank of Kenya. 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 3

36 NIC Bank. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 2

37 Oriental Commercial Bank. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 2

38 Paramount Universal Bank. - - - - - - • • ■ ■ • " • •

39 Prime Bank. - - - - - • ■ • • • • • • •

40 Southern Credit Bank. - - “ - “ “ “ “ • “ • • • •

41 Standard Chartered. 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 3

42 Trans-National Bank. 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 3

43 Victoria Commercial Bank. - • “ ■ • “ • • “ • • ” ”

79

00o

CO ro - o CO 00 -s| <j> on CO IS} - zo

Co-operative Bank of Kenya.

Consolidated Bank of Kenya.

Com

mercial Bank of Africa.

Charter H

ouse Bank.

City Finance Bank.

Citibank.

Chase Bank.

CFC

Stanbic Bank.

Barclays B

ank of Kenya.

Bank of India.

Bank of Baroda.

Bank of Africa.

ABC

Bank.

Nam

e of th

e Ba

nk.

o • • o • o ' o o O o o •H o ld in g P e r io d .

o • • o • o • o o O o o l C o n f id e n c e L e v e l.

o • • o • o • o o O o o ■H ig h , L o w , A v e ra g e .

o • • o - o • o o O o o 1 Y e a r -E n d V a lu e a t R is k .

o • • o • o • o o o o o •R is k C a te g o ry .

o • • o • o • o o o o o •D iv e r s if ic a t io n .

o • • o • o • o o o o o •P r e v io u s Y e a r .

o • • o • o • o o o o o •H is to g ra m D a ily V a lu e a t

R is k .

- • • - • - • - - - - - •H y p o th e t ic a l R e v e n u e .

- • • - • - • -A - - - - •N o T ra d in g F e e s .

o • • o • o • o o o o o •

H is to g ra m D a ily

R e v e n u e .

o • • o • o • o o o o o •E x c e p t io n s .

o • • o • o • o o o o o •E x p la n a t io n E x c e p t io n s .

M • • Is} • Is} • Is} IS} IS} Is} Is} 1V aR D I.

Ta

ble

4.2

0: V

aR

DI 2

00

5

00o

CO N> a —ko CO 00 -o a> Ul 00 ro - z

o

Co-operative Bank of Kenya.

Consolidated Bank of Kenya.

Com

mercial Bank of Africa.

Charter H

ouse Bank.

City Finance Bank.

Citibank.

Chase Bank.

CF

C S

tanbic Bank.

Barclays Bank of Kenya.

Bank of India.

Bank of Baroda.

Bank of Africa.

ABC

Bank.

Nam

e of th

e B

an

k.

o • • O • o • O o O o o •H o ld in g P e r io d .

O • • o • O • O o o o o •C o n f id e n c e L e v e l.

o • • O • o • o o o o o •H ig h , L o w , A v e ra g e .

o • • O l o • o o o o o •Y e a r -E n d V a lu e a t R is k .

o • • O • o • o o o o o •R is k C a te g o ry .

o • ■ o • o • o o o o o l D iv e r s if ic a t io n .

o • • o • o • o o o o o •P r e v io u s Y e a r.

o • ' o • o • o o o o o ■H is to g ra m D a ily V a lu e a t

R is k .

- ■ • - • - • - - - - - •H y p o th e t ic a l R e v e n u e .

- • • - • - • - - - - - •N o T ra d in g F e e s .

o • • o 1 o • o o o o o •H is to g ra m D a ily

R e v e n u e .

o 1 • o • o • o o o o o •E x c e p t io n s .

o • • o • o • o o o o o •E x p la n a t io n E x c e p t io n s .

M • • M l ro • ro ro ro ro ro •V aR D I.

Ta

ble

4.2

0: V

aR

DI 2

00

5

14 Credit Bank. - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

15 Development Bank of Kenya. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 2

16 Diamond Trust Bank. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 2

17 Dubai Bank. * “ ■ " “ • • • " " “ • “ •

18 Ecobank. “ - - ■ • “ - - - “ • - •

19 Equatorial Commercial Bank. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 2

20 Equity Bank. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 2

21 Family Bank. - - - - - - - - - - - - - •

22 Fidelity Commercial Bank. ■ " “ • “ • • - - - ■ “ ■ •

23 Fina Bank. 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 3

24 First Community Bank. ■ ■ - “ - “ “ • - - “ - * -

25 Giro Commercial Bank. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 2

26 Guardian Bank. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 2

27 Gulf African Bank. “ • - - - • • - - - - - - •

28 Habib A.G Zurich. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 2

2 9 Habib Bank Ltd. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 2

30 I&M Bank. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 2

31 Imperial Bank. " ■ ■ ■ • • ■ ■ - • ■ - - •

32 Kenya Commercial Bank. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 2

33 K-Rep Bank Limited. 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 3

81

34 United Bank of Africa - Kenya. - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

35 National Bank of Kenya. 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 3

36 NIC Bank. 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 3

37 Oriental Commercial Bank. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 2

38 Paramount Universal Bank. • ■ ■ " “ " " • • - - - - •

39 Prime Bank. • " ■ • “ " “ “ ■ • - ■ - “

40 Southern Credit Bank. • • • ■ “ “ " - - “ - - - •

41 Standard Chartered. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 2

42 Trans-National Bank. 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 3

43 Victoria Commercial Bank. • ■ ■ • • • • - - - - -

82