THE IMPACT OF RADIO PROGRAMMF IN ~CONOM1C DEVELOPMENT IN

UGANDA. (A CASE STUDY OF RADIO BUGANDA CENTRA ~ ~ I ‘DCASTING

STATION (CBS)

By

NAZZIWA JANET

1163—06124— 06309

A RESEARCH REPORT SUBMITTED TO COLLEGE OF Ht MANI I IFS

AN!) SOCIAL SCIENCES IN PARTIAL FULFILMFNT OF TI-Il

REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF A BAChELOR’S

DEGREE iN MASS COMMUNiCATION OF

KAMPALA INTERNATIONAL

UNIVERSITY

SEPTEMBER, 2019

DECLARATION

I NAZZIWA JANET declare that this research report is my original ~vork. It has not been

submitted to any other University or higher institution for any award and ~vhere it is indebted to

work of others.

Signature~~~$~ Date~’~’

NAZZIWA JANET

APPROVAL

I hereby certify that this work entitled “The impact of radio Programme in economic

development in Uganda. (A case study of radio Buganda Central Broadcasting station

(CBS)” has been submitted with my approval for examination as University supervisor.

Signature

Dr. AYODEJI AWOBAMISE

UNIVERSITY SUPERVISOR

Date:~

DEDICATION

I dedicate this research to my parents and my family at large. Thank von f~or all the suppoo

rendered to me throughout the entire course, Ma~ e Almighty God bless you all

III

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTFirst and foremost, I would like to thank my Creator for breathing life into me and for entrusting

me with the will, strength and wisdom to work on this research.

I’m eternally indebted to my supervisor, Dr. Ayodeji Awobamise for his supervision and timely

observations and comments on the draft chapters, which assisted me in producing this work.

I would also like to express my profound gratitude to the College of Humanities and Social

sciences at Kampala international university for giving me the opportunity to study and for

remaining in touch with me throughout my studies not forgetting my respondents at NBS TV

thank you so much.

I would not have done justice to this research without recognizing the support both financially

and spiritually i got from my father and my Mother for the support they gave me during my

study period.

Above all. i express my heartfelt gratitude to all friends and relatives who cannot be mentioned

individually by name due to limited space. I acknowledge and appreciate all of you.

lv

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

DVD Digital Optical Disc

UK United Kingdom

SAQs Self-Administered Questionnaire

CVI Coefficient Variable Indicators

SPSS Statistical Package for Social Scientists

V

TABLE OF CONTENT

DECLARATION.

APPROVAL I

DEDICATION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

TABLE OF CONTENT

ABSTRACT

CHAPTER ONE i

INTRODUCTION 1

I .0 Introduction

I .1 Background of the study

1.1.1 Historical perspective

1 .2 Theoretical scope 4

I .3 Conceptual perspective

• I .4 Contextual perspective

1.2 Statement of the problem to

1 .3 Purpose of the study

1.4 Objectives of the Study I

1.5. Research Questions

I .6 Research hypothesis I

1.7 Significance of Study II

1.8 Scope of the study 2

I .8. I Geographical Scope 2

I .8.2 Content Scope

I .8.3 Theoretical Scope 12

1.8.4 Time Scope 2

I . 1 0 Definitions of key terms 13

CHAPTER TWO 14

vi

LITFR.A’FTJR.E 1~ES’IE\~’ •••••••••••••••••••••••••••~•••••••••••• ... .......... .. 14

2.0 Introduction .14

2.1 Theoretical frame work. 142.1.1 Democratic-Participant Theory 14

2.1.2 The Modernisation Theory 16

2.2 Conceptual review 18

2.3 Review of relevant literature 19

2.3.1 The role of radio programs in economic development 19

The different radio programs that help in economic development 21

2.3.3 The ways radio has negative or positively affected the economic development 23

2.3.4 Suggest ways radio programs have played roles in the economic development 25

2.4 Related studies 27

2.5 Gaps in literature 28

~ ‘riiit~~ .. ...... ............. 30

f%4EIHODOLOGY . ........ ,. ••.. . 303.1 Introduction

3.2 R.esearch design ..... .............. ... . 30

3.3 Study population. ............. .... .......... 30

3.4 Samplesize ... 31

3.5 Sampling Techniques and Procedures ..... 31

3.5. I Simple Random Sarnpl ing................................. 31

3.5.2 Purposive Sarnpling.............. 32

3.6 Data collection methods ........... •............ 32

3.6.1 Questionnaire Survey 32

3.6.2 Intervieiv Pvlethod ....... •••••....................fl 32

3.6.3 Documentary Review Iviethocl... ........... . 33

3.7 Research instruments ........... ........... 33

3.7. I Self—Administered Questionnaires ..... .. 33

3.7.2 Interview Guide....................,............................_ ... 33

3.7.3 I~ocumentary Review Guide ....,................... —. ....., .••..•.•• 33

vii

3.8 Validity and Reliability ~

3.8,1 Validity 33

3.8.2 Reliability 34

3.9 Data Collection Procedures 3~

3.10 Data Analysis 3~

3.! I Ethical Considerations 36

3.12 Research limitations 36

CHAPTER FOUR 3~

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS 37

4.0 Introduction 3

4. I Questionnaire returns

4.2 Demographic data presentation and analysis

4.3 Data presentation and analysis of all 40

4.4 Conclusion 17

CHAPTER FIVE

DISCUSSION, SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 48

5. I Summary:

5.2 Discussion and flndings

5.3 Conclusion 48

5.4 Recommendations

5.5 Areas for further study

APPENDICES

Appendix A; Questionnaire 53

viii

ABSTRACT

This examine the role of mass medial in educational development in Nigeria. The background

centre on the role of mass medial in educational development in Nigeria finding out whether

television plays an effective role in formal education.

The researcher has attempted to carry out series of analysis and study to confirm that the NTA

programrne-”Science for schools” actually perform its educational role.

This study confirms that the programme actually projects the educational contribution ot this all

important television programme, which is adrnh~ed and enjoyed by most secondar’~ school

students inspite of their different handicaps.

ix

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION1.0 Introduction.This chapter was concerned with the background of the study, statement of the problem. purpose

of the study, specific objectives, research questions, research hypothesis, scope of the study. and

significance of the study.

1.1 Background of the study

1.1.1 Historical perspective

Globally The original inventors of radio, from Guglielmo Marconi’s time on. expected it to be

used for one-on-one wireless communication tasks where telephones and telegraphs could not be

used because of the problems involved in stringing copper wires from one point to another, such

as in ship-to-shore communications. Those inventors had no expectations whatever that radio

would become a major mass media entertainment and information medium earning many

millions of dollars in revenues annually through radio advertising commercials or sponsorship.

These Jatter uses were brought about after 1920 by business entrepreneurs such as David SarnotT.

who created the National Broadcasting Compaq” (NBC), and William S. Paley, who built

Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS). These broadcasting (as opposed to narrowcasting)

business organizations began to be called network affiliates, because they consisted of loose

chains of individual stations located in various cities, all transmitting the standard overall-system

supplied fare, often at synchronized agreed-upon times. Some of these radio network stations

were owned and operated by the networks, while others were independent radio owned by

entrepreneurs allied with the respective networks. By selling blocks of time to advertisers, the

medium was able to quickly become profitable and offer its products to listeners for free.

provided they invested in a radio receiver set. Narayan, (2008)

The new medium had grown rapidly through the 1930s, vastly increasing both the size of its

audience and its profits. In those early days, it was customary for a corporation to sponsor an

entire half-hour radio program, placing its commercials at the beginning and the end. This is in

contrast to the pattern which developed late in the 20th century in both television and radio.

where small slices of time were sold to many sponsors and no corporation claimed or wanted

1.

sponsorship of the entire show, except in rare cases. These later commercials also filled a much

larger portion of the total program time than they had in the earlier days.

In the early radio age, content typically included a balance of comedy, drama, news, music and

sports reporting. Variety radio programs included the most famous Hollywood talent of the day.

During the I 920s, radio focused on musical entertainment, the Grand Ole Opry. has been

focused on broadcasting country music since it began in 1925. Radio soap operas began in the

U.S. in 1930 with Painted Dreams. Lørdagsbarnetimen, a Norwegian children’s show, with its

premiere in 1924 interrupted only by the Second World War, was the longest running radio show

in the world until it ceased production in 2010. Spiegel (2007)

In the early l950s, television programming eroded the popularity of radio comedy. drama and

variety shows. By the late 1950s, radio broadcasting took on much the form it has today —

strongly focused on music, talk, news and sports, though drama can still be heard, especially on

theBBC.

According to Bennett, (2007), Radio is diverse in nature and a means of media that is reliable to

most people. The radio gives various programs depending on the type of the radio station.

Factors that inform programming in radio include the audience which serves as a major factor.

Radio stations are owned and driven by the communities they serve. No one can make money

from community radio but in a community radio station, young and old, with all having different

abilities, backgrounds and interests can came together to make a difference to their community.

In making that difference, those involved not just develop confidence and confidence in

broadcasting skills, but skills for the new economy (Communications IT), skills for active

citizenship and skills for social inclusion.

The communities they serve and the groups and individuals within these communities gain a

voice with which to be heard. They gain diversity in the programming available, and they gain a

forum for sharing experience, discovering fresh perspectives and supporting community activity.

The major audience of the community radio is that community within its frequency. Though the

programs offered on community radio, the community it serves is able too benefit in various

2

ways including, socially, economically and even politically in some way. Economic development

is the core to all the other development. As seen most communities have the potential to grow

but due to lack of exposure, they grow less and sometimes completely don’t grow. Darby. (2011)

The media in Uganda is regulated by a statutory body called the Media Council of Uganda. The

Media Council of Uganda is an independent national institution established by the Media Act.

2007 as the leading institution in the regulation of media and in the conduct and discipline of

journalists no matter their scope of work. Vlaenderen, 2004) The Electronic media which is the

focus of this study comprises the radio and Television. The sophistication of these media of

communication makes it one of the wonders of modem communication.

According to Darby (2011), “Just as the twentieth centurydawned, a system was perfected which

Electromagnetic impulse could be sent through the air without wires carrying voice

transmissions over long distances. This new invention was to be known as radio I

Electronic media is machinery or an institution for simultaneous transmission of information to a

wide and divergent audience. Although the Electronic media are channels through which

information is transmitted to the audience through different media. Yet they represent the attempt

of man to relate to and interact with other men. Darby (2011)

It is clear to note that communication has been enhanced nationally and intemationally with the

use of technology. ~8

According to Ssemakula (2001), in his contribution in the role of broadcasting in a developing

context has this to say about Electronic media.”Electronic media is a powerful and effective

instrument for achieving national goals such as in need for wide spread education for both

children and adults in order to achieve certain prescribed goals in Economic growth. health are

political and social awareness, political stabilkity self relief and national identity among others

things” Electronic aim at presenting programmes like news, drama, interviews, health and family

planning, religious programmes and agricultural pi’grammes.

In his assessment of media Stolz (2008), of Torch, have this to say of Electronic media.

“Nevertheless, however stupendous this epoch-making achievements on the print media may

3

seem, effective media communications, cannot be tully achieved or relaised without the

Electronic media. This reason is obvious. The message from electronic media registered more

permanently than from the print media” The Electronic media include the radio, the television

and the cinema out focus is on the radio.

1.1.2 Theoretical scope

The study was guided by the Democratic-Participant Theory This theory was propounded by

Dennis McQuail in the year 1987. This theory emerged in response to the elitist nature o[ the

press, its responsiveness to political and economical pressures. the prolèssional hegemon\ in the

media system. The theory is associated in the main with the more developed liberal democracies

in the world. Ironically though, it is yet to be incorporated into the operating norms of’ any

specit~c media institution. The idea of Democratic participant Theory was started by grass-root

level media in I 960s. It emerged because of’ ~he iissatisl~etion with other models such

as Libertarian theory, social responsibility theory, etc. The democratic-participant theor\

believes there is democratic and professional hegemony in the media today and the media iN

totally commercial.

All these ill practices should be removed for the media to be democratic and be easily accessible

or participatory. It considers there should not be monopolization (public/private). centralization

of press and top down approach in the media.

i’he press should be pluralistic, decentralized, bo~’ om. ~p or horizontal and must have equalit\.

The major concept is participation and full circular communication.

The theory places greater importance to the receivers. There are no political regulations but some

legal regulations. The theory is also known as Democratization theory.

Media is said to be important in rural settings and in the cultures that are degrad ne, with time.

The theory is believed to conserve and revive local cultures by promoting the right to

intbrrnation (global and local), right to express (feedback), right to use new technologies (means

of communication), freedom to local data, freec~ m ~io take part in social action. etc. In the

process, it expects the government to provide funds, trainings and subsidies after identil~cation ii’

they have financial or technical difficulties.

4

The democratic-participant theory is more relevant in liberal democratic developed countries

than developing and least developed countries because the countries in transition from

underdevelopment and non-democracy are alleged to lack the infrastructures and professional

skills needed for free media in democracy.

The theory considers local information, feedbacks and social action in community level to be the

roles of media. It discourages uniform, monopolized and commercialized media culture. Rather.

it wants local non-institutionalized media to provide the information relevant to small groups of

population.

This theory makes interaction between the media and the audience possible as the population is

less. It also encourages feedback which is only possible in small groups and communities. The

model is completely non-political and does not bolster political control; its main objectives being

encouraging national development, supporting local culture and maintaining a good relation with

other countries.

It also promotes equality between various genders, classes, castes, races, etc. controlled b) the

group. This focus on equality is known as association mode which is the opposite of command

mode (sender superior to receiver).

The examples of democratic-participant theory are the present concepts of community

newspapers, community radios and televisions. Another examples are the trend of social action

through social media and language programs through phone apps. Even, underground and

alternative press are examples of this theory.

The theory is in use in Western Europe which can be seen by the cultural and ethnic revival

through media. Many countries have started following the theory in mass media such as

Yugoslavia, Kosovo, Ghana, Bangladesh, Nepal, India, US, UK, etc. Community radio is mostly

popular in South East Asian countries.

Strengths of Democratic-participant Theory of Mass Communication The audience can

participate and get alternatives if not satisfied with one media. The theory is stricter than

libertarian and social responsibility which makes .: more responsible towards the needs of the

audience.The community can work for themselves as social action. The theory is not

5

very authoritative unless the press hinders the work of the government. There are We concepts 01

equality, inclusion and equal access which makes it eliminate marginalization. Democracy

becomes strong with the application of this theory. Small media gets the chance to \vork br local

people. Weaknesses of Democratic-participant Theory of Mass Communication Criticizing the

government is not considered to be productive role of media. Local level media might lack

professionalism and skills. The small local media might not be able to compete \5 tb media

giants.

1.1.3 Conceptual perspective

According to Layton (2018), Radio is the technology of signaling or communicating using raWo

waves. Radio waves are electromagnetic waves of frequency between 30 hertz (liz) and

300 gigahertz (GHz). They are generated by an electronic device called a transmitter connected

to an antenna which radiates the waves, and received by a radio receiver connected to another

antenna. Radio is very widely used in modern technology, in radio communication, radar, radio

navigation, remote control, remote sensing and other applications.

According to Steven (2016), Radio is diverse in nature and a means of media that is reliable to

most people. The radio gives various programs depending on the type of the radio station.

Factors that inform programming in radio include the audience which serves as a major Wctor.

Community radio stations are owned and driven by the communities they serve. No one can

make money from community radio but in a community radio station, young and old, with all

having different abilities, backgrounds and interests can came together to make a cli lIerence to

their community. In making that difference, those involved not just develop conhdence and

confidence in broadcasting skills, but skills for the new economy (Communications IT), skills bar

active citizenship and skills for social inclusion.

According to Bayly (2008), Economic development is the process by \Vhich the economic welL

being and quality of life of a nation, region or local community are improved. The term has been

used frequently in the 20th and 21st centuries, but the concept has existed in the \‘Vesi for

centuries. “Modernization”. “Westernization”, and especially “industrialization are other terms

often used while discussing economic development.

6

Whereas economic development is a policy intervention endeavor aiming to improve the well

being of people, economic growth is a phenomenon of market productivity and rise in GDP.

Consequently, as economist Amartya Sen points out, “economic growth is one aspect of the

process of economic development”.

According to Richard, (2010)., the precise definition of economic development has been

contested: while economists in the 20th century viewed development primarily in terms

of economic growth, sociologists instead emphasized broader processes of change

and modernization. Development and urban studies scholar Karl Seidman summarizes economic

development as “a process of creating and utilizing physical, human, financial, and social assets

to generate improved and broadly shared economic well-being and quality of life for a

community or region”. Daphne Greenwood and Richard Holt distinguish economic development

from economic growth on the basis that economic development is a “broadly based and

sustainable increase in the overall standard of living for individuals within a community”. and

measures of growth such as per capita income do not necessarily correlate with improvements in

quality of life. Seidman, (2005).

The University of Iowa’s Center for International Finance and Development states that:

‘Economic development’ is a term that economists, politicians, and others have used frequently in

the 20th century. The concept, however, has been in existence in the West for

centuries. Modernization, Westernisation, and especially Industrialisation are other terms people

have used while discussing economic development. Economic development has a direct

relationship with the environment

Though the concept’s origin is uncertain, some scholars argue that development is closely bound

up with the evolution of capitalism and the demise of feudalism.

Mansell and Wehn also state that economic development has been understood since the World

War II to involve economic growth, namely the increases in per capita income, and (if currently

absent) the attainment of a standard of living equivalent to that of industrialized

countries. Economic development can also be considered as a static theory that documents the

state of an economy at a certain time. According to Schumpeter and Backhaus (2003). the

7

changes in this equilibrium state to document in economic theory can only be caused by

intervening factors coming from the outside.

1.1.4 Contextual perspective

Radio is the first source to which people fumed for the latest develops in the war or crisis

time.We look on radio during announcement of annual budget by the head of state or state

governor. According to Dagron A. (2001), “Radio is a potential means of supplementing

telegraph, the most import long-distance communication, medium of the late nineteenth

century”, Radio was the most popular entertainra~,s r.nd ne~ss medium. To a degree. the radio

receiver was the center of the home and family activities frequently revoked ground the

broadcast schedule. The average station schedule had something for everyone from news and

commentary through variety and comedy to religious discussion, sports and children’s

programme.

Radio Buganda. (CBS) involve itself with those role of educating. informing, entertaining.

persuading and advertising. Radio Buganda operate on both Amplitude modulation (AM)

frequency modulation (FM) and short ~save. TI.1.. station strive hard in sarious ~~ays to assert

themselves some concentrate on music while others run discussion on special l)Olitical.

economic, education. social cultural and religious issues.

Radio Buganda goes for the audience which has the purchasing power. Radio Buganda in its role

in economic development undertake advertisement, sponsored programmes. public service

announcement to enhance its financial base and educational programmes are diverse in its rele to

promote products and enhance the training of professionals and thereby contribute effecii.els in

the economic development of Uganda.

According to Diasio F. (2010), new stations often start with a public meeting. Members of a

community (either geographic or community of interest) come together as a working group to

create a vision for the station, plan programming and develop facilities. Over time. more and

more members of the community are recruited and trained to help out behind the scenes. produce

and present programmes based on their community and experience.

F

According to Baum F. (2008), Radio has the capacity to reinforce ~~hat is good about a

community it serves and help find solutions to ii failings. It facilitates individuals, groups and

communities to tell their own diverse stories, to share experiences and in a media rich ~\orld

become active creators and contributors rather than passive consumers. It presents a unique

vehicle for the community and voluntary sector, civil society, agencies. NGOs and citizens to

work in partnership to make a difference.

Overtime, most of the people have no constructive activity. Through communi1~ radio, a slum

for instance Karnwokya a slum in Central of Uganda has been able to raise and nature different

talents and also has brought about improved eco mm development. Econom~ is the backbone

to the success of any society. The radio acts as a vehicle to sLich a good and fevorable econom\

in the community. Baum F. (2008)

According to Sheffrin. (2003), Economic development is the process in \~hich a nation is being

improved in the sector of the economic, political, and social well-being of’ its people I he term

has been used frequently by economists, politicians, and others in the 20th and 2 1 st centuries.

The concept, however, has been in existence in the West for centuries. ‘Modernization.

“westernization”, and especially “industrializatic aft other terms oPen used while diseussine

economic development. Economic development has a direct relationship \\ ith the en~ imninent

and environmental issues. Economic development is very often confiased \s tb industrial

development. even in some academic sources.

Whereas economic development is a policy intervention endeavor with aims of improving the

economic and social well-being of people, economic growth is a phenomenon of market,

productivity and rise in GDP. Consequently. as economist Amartva Sen points out. economic

growth is one aspect of the process of economic elopment”. Easterl\. (2003)

Economic growth deals with increase in the level of output. but economic development is related

to increase in output coupled with improvement in social and political \\ellare of’ people ~ ithin a

country. Therefore, economic development encompasses both gro’ath and \\ellare \alues.

I~rsula, (2003)

9

According to Easterly (2003). Dependency theorists argue that poor countries ha.c sometimes

experienced economic growth with little or no economic development iniliatives; for instance. ii.

cases where they have fUnctioned mainly as~ esoi.rce-providers to wealthy industrialized

countries. There is an opposing argument, however, that growth causes development because

some of the increase in income gets spent on human development factors such as education and

health.

According to Ranis et al.. economic growth and development is a two-~~ay relationship.

According to them, the first chain consists of economic growth benefiting human debelopment.

since economic growth is likely to lead families and individuals to use their heightened incomes

to increase expenditures, which in turn fUrthers fr aan development. At the same time. ~s ith thc

increased consumption and spending, health, education, and infrastructure systems gro~~ and

contribute to economic growth. Ross, (2012)

1.2 Statement of the problem

The roles of the electronic media especially radio is enormous and cannot be justly denied

~sithout difficulty. It has also been indicated that radio help in economic de’elupment due to

listening audience, the literacy level notwithstanding. Baum F. (2008)

But of all these roles contributions to the econorr~ dc ‘elopment of Uganda. there are still case

of poor fUnding and poor management of the electronic media especially radio to crTecti~ely

carry out these roles of economic development (UCC Annual report 2018).

Radio Buganda (CBS) as an agent of News, information, education, entertainment and

ad~ertising organ of electronic media has been affected due to poor funding. obsolete equipment

and poor management. The radio depends on fUnding from the community yet it is not aimed at

making any profit Despite the non-profit making, it is expected to deliver to the communit’,. lii

Kamwokya there are a lot of talented members who got a lot of talent that if out to use, might

improve the community to great extents. The m’~ hc,,e of a radio programs is to improve the

economy of the community it serves by dispensing knowledge to the community through their

programmes. The same process is taking place in the commercial radios ~~ith challenge. [his

study is therefore aimed at disproving or validating these allegations among other research

questions.

10

1.3 Purpose of the study

The main purpose of this study was to find out the impact of radio programme in economic

development in Uganda.

1.4 Objectives of the Study

The study was guided by the following objectives

i. To examine the role of CBS radio programs in economic development ol Uganda

ii. To identify the different CBS radio programs that help in economic development

iii. To examine the ways CBS radio has negative or positively affected ~he economic

development of Uganda

iv. To suggest ways CBS radio programs have played roles in the economic development ol’

Uganda.

1.5. Research Questions

v. What are the roles of CBS radio programs in economic development of Uganda?

vi. What are the different CBS radio programs that help in economic development?

vii. What are the ways CBS radio has negative or positively affected the economic

development of Uganda?

viii. What are the ways CBS radio programs have played roles in the economic development

of Uganda?

1.6 Research hypothesis

l-l( There was no significant effect between radio programms and economic development in

Uganda.

l-1~ There was a significant effect between radio prograrnms and economic development in

Uganda.

1.7 Significance of Study

The study will highlight the roles of the radio programs in education which help to foster

national unity and understanding cannot be waved without contradiction.

11

These study findings will highlight how radio programs have contributed to the economic

development in the country and its employment potential as a solution to growing unemployment

that is a threat to the nation.

The study is expected to benefit residents who are aspiring to live a better life than they have had

before in the harsh livelihood of the communities. The government will also benefit in terms of

helping in flinding the radio stations and providing a conducive environment for doing business.

1.8 Scope of the study

1.8.1 Geographical Scope

The research was confined in Central broadcasting services. Central Broadcasting Service also

referred to as 88.8 and 89.2 CBS Fm Radio Buganda. was the most listened to radio station in

Central Uganda. It is owned by Buganda Kingdom and operates two frequencies 88.8 Fm and

89.2 FM. which is located on Bulange House, Kabakanjagala Road Mmengo

1.8.2 Content Scope

The study examined the impact of radio programs as the independent variable and economic

development of Uganda as the dependent variable with a major focus on their relationship.

1.83 Theoretical Scope

The study was guided by the Democratic-Participant Theory which was propounded by Dennis

McQuail in 1987. The democratic participant theory as part of the working normative media

theories, embraces the principles of democratization of the media for the purpose of accessibility

by all and sundry. The theory simply lays emphasis on the need for popular participation and

plurality in the ownership and access to media

1.8.4 Time Scope

The research covered a period of 1 year from 2018-2019 mainly because this is the time when

CBS upgraded its broadcasting services and transferred to its new locations whicn are very

convenient to the public. The study toke a time period of three months that is from May to July

2019.

12

1.10 Definitions of key terms.

Radio program,A radio program or radio show is a segment of content intended for broadcast on radio. It may

be a one-time production or part of a periodically rscurring series. A single program in a series is

called an episode.

Economic development is the process in which a nation is being improved in the sector of the

economic, political, and social well-being of its people. The term has been used frequently by

economists, politicians, and others in the 20th and 21st centuries.

Mass media refers to a diverse array of media technologies that reach a large audience via mass

communication. The technologies through whici.’ this ~ommunication takes place include a

variety of outlets.

Broadcast media transmit information electronically via media such as films, radio, recorded

music, or television. Digital media comprises both internet and mobile mass communication.

Internet media comprise such services as email, social media sites, websites, and Internet-based

radio and television.

13

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW2.0 Introduction

This chapter introduced the theoretical framework, conceptual framework, related literature

2.1 Theoretical frame work

The theoretical orientation of this study was mainly anchored on theories of development

communication. The scientist considered Development communication theory because we in the

developing world need information and communication to effect change and bring out rural

development. The study and practice of development communication has over the years been

driven by a number of schools of thought; among them the democratic-participant theory. and

the modernization theory.

2.1.1 DemocratIc-Participant Theory

The theory was propounded by Dennis McQuail in 1987. The democratic participant theory as

part of the v~orking normative media theories, embraces the principles of democrati,aiion of the

media for the purpose of accessibility by all and sundry. The theory simply lays emphasis on the

need lbr popular participation and plurality in the ownership and access to media. Baran and

Davis (2012; 127) argue. Media are to be used to stimulate and empower pluralistic groups

thereby supporting the growth of cultural pluralism at the grassroots le~el.

The bottom line of this study is that, every ind~’ dua1 and every part of the society religious

institutions like churches, mosques and many others in the society should haw access to the

media so that they too can air their views about happenings in the tommunit>. l’hrough this.

the> are automatically exercising their rights to self-determination. fhe theory calls for

democracy in the ownership of the media. It also calls for the establishment of local media b~

local communities and groups so that they can meet their own needs and that potential users of

the media they can have access to them.

According to Yaroson and Asemah (2008). the nosatic participant theory’ stresses the need

for access and right to communicate by all. The theory calls for pluralism in place of

14

monopolization and in the place of centralism, it advocates decentralization and localism. The

theory insists that media conglomerates be replaced or juxtaposed with small-scale media

communication, which is a concern for feedback so as to realize the completed communication

circuit. When all these are done, people can have their views, opinions and ideas aired out and

therefore, take part in governance.

Going by the theory, every citizen in the society thould be allowed to have access to the media.

Access to the media puts the citizenry in a position where they are allowed to air their opinions

and ideas about issues in the community thereby participating in governance which is democracy

in every true sense.

The performance and role of media in society is routinely assessed against the ideal of

democracy. There is a common understanding that media and communication systems play an

important part in the working of democracy, and that this role should also somehow guide the

work of media organizations and the public polki:s that shape the structures and conditions of

media systems. Democracy, however, is not a unified concept that can be easily defined. Beyond

the general idea of ‘the rule of the people’, democracy is an ambiguous and abstract value that

can be used in a variety ofdifferent meanings and contexts. (Baker, 2002;).

According to Dahlgren, (2009), In political theory, this ambiguity of democracy as a normative

framework is manifest in the enduring debates on the different models of democracy and their

normative underpinnings. The aim of this article is to map out in a basic quantitative fashion hov

these different models are employed in current neila and communication studies and to identify

some broad theoretical trends or omissions in the current academic debate on media and

democracy. Undoubtedly in much of media and communication studies, as in other fields, terms

‘democracy’ or ‘democratic’ are used simply as bywords for any desirable state of affairs. or to

denote general questions about what the media should do in a good society. But if democracy is

understood more analytically as a concept or a value to be defined, discussed and contested, we

can assume that different normative theories of democracy i.e. theories that seek to define the

general principles and values of democracy also imply different intellectual and normative

frameworlcs for evaluating and criticizing the role ac.d performance ofdifferent media in society.

15

To put it even more bluntly, James Curran (2007, p. 34) argues that iraditional iheories~ of the

democratic roles of the media that are reproduced in much of academic commentary as well as

press editorials has become fossilized, anachronistic, pious, and in general disconnected from an

understanding of how contemporary democracy works. Both Curran and John Keane (2009)

have also noted that the role of the media should not be examined in isolation from other

institutions and activities that take place in the civil society and political system. Instead.

assessing the democratic roles of the media only rna~es sense in conjunction with analyzing

other actors like social movements, think tanks, critical researchers. and political institutions

themselves. To understand and make sense of these dynamics, media studies should engage more

thoroughly with both empirical and theoretical work in other fields. In this sense. it can he

argued that research on the role of media and communication tends to he somewhat isolated Corn

broader questions and concerns in social sciences and political philosophy. Common critiques

involve the claim that media studies have been too media-centric, placing the media in the

centre—stage as the central intermediary institution of liberal democracy. On the other hand. more

theoretical debates are criticized for being confin’-. to narrow range of theoretical resources. A

common argument here is that media studies have only selectively and fragmeniari iv engaged

with broader theoretical and philosophical debates. As the results below also con firm. much of

the research on media and democracy is based on standard readings of established theorists. such

as Habermas’s work on the public sphere. More extensive engagement with contemporary

debates in political philosophy and democratic theory are thus often deemed lackina,

2.1.2 The Modernisation Theory

Modernization theory is a theory used to explain 9 a prcess of modernization that a nation goes

through as it transitions from a traditional society to a modern one. The theory has not been

attributed to any one person; instead, its development has been linked to American social

scientists in the I 950s.

There are many different versions of modernization theory.

The Marxist theory of modernization theorized that: as nations developed. adoptine a communist

approach to governing, such as eradicating private property, would end conflict, exploitation, and

16

inequality. Economic development and social change would lead developing nations to develop

into a society much like that of the Soviet Union.

W. W. Rostow, argued that when societies transitioned from traditional societies to modern

societies, they would follow a similar path. Each developing country could he placed into a

category or stage of development. Rostow’s stages of development are:

Traditional - an agricultural-based society.

Pre-conditions for take-off - characterized by an abundance of entrepreneurial activity.

Take-off- a period of rapid economic growth.

Maturation - economic development slows to a more consistent rate.

• Mass production or mass consumption - a period in which real income increases.

Other modernization theorists, such as Samuel Huntington. argued that social mobilization and

economic development were driving forces behind modernization. Increased social

mobilization meant that individuals and societal groups changed their aspirations.

Increased economic development meant the capabilities of the newly modern society would

change. l-Iuntington argued that these societal changes would inevitably lead to democratization.

Bottom line this theory is of the opinion that development in the underdeveloped countries can

only be achieved through the dissemination and embracing of developmental models that

brought success to the wealthy western world countries. To effect change and bring out rural

development in Uganda, the media (Radio) have to disseminate information concerning rural

development of Uganda to the inhabitant and also persuade them to change their aditude and

way of thinking in order to set the stage lbr economic development of their area.

The proximate origins of modernization theory may be traced to the response of American

political elites and intellectuals to the international setting of the post-Second World War era. In

particular, the impact of the Cold War and the simultaneous emergence of Third World societies

as prominent actors in world politics in the wake of the disintegration of the European colonial

empires converged during this period to channel-for the first time, really-substantial intellectual

interest and resources beyond the borders of American society, and even of Europe. mu the

study of the societies of Asia, Africa, and Latin ~. ~ During the two decades after ihe war,

American social scientists and their graduate students, with the generous support of

governmental and private agencies, turned increasing attention to the problems ol economic

development, political stability, and social and cultural change in these societies.

Two methodological similarities may be noted at the outset. The first is the search by

modernization theorists for definitional inclusiveness. Modernization is generally taken to be, in

the words of one author, ‘a multifaceted process involving changes in all areas of human thoutihi

and activity (Huntington, I 968a: 52). Accordin~y. ~e concept lends to he a summarijing

rather than a ‘discriminating one, as every effort is made to specif~’ its meaning in terms which

are sufficiently general to avoid excluding any of the possible ramifications of this multifticeted

process’. Attempts at definition are aimed more at telling us what modernization is (or might he)

than what it is not (cf. Apter, 1965: 67; Black, 1966: 7; Smelser, I 967: 717-18: and Hall. I 965: a

notable exception is Levy. 1966: 9-15, who carefully distinguishes the task of definition Eom

that of descri pti on).

2.2 Conceptual review

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE DEPENDENT VARIABLE

Radio programs• Advertisement programme

• Education programmes

• Entertainment programmes

Source: Adapted from O’Sullivan, A. and Sheffrin, S. M. (2003). Economics: Principles in

Action. Pearson Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey and mod ifled by the researc her.

Economic development• Economic, political, and

social well-being• Market productivit\

o Rise in GDP

18

2.3 Review of relevant literature

2.3.1 The role of radio programs in economic ~‘eIopment

Radio broadcasting in this country provides much needed information and entertainment, as well

as educational, cultural, political social and advertisement programmes and inspire the people in

the national building process because it is cheap and portable.

According to Dennis (2008), in his contribution in broadcast music in Uganda. “Radio

broadcasting in West Africa is the most widespread mass Medium. Radio receivers in homes.

cars, and elsewhere interconnect members of societies which lack the mass I iteracv necessary fbr

printed media and they lack capital necessary for ~[‘e wiiespread of television

Radio performs economic function for people by bringing together. through advertising the

buyers and sellers of goods and services. Radio as one of the electronic media play the roles o~

mass mobilizer of support for the activities of the government Tony (2012) made it clear in his

book on managing Uganda’s electronic media in a deregulated economy that “the electronic

media radio were deemed ideally suited for this task because of’ their reach and abi I it\ to

transcended the barrier of illiteracy”.

Radio is useful in rural development programmes. It covers great distance and leaps all kinds ol’

natural barriers. It is the swift in reaching a listener. It is the cheapest of the major media in

production; radio communication can be received even where there is no electricit\, it is equall\

effective with the literate and illiterate and lends itself to a great variety of’ content and I~wm”.

That was schram contribution in the vital of radio broadcast.

Radio broadcast enhance educational need of the people through formal education programmes

as in the teaching of academic courses and the in~t ution of the “Universities oithe air”.

Radio broadcast helps in the moral and spiritual development of the youths through different

religious programmes aired through the radio.

19

Radio affords reasonable opportunity for the discussion of conflicting views on issues of puhfw

importance. “The federal communication commission regulations give individual and group the

right to use a broadcaster’s facilities to respond tc ‘nersjnal attacks.

And this regulation does not permit individuals or groups to respond either to favourable

publicity given to a rival or a competitor or to critical comments that do not reflect on their

honestly. character, integrity, or like personal qualities”.

As advertising sells images, dreams, ideal ways of life, it sells them coinforces tune and again,

valves through radio broadcast. Radio broadcast assists in drama and classical music as well as

many others forms of music a new stature and a n ~w popularity. In drama documentary,

discussion programmes and fireside talks.

According to Adidi (2013), “A lot of incidental learning also goes on during exposure to mass

media messages which are not teaching and learning are involved in the process of’ exposure to

radio entertainment for instance:

Radio broadcast offers employment to variety of people - the script writers, news readers

(casters). dramatist, through the role of radio wh~i~. thrir records are played and enjo\ed b\ the

public or the radio audience All the musical artists are duly promoted through radio broadcast

media. Through music, radio broadcast in Uganda promotes indigenous music and artists, All

these help in the economic development of Uganda.

“Most of the music of African origin was from Uganda itself It includes was fl’om Uganda

itself. It includes the Juju sound of southern Uganda, music influenced by the Afro beat of’ \vicle

range of other popular styles and stars

Radio broadcast offers more variety of music than other electronic media. These varieties 01

music like the Reggy, Zuku Afro beat and others using the music function to diffuse and reduce

tension associated with human’s behavior. There is no programme aired through the radio that

lasts up to thirty minutes, that staiied or concluded without one kind of’ music or the other related

20

or mostly adequate to the topic some are purposely mixed with background music. This is a very

important role of radio broadcast.

According to Wilcox, et al (1975) “Radio is the most widespread of mass medium in west Africa

radio receives in homes cars and elsewhere interconnect members of societies which lack the

mass illiteracy necessary for printed media and they lack the capital necessary for the widespread

reception of television. Also of the music industry, recoding, duplicating and distribution of L.P.

and 45 rpm discs and tape cassettes”.

In interview with Kato Lubwama and Abbey Mukibi they said that roles of radio are numerous

and cannot be ignored but “Music is the most area where radio played special role because

tension are reduced by music: and this tension reduction helps in the economic development of

Uganda”

The different radio programs that help In economic development

According to daily monitor (20019), Ronald Muwenda Mutebi, the Kabaka of Buganda, visited

Masengere building near Bulange to launch the new studios of CBS FM, a radio that belongs to

his kingdom.

CBS was marking 22 years since it started operations on June 22, 1996. This July, Mutebi will be

marking 25 years on the Buganda throne. The studio launch is, therefore, part of the activities to

mark his silver jubilee.

It is a remarkable achievement for CBS given the fact that most businesses that are started in

Uganda don’t live to see their fifth birthday. It is also important to note that CBS spent 13

months when it was off air as the government claimed that it was inciting violence during the

Kayunga riots of 2009. But to contextualize CBS’ role in developing our economy. one may

need to go back to pre-June 1996 days.

Uganda’s music scene was predominantly western and Congolese. In 1993, the government

liberalized the airwaves, leading to the setup of several privately-owned stations. Today.

probably Uganda has the biggest number of radio stations per capita.

21

The stations mainly focused on the American Top4O format where the\ ~~0\ (led \\estern music

and concepts. Valentines Day became more popular in the years after 1993 Speaking with a

western accent showed sophistication. In that regard, CBS I think due to its ownership and

probably business acumen of Peter Ssernatimba, its first head of programmes (his title ma~ ha\ e

been more fancy) — went for a market that wasn’t served by the ne~ ly-established stations.

Although they carried death announcement programming just like Radio tiganda. the\

introduced drama and entertainment. Kalisoliso, a sports segment ever\ weekday morning, is the

definition of drama and one of the most popular slots on radio today.

They didn’t only present sports in a funny way, they also went local when it came to music. They

presented mostly in Luganda as opposed to English. The promotion of local music instead ol

v~estern artists must have led to the move of Ugandan musicians to the mainstream. OF course

CBS played western music too, but it also played I igandan songs that may not ha~ e had a lot of

appeal to the youth that other stations were targeting toen. The popularization of t eandan music

led to the ‘death’ of Congolese music. Today, you hardly hear of a concert headlined b\ a

Congolese musician. The Congolese music shows were to be replaced by Ugandan.

I think the rise of the Charneleones and Bebe Cools in the late I 990s has something to do \\ ith

FM stations embracing local music. Looking at the popularity of CBS. other stations eventuall\

started playing Ugandan music and creating African programming. Actuall\. CBS didn’t stop at

playing music~ it also started organizing shows at Nakivubo stadium commonl\ kno\\ n as

Ekitoobeero. where the majority of Ugandan musicians v~ere showcased. Of course, once in a

while other foreign artists were brought in to perform but it was predom inantl\ gandan singers.

Before we knew it. a local music industry had been established, which continues to flourish to

the present day. There is no club, pub or major event in Uganda toda\, where the\ \\ont pla\

Ugandan music. It is not uncommon to go to a nightclub that ~ould play local music the entire

night without revelers complaining.

Although CBS still organizes musical shows now lubbed Enkuuka v’Ornwaka es er\ I)ecember.

it seems to have moved away to break new grouno which no other station has been able to do.

22

Its programme called Nsindika Njake literally translated as kick-starting someone pro\ided the

case for my undergrad thesis at Makerere University. It has created mans entrepreneurs and

helped people get themselves out of poverty. By doing that. it actually created a dediuat~d

audience that it would easily sell to advertisers. That audience today is under an umbrella of

small—scale industry entrepreneurs who come together to exhibit their products at least unce a

year. This means that beyond entertainment ar .he frivolous stuff that dominate our media

today. could there be any lessons to learn from this?

Would legacy media houses becoming organizers of their communities help them become more

profltable? There is a decline in advertising and legacy media, with all their costs, compete ~\ith

digital platforms with little overheads

2.3.3 The ways radio has negative or positively affected the economic development

Okiv (2003: 1) opined that, rural developrner s t. basis fbr economic cle\ elopment and

inftwmation is an important ingredient in development process. people in rural :u ens hether

literate or not should have access to any kind of information which \\ ill help them to become

capable and productive in their social and political obligations, to become better informed

citizens. There is therefore a need for mass media to broadcast economic programmes especiall\

programmes on agriculture; because according to Mucavele (2009) agriculture is perce\ed as an

economic bridge between rural and urban areas: and agriculture provides thod, \~ ork and natural

resource services to urban dwellers. In the reports of TIA 2002 and CAP, 2000 cited in Muca~ele

(2009). agricultural development is fundamentalr. ~po~erty reduction as rural Etmilies generated

about 80% of their income from the agricultural sector. while the other 20% has a strong I ink

with the local economy. Extensive agricultural growth has reduced rural ~O\ ert\ and rura~

po\ertv has declined substantially over the last decade as the agriculture sector has sho~\ n

remarkable improvements.

The philosophy of programming of any broadcast station should be directls relevant to tue needs

of broadcast audience, which is also directly proportional to the rate of de\ elopment of such

societies (Onabanjo 2000). Broadcast programrr ~ in solves articulation and strategic selection

of programmes for desire purpose ends, functional programmes mix. appropriate scheduling,

23

encourage the production and consumption of local products in order to continue self-sufficiency

and self-reliance (Onabanjo, 2001).

Despite the fact that the country is endowed with both human and natural resources. our rural

communities are suffering due to absence of indices of development. Also. in spite of the fact

that various broadcast economic programmes are aired on the radio and television stations in

Nigeria, usually the national language or the dont~ tnt regional language is used for transmission

and very few are transmitted using minority languages; and the minority transmission are simply

translations of centrally-approved government broadcasts, which affects reception of the

message by the rural populace. Therefore the study investigated the influence of broadcast

economic programmes on rural community development in Lagos and Oyo States: and the

effectiveness of the message of the broadcast economic programmes in the rural communities.

Ikereku Community in Akinyele local government area is endowed with fertile agricultural land

suitable for the cultivation of fruits like orange, mango, banana, pineapple, etc and the residents

are mostly farmers. The residents of Ijede town ii tkorodu local government area are traditional

fishermen who are now being drawn into modern vocations and the urban life of Lagos. The

farming and fishing of the area is done mostly for local consumption, while timber and cocoa are

the major sources ofoutside income.

2.3.4 Suggest ways radio programs have played roles in the economic development.

Commercial radio came on the scene in 1920 in the United States and had signiticant effects on

the economy. First, it started a whole new industry. Although radios were expensive for that time

period, people wanted them, and according to on.~ 3stir,late sales of radios rose from $60 million

in 1923 to more than $840 million in 1929. This led to job growth. as people had to be hired to

build, package, and ship the radios, and to create the advertising involved in selling all these

radios. Further, some people started careers as radio announcers, radio station owners and writers

of radio programs, in addition to all the other jobs that supported radio programming.

A second effect on the economy was radio advertising, which helped raise people’s desire for

consumer goods, and helped the U.S. grow as a consumer economy as the I 920s economic boom

roared away. In 1926, the first national radio network, NBC, was born, bringing standardized

25

programming and advertising to the entire country. This helped developed national, rather than

regional, economic markets.

The major impact of radio on the economy was that it brought advertising into American homes.

In a time before television, the radio was the greatest invention prior to the advent o~ the internet.

It provided a source of entertainment which reached millions of American homes within three

years. Although radio programs were entertaining, they had to be paid fbr: and this brought about

the commercial. Everything from aspirin. toothpaste. soft drinks, etc. were adverised on radio,

The commercials were a huge success and businesses saw sales of their brand names boom. Thus

the effect on the economy of the radio was immense.

Community radio can play a significant role at the grass roots level Far rural development. For

instance, issues of poverty, agriculture, gender inequality, education, social problems among

others could be the focus for programming, In exploring the importance of sharing inFarmation

locally and the opening up of wider information networks for farmers in Northern Ghana with

reference to vernacular radio programmes, Chapman et al (2003) fbund that rural radio is

effective in improving the sharing of agricultural inibrmation b\ remote rural Firming

communities. Radio in this regard provides a set ~. participatory communication techniques that

support agricultural extension efforts by using local languages to communicate directly with

Farmers and listeners’ groups. Using the Most Significant Change (MSC) process. Walters et ul

(2011) assessed the impact of community radio in Indonesia and concluded that cfhsctive radio

activities can make a significant change in a community’s life. The MSC methodology has its

origins in community health development debates. It has recently been applied to community

radio impact evaluation. By the MSC process, community members provide Faedhack in the

Farm of stories describing the desirable change in their Ide as a result of the activities of the

radio.

Through media skills training and access to the airwaves, a community radio facilitates a number

of capacity building activities. The exchange of information. networking of groups. the provision

of skills and training and these undoubtedly are key elements of developing a community .Aouin.

a radio facility for a community facilitates the promotion of awareness of community groups and

facilities in the area as well as providing the avenue for the empowerment of these groups to use

radio to promote themselves and to speak directly to the community. For its proximate location

to its clients a Community Radio serves a local community of its interest. It is acce~.sible to the

26

community in terms of ownership. decision making and programme output. In majorjt\ ot’ cases,

programming is produced by the community. with focus on local concerns and issues. Lnlike in

the case of the mainstream media, rather than merely talking about the community, the people

themselves make the programmes. This strengthens local culture with the recognition that this is

their station; it becomes a forum lbr a wide diversity of local opinions and vie~s. Sterling cI ar

(2007) provided evidence that female community radio listeners are given a voice \\ith \shich to

respond to programming and to create programming content. The authors estimated the cost o[~

excluding women from ICT for development and explored ho\\ communit~ radio represents an

opportunity lbr inclusion. By employing the prin~ples of Participator\ Action Research (P.\R).

the authors found that women will be more likely to benefit from technolog\ -mediated

opportunities for development if they themselves produce information that contributes to their

advancement, rather than simply consuming information provided by others (Sterling et a! 2007).

2.4 Related studies

In many African countries, agriculture plays an overwhelmingly important role in the economy

In the 2004 Malawi Economic Growth Strategy it is stated to account Ibr 39° o of (iro~vtl-i

Domestic Product (GDP). 85% of the labour force and 83% of foreign exchange earnings, In

2010. the Malawi Confederation of Chambers oi ~omrnerce (MCCCI) states that agriculture H

the mainstay of Malawi’s economy and it contributes about 33.6 percent to the economic gro~\ ib

(MLlcavele, 2009). In Zambia, agriculture is the major development sector and about 97.~l ° o of

rural households are engaged in agriculture, and this equates to 45% of the total population

approximately 4.6 million poor people dependent on agriculture. It is therefore important that

people in the rural areas in general need adequate information on agricultural praCtices through

broadcast agricultural programmes. The provision of’ information and skills has gained popularit~

in the quest to empower communities with Community Radio as a unique and eftëctive tool.

Chapman et al (2003) reported that the gro~z~i of rural radio stations ref1ect~ both the

impro\ ements in information technologies and the shifting 01’ development paradigm to~\ ards a

more participatory style of information and knowledge transfer.

According to the study of Al—Hassan Seidu Al—hassan. Alhassan Andani and .\bdulai ~\hdul

Malik (2011) on “The Role of Community Radio in Livelihood Impros cment’ Ihe Case of Siinli

Radio”. which focuses on the contribution of Simli Radio to the livelihood impro\ ement ol’ the

2

people in the Tolon-Kumbungu and Savelugu-Nanton Districts of the Northern Region of Ghana.

The study established that Simli Radio has wo4,d to improve awareness and knowledge of

solutions to community development problems ranging from culture, rural development.

education, hygiene and sanitation, agriculture to local governance. The station has been an

appropriate medium that has fhcilitated an interthce between duty bearers and rights holders. It

has promoted small and medium enterprise development by creating market opportunities for

Small and Medium Enterprise (SME) operators and consequently improved sales and incomes.

In addition, Chapman (2003) has found out that rural radio is effective in improving the sharing

of agricultural information by remote rural farming communities. He stressed that, radio in this

regard provides a set of participatory commtn~cation techniques that support agricultural

extension effort by using local language to communicate directly with farmers and listeners

groups.

2.5 Gaps in literature

The provision of information and skills has gained popularity in the quest to empower

communities with Radio as a unique and effective tool. Chapman et al (2003) reported that the

growth of rural radio stations reflects both the improvements in information technologies and the

shifting of development paradigm towards a n’ore participatory style of information and

knowledge transfer. Kumar (2004) identified radio as an avenue for participatory communication

and as a tool relevant in both economic and social development.

Radio is a type of radio service that offers a model of radio broadcasting beyond commercial and

public service. Community radio broadcasting serves geographic communities and communities’

interest. The content of broadcasting is largely popular and relevant to a local/specific audience

but which may often be overlooked by commercial or mass-media broadcasters. Radio stations

are operated, owned, and driven by the commutkties they serve. Radio is not-for profit and

provides a mechanism for facilitating individuals, groups, and communities to tell their own

diverse stories, to share experiences, and in a media rich world to become active creators and

contributors of media. In many parts of the world today, radio acts as a vehicle for the

community and voluntary sector, civil society, agencies, NGOs and citizens to work in

partnership to promote community development. By the core aims and objectives of this model

28

of broadcasting, radio stations often serve their listeners by offering a variety of content that is

not necessarily provided by the larger commercial radio stations.

Therefore, many more works on the roles of the radio, have continued to engage the minds of

numerous mass communication researcher. However, the review of related literature in this work

on the roles of the radio in the economic development of Uganda, particularly as it operates in

journalism profession apply to both the radio Am and Fm.

29

CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY3.1 IntroductIon

This chapter presented the research design, the study population, sample size. sample techniques

and procedures, data collection methods and instruments, validity and reliabilit. data anal~sic.

measurement of variables, and ethical considerations.

3.2 Research design

The stud) adopted a cross sectional study design-case study design. \ceording ‘un in (21)05).

studies of this nature may be more productively undertaken because data can be collected from a

cross section of a population in a short time f. n a. 4arge number of cases (hr purposes of

drawing valid conclusions to represent the entire population of the study. In addition, a case

study is an intensive and detailed study of a certain case and enlightens a general phenomenon or

problem of the study to deeply understanding and/or explanation of one single specific and

complex phenomenon (G0U. 2018). A case can be individuals, groups. movements, a specific

event geographical units (Brante & Korsnes, 2001: Goli. 2018). In this study. the ease ‘sas CBS

Fm with a focus on the impact of radio programme in economic development in I ganda.

The study was largely quantitative although, ‘~‘ ilitcive techniques ~ere also employed to

address the gap left by quantitative methods. The qualitative methods to be used included

interviews guided by an interview schedule. The quantitati~e data collection methods useu

mainly closed ended questionnaire, which were filled in by the respondents. According to Amin

(2005), both qualitative and a quantitative techniques used triangulated especially ‘~here the

study involves investigating people’s opinions.

3.3 Study population

The study population was 40 respondents were c’ en ,i’om the leadership structure and directl~

mandated to manage radio programs in CBS Fm and have the relevant information on radio

programs (Primary data. 2019).

30

3.4 Sample size

Due to limited time and resources, a sample size of (39 people) was selected iVrom the study

population of(40) respondents (Krejcie & Morgan. 1970) divided as seen in Table I below. This

study used simple random sampling for those ii: :~e ~vlanaging director and programs director

officer. Simple random sampling is good for in-depth analysis. it enables high representation of

the population, less bias, and simplifies data interpretation and analysis of~ results (Black. 999),

While purposive sampling was used for radio programmers. because it allowed ft~r probing more

on economic development.

Table 1: Sample Size

Category Population Sample Sampling technique

Managing director I I Purposive sampling

Programs director I 1 Purposive sampling

News readers 6 6 Purposive sampling

Radio programmers 20 19 Simple Random sampling

manager I I Simple Random sainpl ing

presenters I I I

Total 40 39

Source: Primary Data 2019

3.5 Sampling Techniques and Procedures

The CBS was chosen because it ranks the highest in programs that lead to econumic

development (GoU, 2003). In addition it is accessible to the researcher in terms or cost. dme and

infbrmation (Cressswell. 1994).

3.5.1 Simple Random Sampling

The participants in the study were selected through simple random sampling method for

respondents among them administrators and managing director to have an equal chance of’ being

selected to be part of the study. Simple random sampling was best because it was easy to collect

data when the population members are similar to one another on important variable (Gay. I 996).

Purposive sampling

31

It also ensured a high degree of representativeness and ease of assembling the sample

(Thompson. 2002; Levy& Lerneshow, 2008).

3.5.2 Purposive Sampling

Purposive sampling was used for selecting the ~rticalar groups of people in the population

especially public health and environment and CBOs. This sampling procedure v~as used for its

cost efficiency and effectiveness to collect specific information and allo\\s for probing br clarit\

(Kothari. 2004).

3.6 Data collection methods

The study used both primary and secondary data collection methods as complementar\

3.6.1 Questionnaire Survey

These are designed objective by objective (Muge’~o~ & Mugenda, 1999) ICr 39 respondents. The

questionnaires were used to collect data on because it is practical: allo~\s large amounK of

information can he collected from a large number of people in a short period ol’ time and in a

relatively cost effective way, can be carried out by the researcher, the results of the

questionnaires can usually be quickly and easily quantified by either a researcher or through the

use of a software package (Sekaran, 2003). Questionnaires helped gather information on

kno~~ ledge. attitudes. opinions, behaviors, facts, and other information (Kothari. 2h04).

3.6.2 Interview Method

The researcher had an interview guide and a note book to ask and record the inter\ ie\\ session

and also use a recorder and after that the data was thematicall\ arranged and meaning made ii’oni

it through descriptive methods that allows for quotations to be made. [‘he method \\ as more

expensive than questionnaires, but they are better for more complex questions. lo\\ literac\ or

less co-operation. In addition, this methods is good for probing and keeping the respondent in

line with the questions for clarity and expansions, and was used to collect data from mainl\ ke\

informants on economic development will be interviews.

32

3.6.3 Documentary Review Method

This method allowed a researcher to obtain information related to the study from journals.

magazines, government reports textbooks, legal instruments, and periodical reports among others

to gain an understanding of radio programs and economic development in Uganda.

3.7 Research instruments

3.7.1 Self-Administered Questionnaires

The research instrument included the Self-Administered Questionnaire (SAQs). SAQs were

used because they are the most stiitable in a survey that involves a large number of respondents

(Amin. 2005). In addition, (SAQs) were very suitable for the target respondents given their high

levels of English literacy. Finally, SAQs consume less time and money compared to other

methods (Alston & Bowels, 1998)

3.7.2 Interview Guide

Interviews were mainly used to get information from key ini~arrnants. Interviews we good Ow

probing clarity, and more detailed explanations by the respondent and they keep them hacused to

the study topic. In addition, the interview was used in order to collect additional data that might

have been left out by the questionnaires especially closed-ended ones (Amin, 2005).

3.7.3 Documentary Review Guide

The documentary review method was used for ascertaining trends. gaps and the way forward.

Some of the documents reviewed includes government, non-government documents and reports.

dissertations, library books, the Internet, new papers and magazines as were presented in the

literature review.

3.8 Validity and Reliability

3.8.1 Validity

Validity was the ability of the research instrument to measure what it aims or is supposed to

measure. According to Amin (2005), the research instrument must be appropriate for the study

objectives to be achieved. The researcher consulted and discuss validity instrument \\ ith

colleagues and supervisors to limit errors as much as possible (these should he jud~es ho are

33

experts in the field). The colleagues with the expertise v~ere given questions so that the\ can ratc

each question on a five point rating scale which indicates strongly agree (I). agree (2), neither

agree or disagree (3), disagree (4), and strongly disagree (5). The formula is;

CVI = Number of Questions Declared Valid in the Questionnaires

Total Numbers of Questions

Where CVI is Coefficient Variable Indicators

Out of the total number of items of the questionnaire, the questions that ~~ere considered ver\

relevant and quite relevant were rated. The content \alidity index for the questionnaire should

indicate 0.7 to confirm them valid since it was above 0.7 (Amin. 2005). l’his meant the items ci’

the instrument were proved valid. The researcher finally incorporated the comments while

drafting the final copy.

3.8.2 Reliability

Reliability of an instrument is the dependability or the trust~~orthiness of an instrument,

According to Amin (2005). it is the degree to which the instrument consistentl) measures ‘~ hat it

is supposed to measure. This method was pick on siagle pre-lest group and sho\\ th~ degrce to

which the items in the questionnaire are inter-correlated. That is, a respondent ~ ho ~ )ulJ la\ C

completed the questionnaire will again be politely asked to complete another fresh questionnaire

(retest) after two weeks to prove the answers earlier filled for consistence or how close the)

relate (Amin (2005). Internal consistence of the items in the questionnaire was established using

Cornbach’s formulae to computer the alpha co-efficiency of reliability.

10 get the reliability, the data was entered in the computer and analyzed using the statistical

package for social scientists (SPSS). which wa~ LIse~’uI for providing a Cronhach Co-effiLient

Alpha test for testing reliability. After approval. 39 copies were given to the respondents to

ensure completeness. consistency and coding of data systernaticall\ in its entirer\ rn the same

da) to allow contact of’ respondents for further information or clarification if necded (\lugenda

& Mugenda. 1999). The Formula states;

r1~zo2KK-I L 62

34

5= Variable of the total test

Z 6 K = Sum of variance of the questions in the instrument]K=No. of questions in research instrument

3.9 Data Collection Procedures

The researcher will discuss with supervisors and seek approval on validity and reliability of the

instruments. Then an introductory letter was obtained from the College of Humanities and social

sciences for the researcher to present in the field in CBS Fm so as to create rapport with our with

the respondents. The procedure helped to improve the usefulness, timeliness, accuracy,

comparability and collection of high quality fur better analysis and reporting.

3.10 Data Analysis

This is the process of bring understanding and meaning to data collected for validity and

reliability (Sekaran, 2003). Data collected from the field was first of all be sorted, edited, coded

and entered into in the computer using SPSS. This package is useful to the researcher to present

data using tables, graphics and frequency tablt s arad further help the researcher generate

descriptive statistics such as means and standard deviations. The Analysis of Variance

(ANOVA) technique was used to find the magnitude of the effect of radio program and

economic development in Uganda.

Qualitative data was analyzed and presented in form of texts and interviews, impressions. words.

photos, symbols are examined and presented using descriptive or narrative method where the

researcher presented detailed literature description of the respondents’ views for the reader to

make their opinions (Bell, 1993). While quantt;tive data was presented using a percentage

distribution technique (Creswell, 1993). Closed-ended questions were record and then the

answers to each question were checked for every questionnaire for used for calculating the

percentage of participants who gave each response. For saving time and cost, they were analyzed

by generating quotations, single words and making brief phases. For individual interviews, these

were used to produce data in the form of notes, a summary of individual interviews. The

researcher wrote each question at the top of a separate blank page or the coded sheet to make it

easy for respondents to answer using their own words to save time and money (Bell. 1993).

35

3.11 Ethical Considerations

The major ethical problems to he considered in this research study included infringement on the

privacy and confidentiality of the respondents, informed consent, avoiding duplication of other

studies, honesty and dissemination of the report findings to respondents. The study did not in any

Wa use force to gather data. The different respondents had the opportunity to respond I cclv

with no salient intimidation or force or promise of reward.

3.12 Research limitations

The study was limited by suspicion from staff of CBS who thought that the researcher was he

collecting data for wrong purposes which could endanger respondents’ psychical and emotional

lives. However, the researcher managed to overcome this by presenting a letter Ii~om the College

of Humanities and Social sciences showing that the researcher was conducting this research hat-

academic purposes only.

There was also another big problem of lack of cooperation when respondents did not want to

give information characterized by delays in resporiing questionnaires~ postponing appointments

for interviews and giving the research a mean attitude and hace. The researcher managed this

through constant and consistent persuasion and becoming iHendlv to them by intmductng

interest conversation and finally tuning them back to the study variable which worlKecl and hence

became so friendly and open.

3b

CHAPTEi~ FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

4.0 Introduction

In this chapter, the data collected was evaluated as to know the purpose and usefrdness 0!’ the

research topic: The impact of radio programmes in the economic development of Uganda.

The aim of the study is to elicit the impact of radio programs in the economic development of

Uganda with Radio Buganda Uganda (Emanduso) as its study area.

This is to limit the questionnaire expenses due to lack of enough fund and lime. I us the

questionnaire are printed and distributed Radio R ;anuo Uganda (CBS)

4.1 Questionnaire returns

A total of 260 of the questionnaire v~ ere printed and distributed to different areas in ganda

different areas in Uganda.

During collection, I collected a total of 240 questionnaires from the respondents representing

92% of the total questionnaires distributed.

Though. in this analysis, I am going to take the number collected as representills I 00°

4.2 Demographic data presentation and analysis.

The respondents were requested to give their bio data in form of sex. marital status, age.

occupation and education qualification and their responses were as helo~~:

TABLE 1: Showing, sex.

Variable — Frequency i~~e~iage

Male — 172 66%

Female 68 34%

TOTAL 240

Source: Primary data 2019 —

A total of 240 questionnaires were collected. Out of this number, 172 were males respondent

representing 66% of the number collected. while 68 were female respondents representine 34%

From the above analysis, there are more male respondent than female ones.

37

Table 2: Showing the marital status

Variable

Source: Primary data 2019

Frequency Percentage

Out of 240, collected, 170 representing 65% are single. 65 respondents represent 27% are

married, while 5 persons representing 3% are divorced.

From the above analysis, single respondents are more.

Table 3: Showing the Age

Variable Frequency Percentage

18-30 125 52%

31-40 68 l8%

41-50 30 12%

51-60 15 0.6%

61-70 15 0.6%

80&above 10 04%

TOTAL 240 100%

Source: Primary data 2019

In the age distribution of the respondents. 125 respondents representing 52% ol the entire

population fall within 18—30 age bracket; 45 persons representing I 8% Fall within 31 -~40: 30

persons representing 12% fall within 4 1-50 age bracket; 30 persons representing 1.2% faIl within

5 1-70 years and 10 persons representing 4% fall within 80 and above.

Comparing the table, those within the age bracket oF 18-30 tbrm majority of mv respondents

Single 170 70%

Married 65 27%

Divorced 5 3%

TOTAL 240 100%

38

Table 4: Showing Occupation of Respondents

Variable Frequency Percentage

Civil servants 40 17%

Students 90 38%

Traders 45 19%

Farmers I 5 6%

Unemployed 50 20%

TOTAL 240 100%

Source: Primary data 2019

From the occupational respondents. 40 respondent representing I 7% are civ~ servants, 90

representing 38% are students 45 respondents ra~resenting 19% are traders \vhile 15 and So

respondents representing 6% and 20% are farmers and unemployed respectively.

Analytically, the bulk of the respondents are students, unemployed and traders.

This is scientifically represented as follows:

Table 5: Showing educational qualifications:

Variable Frequency Percentage

Pi~mary/Secondary - 0%

Certificate 50 21%

Diploma 120 50%

Bachelors 70 29%

PHD - 0%

TOTAL 240 100%

Source: Primary data 2019

The majority of the respondents which represents 50% are students ot Diploma holders ~vli i Ic

certificate and equivalent represent 21% of the respondents as Bachelor holders represent 29°~o as

none from PHD holders.

39

4.3 Data presentation and analysis of all

Do you have a radio or Television set?

Table 6: Showing whether the respondents have a radio or a television set

Variable Frequency Percentage

Yes 215 100%

No 25 0% -

Total 240 100%

Source: Primary Data 2019

Out of the 240 respondents polled. 215 representing 90% said they have Radio and television

sets, while 25 respondents representing 10% of the research population said “No’ to the above

question from the above almost every respondent agreed to have both television and radio sets.

This is represented as Follows:

Do you tune to any radio such as Radio Buganda,?

Table 8: Showing whether respondents tune to any radio such as Radio Buganda (CBS)

Variable Frequency Percentage

Radio Buganda (CBS) I 10 46°/o

Kabozi FM 92 38%

Dembe Fm 38 16%

TOTAL 240 100%

Source: Primary Data 2019

Under this question. the respondents gave various answers. After computine the various

answers, 110 respondents representing 46% of the research population said they listen to Radio

Buganda. 92 persons representing 38% said they listen to Kabaozi Radio while 38 persons

representing 16% listen to Dembe FM Radio. Analytically. it shows that respondents listen to

Am (Amplitude modulation) stations than FM (Frequency modulations

40

If you listen to Am radio in respect to question (8), how often constantly, seldomly

accidentally, never at all

Table 9, Showing whether respondents listen to am radio in respect to question (8), how

often constantly, Seldoinly accidentally, never at all

Variable Frequency Percentage

Constally 172 66%

Seldomly 68 34%

Accidentally 10 4%

Never at all - - -

Total 240 100%

Source: Primary Data 2019

This question is designed to know how constantly those who listen to these /\mplitude

modulation (AM) do.

This will enable me determine the rate at which people listen to Radio Buganda AM.

Out of the 240 respondents polled, 166 representing 69% said they listen to AM radio constantly.

while 62 representing 26% said they listen seldom. 10 persons representing 40/0 said they listen

ace dentally to them. while 2 persons representing I % said they don ~t I isten to i\ Nil Radio

stations. This is scientifically represented thus:

Programmes do you enjoy most? Entertainment, education. informative persuasion.

advertisement & all of above

41

Table 10, which of Radio Buganda programmes do you enjoy most? entertainment,

education, informative, persuasion, advertisement & all of above

Variable Frequency Percentage

Entertainment 45 1 9% —

Education 35 14%

Informative 40 17%

Persuasion 15 6%

Advertisement 40 17

All of the above 60 27%

TOTAL 240 100%

Source: Primary Data 2019

Out of’ 240 respondents, 65representing 27% said rey ~njov all programming of Radio Boganda

I, 45 persons representing 19% enjoy entertainment programmes more: 4() persons represents

I 7% enjoy informative programmes; while another 40 persons representing I 7% rely on Radio

Buganda I for the latest in products and commercial advertisements while only 15 persons

representing 6% were persuaded by the Radio Buganda I, 35 persons representing. 4% en~ov

educational programmes. The implication of this result is that Radio Buganda programmes

satisty the audience need as those who enjoy all programmes rates higher in the study conducted.

The table is scientifically presented

Do radio play any role in the economy of the nation

Table 11: Showing whether radio plays any role in the economy of the nation

Source: Primary Data 2019

Frequency Percentage

This question is designed to elicit the roles of the radio in the economy ol the nation. Ibis

enables me to determine the extent of the roles of radio in the national development of Uganda.

Variable

TOTAL 240

YES 240 100%

NO - 0%

100 O~)

42

Out of 240 respondents, 240 representing 100% responded ~YES’ while none was recorded to

negative.

Do Radio have any advantage over other electronic media?

Table 12, Showing whether radio has any advantage over other electronic media

VARIABLE FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

YES 238 99%

NO - 0°/s

DONOTKNOW 2

TOTAL 240 100%

Source: Primary Data 2019

This question is designed to test the responses from question (IT), which placed the roles W radio

high in the economic development of Uganda.

Analytically, out 240 polled, 238 persons representing 99% scored, radio advantage over other

electronic media. Only 2 persons representing 1% do not know whether here is any advantage or

radio over other electronic media.

The constant off the air of Radio Buganda, was mostly due to poor funding, obsolete

equipment & poor management

Table 13, Showing the constant off the air of radio Buganda i, was mostly due to poor

funding, obsolete equipment & poor management

Va na ble Frequency Percentage

Poor funding 216 90%

Obsolete Equipment 24 10%

Poor management - 0%

Total 240

Source: Primary Data 2019

100 O/~

43

Under this question which is designed to know the cause (s) of the constant off the air of Radio

Buganda. 216 respondents representing 90% of the research, population said that poor funding is

the major cause of constant off air, 24 persons representing 10% attributed the cause obsoletc

equipment in Radio Buganda, while no response was recorded in poor management. It is Radio

Buganda cause the constant off the air in the station.

What are the ways you think radio have negative or positively affected the Economic

Development of Uganda

Table 14: Showing the ways you think radio have negative or positively affected the

economic development of Uganda

Variable Frequency Percentage

Expose the listeners to crime 15 6%

Radio broadcast cause cultural erosion of our traditional 26 I

folklores

Radio have brought social economic, political and educational 97 40%

awareness to the listening audience among others

Radio offer employment to many People including musicians 55 - 23%

script writer and others.

Radio offer entertainment and taught us of the existence of

new products and public commercials

TOTAL

Source: Primary Data 2019

Under this question, various reasons or answers were given by the respondents. For the purpose

of comprehensive analysis, the various answers are grouped into flue similar froups. On the

negative influence, IS respondents representing 6% of the study population said that radio have

exposed the listeners to crime. They said radio have taught the listeners existence of narcotic and

alcohol which help in crime wave of the youths. Another 26 persons representing I I 0% of the

study population said Radio have caused cultural er’sion to the listeners.

240 I 00~4

44

Suggest ways radio has played roles in the economic development of Uganda.

Table 15: Showing the suggested ways radio has played roles in the economic development

of Uganda.

This research question is designed to find out the roles radio has played in the economic

development of Uganda as electronic media of communication.

This question elicited many suggestions from the respondents..

The suggestions given are grouped into six groups. 55 persons or 23% said that radio broadcast

play roles in the informative aspects. It helps in control and educating on the outbreak of one

disease or the other and the announcement of annual budgets.

Also another 38 persons representing 16% said that Radio Buganda have helped role in the

economic development of Uganda through its various advertisement programmes and public

service promotions.

This is the economic aspect of radio in the whole gamut of the national development 45 other

representing 18% made mention of the roles of Radio Buganda in entertainment programmes

like Twezimbe, CBS Powesa. This helps to sustain and less tension of the listeners of the Radio

Buganda Uganda.

Another group of 560 respondent representing 25% of the research population said that Radio

Buganda through its education programes have made indelible contributions in the economic

development of Uganda. This singular opportunity offered by Radio Buganda helped many

workers acquire one type of education or the other while working 10 respondents representing

4% made mention of negative role of radio in the society due to poor funding.

This arises due to constant off the air occasioned by poor funding and the illing equipments.

45

However, 32 persons representing 13% of the research population, said that Radio l3uganda

promote many musical artists and have carried station and audience research to sustain its \vide

listening audience.

From the above analysis, majority of the respondents suggested that Radio Buganda have played

its roles in the have played its roles in the economic development of Uganda through its various

programmes above all odds.

Variable Frequency Percentage

Radio broadcast have played roles in the informative aspects-the 55 - 23%

broadcast of new budget, the out diseases and others

Radio Buganda have variable entertainment packages like 68 34%

Okulima early morning programmes Mwasuze mutya. the high

life all these enhance economic development

Radio Buganda educational programmes are unique especially 1 60 25%

~ the popular CBS Powesa, Okulirna Tekulimba that trained many

professionals in the society

Radio Buganda have played roles in economic development 38 16%

through sits various advertisement and public service

commercials

The poor finding of Radio Buganda I hamper its development 10

programmes. The constant off the air of the station

Radio Buganda promotes many artists especially musicians and 32 I 3%

have maintained station and audience research which sustained it

and endured it to the darling of the coal city.

~Iotal 240 100%

From the interviews conducted at Radio Buganda, it was discovered that Radio I3uganda play

important roles in the economic development of Uganda

46

About 76 senior staff of Radio Buganda are in roll ~shile out if 20 heads of departments

interviews. 15 admitted that more than 70% o f the progrmames of Radio Buganda get to the

grass root and the entire populace.

The rest 5 emphasized the need to maintain obsolete equipment and adequately to ftiiid Radio

Buganda (CBS).

4.4 Conclusion

Majority of the respondents from the questionnaire analyzed and the depth inten~iev~ conducted

agree that radio have played important role in the economic development of Uganda through

informative, entertainment, educational, advertisement and other social programme especial!)

those offered by Radio Buganda.

Finally, the validity of the impact of radio programs was establishment by suing the scicntilieall

conducted research of using questionnaire and interview.

47

CHAPTER FIVE

DISCUSSION, SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

5.1 Summary:

This study examined “the the impact of radio programs in the economic development of Uganda

with a particular reference to the Uganda.

In the study, I tried to validate the impact of radio programs especially Radio Buganda, in the

economic development of Uganda. The research also critically examined the roles of radio in the

whole segment of the societal activities.

5.2 Discussion and findings

Going by the analysis of the data collected in the last chapter, which was based on the hypothesis

guiding the research, I made the following discussion and summary:

From table 7, where I tried to know where people get the sources of information. 240

respondents representing 100% agree to listen to either radio or television as a source of

information.

From the above analysis it can be deduced that people receive information from the electronic

media.

Also a quick iook at table 10, where I examined which of the programmes of the Radio Buganda.

people enjoy most, 60 of 240 respondents representing, 27% of the research population. said they

enjoy all programmes of Radio Buganda (CBS).

All the respondents enjoy the programmes of Radio Buganda and thus confirm the roles played

by Radio in the economic development of Uganda.

5.3 Conclusion

The study concerned itself with finding out how Radio Buganda Central Broadcasting Station

(CBS), plays its roles in the economic development of Uganda therefore conclude thus. The

4u

responses from the majority of the respondents ..aowed that electronic media especiall) radio

have played a very important role in economic development of Uganda.

This they say is because radio had the impact to reach the remotest part of the rural areas

regardless of literacy level and power supply.

5.4 Recommendations

It is my opinion that government should establish rural radio or other electronic media ol’

information nearer to people.

I also recommend that adequate fund be provided to Radio Buganda to enable it meet up its

numerous equipment. maintenance problem and staff motivation for its further contribution in

the economic development of Uganda.

Finally a more extensive research is recommended to be carried out on the topic In unco’ or other

vital areas where financial and man power assistance could be employed to achie~e results.

5.5 Areas for further study

I strongly suggest for further study on the impacts of the electronic media in the economic

development of Uganda because the impact in communication is very essential as ~se coi~tinuc to

communicate in one form or the other till we die.

40

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51

APPENDICES

Appendix A; Questionnaire

Dear Respondent,

I am a final year student of the above department of mass communication. Uganda. am

carrying out a research work on the topic ~‘The roles of the electronic media in the economic

development of Uganda ; a case study of Federal radio corporation of Uganda Uganda (Radio),

In this direction, I would be glad if you would assist me by giving me by giving me your

sincere answer to the questions in this questionnaire.

To answer. Tick he box provided for the opinion of your choice. I am grateful

for your assistance.

The research when completer, would help rhe government to identify areas where it has

not assisted the radio station and also help them to adequately extend its services to the rural

populace.

Sex: male Female

2. Age: 18-30 r 31-40 ____ 41-50 ____

3. 51-60 61-70 & above

4. Occupation: Government employed L j self employed jNone of the above

5. Educational level: Primary level Secondary level LTertiary _______ Illiterate

Income level: very rich moderate oor poor

SECTiON B

6. Which of these communication gadgets do you have and like to listen to? Television

Radio Both of them _____~~Jone of them

7. Do you listen to radio Buganda? Yes No

8. How often do you listen to it? Very often _____~arely ~ Not at all

53