The Impact of the The Impact of the EnlightenmentEnlightenment

The ArtsThe Arts

Architecture and Art: Many rulers build grand Architecture and Art: Many rulers build grand castles to mimic Louis XIV’s Palace at Versaillescastles to mimic Louis XIV’s Palace at Versailles

unique architectural style is createdunique architectural style is created

– Rococo: new artistic style is created as wellRococo: new artistic style is created as well Emphasizes grace, charm and gentle action Emphasizes grace, charm and gentle action Highly secular: focused on the pursuit of pleasure, happiness Highly secular: focused on the pursuit of pleasure, happiness

and loveand love Sense of enchantment and enthusiasmSense of enchantment and enthusiasm

Music:Music:Perfecting BaroquePerfecting Baroque

Johann Sebastian Johann Sebastian BachBach– One of the greatest One of the greatest

composers of all timecomposers of all time– GermanGerman– Mass in B MinorMass in B Minor

George Frederick George Frederick HandelHandel– MessiahMessiah– German, but lived in German, but lived in

EnglandEngland– With Bach, perfected With Bach, perfected

the baroque musical the baroque musical stylestyle

Music: Music: Creation of ClassicalCreation of Classical

HaydnHaydn– Wanted to play public Wanted to play public

concerts rather than concerts rather than serve only princely serve only princely patronspatrons

– The desire to play for The desire to play for everyone leads him to everyone leads him to write his two great write his two great worksworks

MozartMozart– Child prodigyChild prodigy– Along with Haydn, helps Along with Haydn, helps

to found what we know to found what we know as classical musicas classical music

– One of the greatest One of the greatest composers of all timecomposers of all time

LiteratureLiterature

1818thth century= development of the European century= development of the European novelnovel

Enlightenment and Enlightened Enlightenment and Enlightened AbsolutismAbsolutism

What role does Enlightenment thought play in What role does Enlightenment thought play in politics? politics? – Who believes in natural rights for all people?Who believes in natural rights for all people?– ““We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are

created equal; that they are endowed by their creator created equal; that they are endowed by their creator with certain inalienable rights; that among these are life, with certain inalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.”liberty and the pursuit of happiness.” How were these natural rights to be preserved?How were these natural rights to be preserved?

– Governed under an enlightened rulerGoverned under an enlightened ruler

– Enlightened absolutism: rulers try to govern by Enlightenment Enlightened absolutism: rulers try to govern by Enlightenment principles while maintaining their royal powersprinciples while maintaining their royal powers

Frederick the GreatFrederick the Great

Frederick the Great of PrussiaFrederick the Great of Prussia

Enlightened despotEnlightened despot Made enlightened reformsMade enlightened reforms

– Abolished the use of torture except in treason and Abolished the use of torture except in treason and murder casesmurder cases

– Granted limited freedom of speech and the press, as well Granted limited freedom of speech and the press, as well as complete religious tolerationas complete religious toleration

On the other hand…On the other hand…– Kept Prussia’s serfdom and rigid social structure intact Kept Prussia’s serfdom and rigid social structure intact

and avoided any additional reformsand avoided any additional reforms

The Austrian EmpireThe Austrian Empire

Joseph II succeeds Maria Theresa and Joseph II succeeds Maria Theresa and starts to call for enlightened changestarts to call for enlightened change– Swept away anything standing in the path of Swept away anything standing in the path of

reasonreason Abolishes serfdom, eliminates the death penalty, Abolishes serfdom, eliminates the death penalty,

equality before the law, enacts religious reforms. equality before the law, enacts religious reforms.

Joseph’s reform program largely failsJoseph’s reform program largely fails– Why?Why?

Russia under Catherine the GreatRussia under Catherine the Great

Rules Russia from 1762-1796Rules Russia from 1762-1796– Assumes the throne after her husband is Assumes the throne after her husband is

murdered by a group of noblesmurdered by a group of nobles– GermanGerman

Favored the ideas of the philosophes and Favored the ideas of the philosophes and wanted to implement reform, but does notwanted to implement reform, but does not– Why?Why?

Need support of nobility Need support of nobility

Philosophes v. 18Philosophes v. 18thth Century Century MonarchsMonarchs

PhilosophesPhilosophes– Condemn war as foolishCondemn war as foolish– Want all to have Want all to have

equality under the lawequality under the law

MonarchsMonarchs– Use war to expand Use war to expand

empiresempires– Concerned with the Concerned with the

balance of power, that balance of power, that each state should have each state should have equal powerequal power

– Really, each want to Really, each want to gain more powergain more power

WarWar

War of Austrian SuccessionWar of Austrian Succession– Maria Theresa succeeds her father on the Maria Theresa succeeds her father on the

Austrian throneAustrian throne– King Frederick of Prussia invades Austrian King Frederick of Prussia invades Austrian

SilesiaSilesia– France enters war vs. Austria, its traditional France enters war vs. Austria, its traditional

enemyenemy– Treaty agreed to in 1748Treaty agreed to in 1748

Prussia refuses to return Silesia to Austria= another Prussia refuses to return Silesia to Austria= another warwar

WarWar

WarWar The Seven Years’ WarThe Seven Years’ War 1756- 1756-

17631763– Maria Theresa rebuilds army Maria Theresa rebuilds army

and takes France as an ally and takes France as an ally from Prussiafrom Prussia

– Russia joins France and Austria Russia joins France and Austria Sees Prussia as a threatSees Prussia as a threat

– Britain allies itself with PrussiaBritain allies itself with Prussia

War fought in 3 locations: War fought in 3 locations: Europe, India, and North Europe, India, and North AmericaAmerica

War in Europe: Prussia holds its War in Europe: Prussia holds its ground against Austria, Russia, ground against Austria, Russia, and Franceand France– Once Russia withdraws, there is Once Russia withdraws, there is

a stalematea stalemate– Agree to end war and Prussia Agree to end war and Prussia

keeps Silesia; all other occupied keeps Silesia; all other occupied territories are returned to their territories are returned to their original owneroriginal owner

War in IndiaWar in India– Britain vs. FranceBritain vs. France– Seeking to expand their empireSeeking to expand their empire– India falls to BritainIndia falls to Britain

War in North America War in North America – Great Britain is victorious Great Britain is victorious

overall and becomes one of the overall and becomes one of the greatest colonial powersgreatest colonial powers