Mr. CargileMr. Cargile

Mission Hills HS, San Marcos CAMission Hills HS, San Marcos CA

India: 18c-early India: 18c-early 19c19c

India: 18c-early India: 18c-early 19c19c

India in mid-18cIndia in mid-18c

British Soldiers in India, British Soldiers in India, 1830s1830s

Areas of Areas of the Sepoy the Sepoy Mutiny, Mutiny,

18571857

A. The Land and the A. The Land and the PeoplePeople

A.A.Despite periodic famines due to Despite periodic famines due to drought, India’s fertile land allowed the drought, India’s fertile land allowed the Indian population.Indian population.

~ 1900 = 250 million~ 1900 = 250 million

~ 1941 = 389 million~ 1941 = 389 million

B.B.Population growth brought many +/-Population growth brought many +/-

~ environmental pressure,~ environmental pressure,

~ deforestation, ~ deforestation,

~ and a declining amount of ~ and a declining amount of farm land per family.farm land per family.

A. The Land and the A. The Land and the PeoplePeople

A.A. Indian Indian societysociety was divided into many was divided into many classes:classes:

~ peasants,~ peasants,

~ wealthy property owners, ~ wealthy property owners,

~ and urban craftsmen, traders, & ~ and urban craftsmen, traders, &

workers.workers.

B.B. English became the common medium English became the common medium of communication of the Western-of communication of the Western-educated middle class.educated middle class.

C.C. Majority of Indians practiced Majority of Indians practiced HinduismHinduism. . MuslimsMuslims constituted ¼ of the people of constituted ¼ of the people of India & formed a majority in the N/W & India & formed a majority in the N/W & in eastern Bengal.in eastern Bengal.

B. British Rule and Indian B. British Rule and Indian NationalismNationalismA.A. Colonial India was ruled by a viceroy & Colonial India was ruled by a viceroy &

administered by the Indian Civil administered by the Indian Civil Service.Service.

B.B. At the turn of the century, the majority At the turn of the century, the majority of Indians accepted British rule, but the of Indians accepted British rule, but the racism & discrimination of the Euros racism & discrimination of the Euros had inspired a group of Hindus to est. a had inspired a group of Hindus to est. a political organization called the Indian political organization called the Indian National Congress in 1885.National Congress in 1885.

C.C. Muslims, fearful of Hindu Muslims, fearful of Hindu dominance, founded the dominance, founded the All-India All-India Muslim LeagueMuslim League in 1906, thus in 1906, thus giving India not one, but two giving India not one, but two Independence movements.Independence movements.

the Muslim Leaguethe Muslim League 1905 1905 partition of Bengal partition of Bengal based onbased on religions and languages. religions and languages.

1906 1906 creation of the Muslim creation of the Muslim League. League.

Mohammed Ali JinnahMohammed Ali Jinnah

1876 - 19481876 - 1948

the Indian National Congressthe Indian National Congress

1885 1885 The Indian National The Indian National CongressCongress was founded in Bombay. was founded in Bombay.

swarajswaraj “independence.” “independence.” ** the goal of the movement. the goal of the movement.

Indians on the Indians on the FrontFront

Indian soldiers from the so-called warrior casteswarrior castes had long been a critical factor in imperial Britain's global power. These Indian troops, preparing for the Battle of the Somme in 1916 during World War I, ironically appear to be out for a pleasant bicycling excursion. Dispatched to France in October 1914, most Indian soldiers were moved to western Asia in 1915 to fight against the Ottoman Empire.

B. British Rule and Indian B. British Rule and Indian NationalismNationalism

D.D. In 1918 & 1919 several incidents contributed to In 1918 & 1919 several incidents contributed to an increase in tensions btw the British & the an increase in tensions btw the British & the Indian people.Indian people.

E.E. These incidents included a too-vague promise These incidents included a too-vague promise of self-government, the influenza epidemic of of self-government, the influenza epidemic of 1918-1919, &1918-1919, &

1918 Flu Pandemic: Depletes All

Armies

1918 Flu Pandemic: Depletes All

Armies

50,000,000 – 50,000,000 – 100,000,000 died100,000,000 died

50,000,000 – 50,000,000 – 100,000,000 died100,000,000 died

F.F. and the incident in which a British and the incident in which a British general ordered his troops to fire into a general ordered his troops to fire into a crowd of 10,000 demonstrators.crowd of 10,000 demonstrators.

Amritsar Massacre, Amritsar Massacre, 19191919

379 dead; over 1200 wounded!379 dead; over 1200 wounded!

B. British Rule and Indian B. British Rule and Indian NationalismNationalism

Reinforcing Imperialist Reinforcing Imperialist RuleRule

In response to In response to episodes of episodes of anticolonialist violence anticolonialist violence in Amritsar, India, in Amritsar, India, early in 1919, the early in 1919, the British brutally cracked British brutally cracked down, most notably in down, most notably in the massacre of April the massacre of April 1919. Here British 1919. Here British authorities enforce a authorities enforce a decree in the wake of decree in the wake of the beating of a female the beating of a female British doctor on this British doctor on this road--forcing any road--forcing any Indian using the road Indian using the road to crawl along it.to crawl along it.

Young Mohandas K. Young Mohandas K. Gandhi, 1876Gandhi, 1876

1869 - 19481869 - 1948

Young Mohandas K. Gandhi, Young Mohandas K. Gandhi, 18761876

A.A.Mohandas K. Mohandas K. (Mahatma) Gandhi was (Mahatma) Gandhi was an English-educated an English-educated lawyer who practiced lawyer who practiced in S. Africa before in S. Africa before returning to India & returning to India & joining the Indian joining the Indian National Congress National Congress during WWI.during WWI.

B.B.Gandhi’s political ideas Gandhi’s political ideas included included ahimsaahimsa (nonviolence) & (nonviolence) & satyagrahasatyagraha (the search (the search for truth)for truth)

Gandhi as a Lawyer Gandhi as a Lawyer in in

Johannesburg, So. Johannesburg, So. AfricaAfrica

Gandhi with the londonGandhi with the londonvegetarian society, 1890vegetarian society, 1890

Gandhi as a Young Gandhi as a Young Barrister in NatalBarrister in Natal

Gandhi and His Gandhi and His Wife, Kasturba, Wife, Kasturba,

19151915

C. Mohandas K. Gandhi & Militant C. Mohandas K. Gandhi & Militant NonviolenceNonviolence

C.C. Gandhi dressed & lived simply; his affinity Gandhi dressed & lived simply; his affinity for the poor, the illiterate, and the for the poor, the illiterate, and the outcasts made him able to transform the outcasts made him able to transform the cause of Indian independence from an cause of Indian independence from an elite movement to a mass movement w/ a elite movement to a mass movement w/ a quasi-religious aura.quasi-religious aura.

Gandhi Gandhi spinning clothspinning cloth

C. Mohandas K. Gandhi & Militant C. Mohandas K. Gandhi & Militant NonviolenceNonviolence

Mohandas "Mahatma" Gandhi (1969-1948) believed Mohandas "Mahatma" Gandhi (1969-1948) believed that foreign cotton mills had impoverished the Indian that foreign cotton mills had impoverished the Indian people. He made a bonfire of imported factory-made people. He made a bonfire of imported factory-made cloth, decided to wear only handmade cloth, and cloth, decided to wear only handmade cloth, and began spending half an hour every day spinning yarn began spending half an hour every day spinning yarn on a simple spinning wheel, which became the on a simple spinning wheel, which became the symbol of his movement. Any Indian who wished to symbol of his movement. Any Indian who wished to

come before him had to dress in handwoven cloth.come before him had to dress in handwoven cloth.

Gandhi Gandhi spinning clothspinning cloth

C. Mohandas K. Gandhi & Militant C. Mohandas K. Gandhi & Militant NonviolenceNonviolence

D. D. Gandhi’s brilliance as a political tactician Gandhi’s brilliance as a political tactician & master of public relations gestures was & master of public relations gestures was demonstrated in acts such as his demonstrated in acts such as his

~ 80-mile “Walk to the Sea” to make ~ 80-mile “Walk to the Sea” to make salt (in salt (in

violation of the governments salt violation of the governments salt monopoly), monopoly),

~ in his several fasts “unto death,” ~ in his several fasts “unto death,”

~ & in his repeated arrests and ~ & in his repeated arrests and prison prison

sentences.sentences.

Salt March, 1930Salt March, 1930

MakingMakingSaltSalt

Gandhi arrives in Delhi, Gandhi arrives in Delhi, 19401940

A small frail man, Gandhi possessed enormous A small frail man, Gandhi possessed enormous courage and determination. His campaign of courage and determination. His campaign of nonviolent resistance to British rule inspired the nonviolent resistance to British rule inspired the Indian masses and nurtured national identity and self-Indian masses and nurtured national identity and self-confidence. Here he arrives for talks with the British confidence. Here he arrives for talks with the British viceroy after the outbreak of World War II.viceroy after the outbreak of World War II.

Gandhi and His Gandhi and His Grandaughters, Grandaughters,

19471947

C. India Moves Toward IndependenceC. India Moves Toward Independence

A.A.In the 1920s the British slowly & In the 1920s the British slowly & reluctantly began to give Indians control reluctantly began to give Indians control of areas such as education, the economy, of areas such as education, the economy, and public works.and public works.

B.B.High tariff barriers were erected behind High tariff barriers were erected behind which Indian entrepreneurs were able to which Indian entrepreneurs were able to undertake a degree of industrialization;undertake a degree of industrialization;

C. India Moves Toward IndependenceC. India Moves Toward Independence

D. This helped to create a class of wealthy D. This helped to create a class of wealthy Indian businessmen who looked to Indian businessmen who looked to Gandhi’s designated successor in the INC – Gandhi’s designated successor in the INC – Jawaharlal Nehru for leadership.Jawaharlal Nehru for leadership.

E. WWII divided the E. WWII divided the Indian people; Indian people; Indians contributed Indians contributed heavily to the war heavily to the war effort, but the INC effort, but the INC opposed the war, opposed the war, and a minority of and a minority of Indian s joined the Indian s joined the Japanese side.Japanese side.

Jawaharlal nehruJawaharlal nehru

1889 - 19641889 - 1964

Pre-PartitionPre-Partition

Last Viceroy of India Last Viceroy of India

Lord Louis & Lady Edwina Lord Louis & Lady Edwina MontbattenMontbatten

Lord Louis & Lady Edwina Lord Louis & Lady Edwina MontbattenMontbatten

PartitionPartition!!