The Industrial revolution
The Industrial revolution (1750-1914) By:Annie
Jenningsreferences
What was the industrial revolution?The Industrial Revolution was
a migration of people moving from farms to cities provided the
labor force and production shifted to complex machines fueled by
new sources of energy. Urbanization and the factory system created
dismal conditions for the poor.
http://www.history.com/topics/industrial-revolutionThe Rise of
the Industrial RevolutionThe Industrial Revolution began in the
1800s with Britain being the first due to four key factors:
resources such as coal, iron, and labor force, new technology
economic conditions, and political as well as social conditions
(strong government and navy).Belgium was second to industrialize
Germany France, and the United States began industrializing around
the same time because they had more coal, iron, and other resources
than Britain. With the borrowing of Britain's inventions and
technology, America led the world in production by 1900.
Urbanization Movement of people to cities. With the enhancements
made to farming equipment, fewer farmers were needed which lead to
enclosure (the process of taking over and fencing off land formerly
shared by the poor), thus the poorer farmers were forced to look
for work in the cities.As urbanization increased, the lives of
people of all social classes became more and more distinct.
Immigration Once the American revolution took the world lead in
production in 1900, more and more foreigners began to come to the
United States in hopes of a better future.The Irish Potato Famine
of 1848 caused thousands of Irish immigrants to come swarming into
the U.S. in hopes of survival.Geramn, French, and all types of
Europeans flooded to America hoping for freedom and a better life.
This immense influx of immigrants caused major housing issues thus
tenements were created. Poverty also became a huge problem because
employers paid very little and monopolies/ cartels forced people to
buy overpriced products since they had no other resources. Who was
affected?Women and children were affected in the most negative
ways, for they were paid far less (sometimes half) of what men
made. Women often had to work long hours and then come home and do
housework and care for the children. Children often received little
to no education because they needed to work in order to help their
families survive. Women and children were often sexually assaulted
and even raped by their employers and fellow male coworkers. Men
also had it hard working long hours in terrible conditions just as
the women and children did.
Living conditions Poor people lived on slumsTenement housing-
multistory buildings divided into crowded apartments (no running
water, no sewage or sanitation systems, disease spread
quickly)Diseases such as cholera, typhus, and typhoid were among
the most common due to poor sanitation.
Working ConditionsRigid work schedule with the average workday
lasting 12-16 hoursMany were injured by machineryIf workers became
sick, they often lost their jobsWomen were often paid less than men
for the same workChild labor was very common because children could
fit in smaller spaces in mines and inside machines. Children only
worked in order to help their starving families; however, due to
working all the time children often received little to no
education. Numerous children were killed or seriously injured while
at work.
Monopolies & Cartels Monopolies- businesses that bought out
all competitors and their patents. They could charge any price they
wanted because it was the only way to obtain goods.Cartels- loose
association of business that are usually formed in secret. They
agree to limit their supply of products in order to keep fix
prices, set production quotas, or keep prices high. Monopolies and
cartels were a major problem during the Industrial Revolution
because they put a select few people in charge of everything while
everyone else suffered resulting from the people in charge.
Factory LawsThe 1819 Factory Law prohibited children under nine
years old to work in factories or mines.1833 Althorps Factory Act
allowed children 9-13 years old to work a maximum of 42 hours per
weeks1842 Mines and Collieries Act banned all women and children
under 10 year old from working underground1844 Grahams Factory Act
allowed children 8-13 years old to work a maximum of 6 hours a day.
This same law also gave children 13-18 years old and women the
maximum of 12 hour days.
Labor UnionsLabor Unions were groups of people who came together
to protest working conditions, wages, as well as the amount of
hours they had to work.Many protests became violent and so
protesting was made illegal. Mutual aid societies and self help
societies were put in place in order to aid the sick and
injured.The government eventually passes laws to regulate working
conditions and outlaw child labor and forbid women to work in
mines.
New ways of thinkingLaissez Faire EconomicsAdam Smith-
encouraged free market system (unregulated exchange of goods and
services: government should not interfere with business
afairs)Thomas Malthus and David Ricardo- feared population would
outgrow outpace the food supply and drive wages down, so they
recommended that people have less kids.Emergence of SocialismWide
gap between rich and poorSocialism follows Rousseaus idea of
putting community interests before individual interests.
New ways of thinking (Continued)Karl Marxs TheoriesCommunism-
class struggle as employer and employee (proletariat refers to the
working class)Marx despised capitalism because it led to prosperity
for a few and poverty for many.Marxs ideas failed because
government reforms were enacted before workers could
revolt.Important people and their inventionsSteam engine- George
Stephenson (James Watt improved it)
Seed drill- Jethro Tull
Important people and their inventions (Continued)Car and
assembly line- Henry Ford
Safety lamp for miners- Sir Humphrey Davy (reduced the risk of
explosions in mines)
Important people and their inventions (Continued)Telephone-
Alexander Graham Bell
Water frame- Richard Arkwright (sped up spinning)
References Discovering Our Past: A History of the United States,
Student Edition Hardcover January 16, 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education
(Author)
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