The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain• capital–money to invest–for industrial

machines and factories. • Wealthy entrepreneurs were looking for

ways to invest and make profits.

(pages 363–365)(pages 363–365)

• To accommodate the surge in the production of cotton: The two-step process of spinning and weaving had been done by individuals in their homes, a production method called cottage industry.

• The cotton industry became even more productive after the Scottish engineer James Watt improved the steam engine in 1782 so it could drive machinery.

The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain (cont.)

• By 1840 cotton cloth was Britain’s most valuable product.

• Since they were an efficient way to move resources and goods, railroads were crucial to the Industrial Revolution.

• The Rocket was used on the first public railway line, which opened in 1830. (about 16 mph). Within 20 years, trains were going 50 miles per hour

The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain (cont.)

Social Impact in Europe (cont.) • The pitiful conditions for workers in the

Industrial Revolution led to a movement called socialism.

• Under socialism, society, usually government, owns and controls some means of production–such as factories and utilities.

Social Impact in Europe (cont.) • Early socialism was largely the idea of

intellectuals who believed in the equality of all people and who wanted to replace competition with cooperation.

• Later socialists like Karl Marx thought these ideas were not practical and called those who believed them utopian socialists.

(pages 367–370)(pages 367–370)

The Congress of Vienna • When the great powers of Austria,

Prussia, Russia, and Great Britain met at the Congress of Vienna in 1814, they wanted to restore the old order after Napoleon’s defeat.

• Prince Klemens von Metternich was the Austrian foreign minister who led the Congress.

• He said he was guided at Vienna by the principle of legitimacy: legitimate monarchs deposed by Napoleon would be restored in the interest of peace and stability.

The Congress of Vienna (cont.)

• The participants in the Congress of Vienna also rearranged European territories to form a new balance of military and political power to keep one country from dominating Europe.

• To balance Russian territorial gains, Prussia and Austria were given new territories, for example.

(pages 371–372)(pages 371–372)

The Conservative Order • The arrangement worked out at the

Congress of Vienna curtailed the forces set loose by the French Revolution.

• Those who saw this as a victory, such as Metternich, held a political philosophy called conservatism.

• Conservatives wanted obedience to traditional political authority and believed that organized religion was important to an ordered society.

• They did not like revolution or demands for rights and government representation.

Forces of Change

• Liberalism is based principally on Enlightenment principles and held that people should be free of government restraint as much as possible.

• The chief liberal belief was the importance of protecting the basic rights of all people.

• Nationalists came to believe that each nationality should have its own government.

The Revolutions of 1848 (cont.) • The monarchy was overthrown in 1848.

• Moderate and radical republicans–people who wanted France to be a republic–set up a temporary government.

• It called for the election of representatives to a Constituent Assembly that would draw up a new constitution.

• Election would be by universal male suffrage–all adult men could vote, not just the wealthy.

(pages 374–376)(pages 374–376)

The Revolutions of 1848 (cont.) • The new constitution, ratified in November

1848, set up the Second Republic, with a single legislature elected by universal male suffrage.

• A president served for four years. Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte (called Louis-Napoleon), the famous ruler’s nephew, was elected president.

• By 1871 both Germany and Italy were unified, a change caused by the Crimean War.

• The Crimean War was rooted in a conflict between Russia and the Ottoman Empire, which controlled much of the Balkans in southeastern Europe.

• The power of the Ottoman Empire declined in the nineteenth century.

Breakdown of the Concert of Europe (cont.) • Russia wanted to expand into the Balkans

so it could have access to the Dardanelles and the Mediterranean Sea, giving it the naval might to be the great power in eastern Europe.

• Russia invaded the Turkish Balkan provinces of Moldavia and Walachia, and the Ottomans declared war on Russia.

• Great Britain and France, fearing Russia’s ambitions, allied with the Ottomans.

• The Crimean War was on.

Breakdown of the Concert of Europe (cont.) • Heavy losses caused the Russians to

seek peace.

• In the Treaty of Paris of 1856, Russia agreed to have Moldavia and Walachia placed under the protection of all the great powers.

Breakdown of the Concert of Europe (cont.)

• Austria and Russia had been the two powers maintaining order, but now they were enemies because Austria had not supported Russia in the Crimean War due to its own interests in the Balkans.

• Russia withdrew from European affairs for the next 20 years.

• Austria had no friends among the great powers, and Germany and Italy now could unify.

German Unification • Germans looked to Prussia’s militarism

for leadership in unification.

• In the 1860s, King William I tried to enlarge the already powerful Prussian army.

• When the legislature refused to levy the tax, William I appointed a new prime minister, Otto von Bismarck.

German Unification (cont.) • Bismarck collected taxes and

strengthened the army.

• From 1862 to 1866, he governed Prussia without legislative approval.

• With Austria as an ally, he defeated Denmark and gained territory.

• He then created friction with Austria, and the two countries went to war in 1866.

• The highly disciplined Prussian army defeated the Austrians soundly less than a month after war was declared.

German Unification (cont.) • Bismarck often is seen as the greatest

nineteenth-century practitioner of realpolitik, or practical politics with little regard for ethics and an emphasis on power.

• He ignored the legislature on the matter of the army, saying that “Germany does not look to Prussia’s liberalism but to her power.”

German Unification (cont.) • Prussia organized northern German

states into a North German Confederation.

• The southern German states signed military alliances with Prussia for protection against France, even though Prussia was Protestant and southern Germany was Catholic.

German Unification (cont.) • Prussia dominated all of northern

Germany.

• Problems with France soon developed. • France feared a strong German state. • From a misunderstanding between

Prussia and France over the candidacy of a relative of the Prussian king for the throne of Spain, the Franco-Prussian War broke out in 1870.

• Prussia and its southern German allies handily defeated the French.

German Unification (cont.) • Prussian armies advanced into France,

capturing the king (Napoleon III) and an entire army.

• Paris surrendered, and an official peace treaty was signed in 1871.

• France paid 5 billion francs and gave up the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine to the new German state.

• The French burned for revenge over the loss of these territories.

German Unification (cont.) • The southern German states joined the

North German Confederation.

• On January 18, 1871, in the Hall of Mirrors in the palace of Versailles, William I of Prussia was proclaimed kaiser, or emperor, of the Second German Empire (the first was the Holy Roman Empire).

• Karl Marx developed the theory they were based on.

• In 1848, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels published The Communist Manifesto.

• They were appalled by industrial working conditions and blamed capitalism.

• They proposed a new social system. • One form of Marxist socialism was

eventually called communism.

Organizing the Working Classes • Industrial workers formed socialist political

parties and unions to improve their working conditions.

Organizing the Working Classes (cont.) • Marx believed world history was a history

of class struggle between the oppressing owners of the means of production and the oppressed workers.

• The oppressors controlled politics and government.

• Government was an instrument of the ruling class.

• Marx believed that society was increasingly dividing between the bourgeoisie (middle-class oppressors) and the proletariat (working-class oppressed), each hostile to the other.

• Marx predicted the conflict would result in a revolution in which the proletariat would violently overthrow the bourgeoisie and form a dictatorship (a government in which a person or group has absolute power).

• The revolution would ultimately produce a society without classes and class conflict.

Organizing the Working Classes (cont.)

• The German Social Democratic Party (SPD), which emerged in 1875, was the most important.

• SPD delegates in the parliament worked to pass laws for improving conditions of the working class.

• The SPD became Germany’s largest party in 1912 when it received four million votes.

Organizing the Working Classes (cont.)

Western Europe and Political Democracy

(pages 411–413)(pages 411–413)

• As a result of the massacre of peaceful petitioners in 1905, Czar Nicholas of Russia faced a revolution.

• Elsewhere, many people were loyal to their nation-states.

Central and Eastern Europe: The Old Order • Nicholas II began his rule in Russia in

1894.

• He believed in the absolute power of the czars, but conditions were changing. By 1900, industrialization was beginning to take off in Russia.

• It was the world’s fourth largest producer of steel.

Central and Eastern Europe: The Old Order (cont.) • Industrialization brought the creation of

an industrial working class and pitiful living conditions for most of its members.

• Socialist parties developed, and government repression forced them underground.

• Revolution broke out in 1905.

• In 1905, a massive procession of workers went to the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg to present a petition of grievances to the czar.

Central and Eastern Europe: The Old Order (cont.) • Troops opened fire and killed hundreds

of demonstrators.

• This “Bloody Sunday” caused workers in Russia to call strikes.

• Nicholas II granted civil liberties and created a legislative assembly, the Duma.

• Within a few years, however, he again controlled Russia through the army and bureaucracy.

International Rivalries • Bismarck formed the Triple Alliance with

Austria-Hungary and Italy in 1882.

• It was a defensive alliance against France, whom Bismarck feared was making anti-German alliances with other nations.

• In 1890 William II fired Bismarck and pursued a foreign policy of enhancing Germany’s power.

International Rivalries (cont.) • William II dropped Germany’s treaty with

Russia.

• In 1894 France and Russia made an alliance.

• Great Britain joined with France and Russia in what was known as the Triple Entente.

• Europe was now divided into two uncompromising camps.

• Events in the Balkans moved the world toward war.

Crises in the Balkans • Balkan provinces of the Ottoman Empire

had gradually gained independence over the nineteenth century.

• Greece, Romania, Serbia, and Montenegro were independent by 1878.

• Bosnia and Herzegovina were annexed by Austria-Hungary in 1908.

Crises in the Balkans (cont.) • The Serbians opposed the annexation

because they wanted Bosnia and Herzegovina to create a large, Slavic nation.

• Russia supported the Serbians in this effort.

• William II demanded Russia acknowledge Austria-Hungary’s claim.

• The result would be war if Russia did not.

Anti-Semitism and Zionism • Anti-Semitism is hostility and

discrimination against Jews and a significant feature of modern European history.

• Since the Middle Ages, Jews had been portrayed as the murderers of Christ, subjected to mob violence, and had their rights restricted.

• In the nineteenth century, Jews had increasingly assumed positions within mainstream European society.

• The Dreyfus affair in France showed that these gains were tenuous.

Anti-Semitism and Zionism (cont.) • Alfred Dreyfus, a Jewish captain in the

French army, was accused of selling military secrets.

• He was sentenced to life imprisonment even though evidence showed his innocence and pointed to the guilt of a Catholic officer.

• Public outrage finally resulted in a pardon for Dreyfus.

Anti-Semitism and Zionism (cont.) • During the 1880s and 1890s, anti-Semitic

political parties sprang up in Germany and Austria-Hungary.

• The worst treatment was in eastern Europe, where a majority of the world Jewish population lived.

• In Russia, for example, there were organized persecutions and massacres called pogroms.

(pages 420–421)(pages 420–421)

The New Imperialism • In the 1800s, European nations began a

new push of imperialism–the extension of a nation’s power over other lands.

• A new phase of Western expansion into and trade with Asia and Africa began in the nineteenth century.

• Asia and Africa were seen as a source of raw materials for industrial production and as a market for Europe’s manufactured goods.

The New Imperialism (cont.) • This “new imperialism,” as some

historians have called it, was not content to have trading posts and agreements, as the old imperialism was, but wanted direct control over territories.

• There was a strong economic motive for Western nations to increase their search for colonies after 1880.

• Europeans wanted direct control of the raw materials and markets it found in Asia, Africa, and Latin America.

• The new imperialism was tied to racism and Social Darwinism.

The New Imperialism (cont.)

• Others believed that the Western nations had a moral or religious duty to “civilize” Asian, African, and Latin American nations, which often meant to Christianize them.

West Africa • Europeans did not hesitate to deceive

Africans in order to get their land and natural resources.

• Driven by rivalries among themselves, Great Britain, France, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Spain, and Portugal placed almost all of Africa under European rule between 1880 and 1890.

West Africa (cont.) • West Africa was particularly affected by

the slave trade, but trafficking in slaves had declined after it was declared illegal by both Great Britain and the United States by 1808.

• By the 1890s, slavery was abolished in all the major countries of the world.

Make certain you are familiar with the following notes.We will vaguely go over them in class but it is your responsibility to overview the following information.