The Industrial Revolution

Why Britain Led the WayNatural Resources: Climate, natural resources (iron & coal), Waterways & harbors, location – Separation from Europe kept them out of warsGood Government: Available money, encourages

inventions & trade, finances roads & canals, low taxes Large labor force: need jobs and lessrigid than other European countriesAvailable Capital & Ready Markets: Colonial Empire supplied raw materials for

manufacturing, colonies provide ready market for goods

Advantage of being 1st: no competition, held monopoly on technology

Economics Systems

• Before Industrial Rev:• MERCANTILISM - nation’s increase wealth by

exporting MORE than importingAfter Industrializing:

• CAPITALISM - private ownership + free competition + profit, based on supply & demand

Cottage Industry

• Merchants supply wool & cotton to carding cottages

• Next take to spinning cottage for weaving & dying cloth

• Merchants sell finished product for more than material & labor = PROFIT (early capitalism!)

Cottage Industry

Effects: profits for merchants& more income for peasants =Early Capitalism!

$$$Capitalism$$$

• An economic system based on private ownership, free competition & profit

• Big profits for new class of merchants• Alternative source of income for peasants• Need to support influx of factory workers

Effects of the Cottage Industry

Textile Industry Invented

• Cottage industry couldn’t keep up with demand for textiles

• Spinning jenny, water frame, spinning mule improved spinning

• Power loom sped up weaving • Cotton gin separated seeds from cotton

New Inventions

Rise of the Factory

• New machines, often too big for homes, were put in factories

• Factories located near power source: coal, iron, water

Effects:

• Less expensive mass produced textilesTextile industry explodesVillagers forced to find work in urban factories

• Need for more efficient sources of energy

The need for energy

• Early factories relied on horses, oxen, & water mills

• Steam engine evolved in response to the increasing need for power

Steam Engine

• Steam forced from high to low pressure produces powerEffects:

Used where ever coal existed.Increased textile production.Improved mining which increased metals which in

turn fueled other industries.

The need for Iron

• Farming tools, new factory machinery, railways• Smelting makes iron more pure, but requires

coal

The need for Coal

• Carbon necessary for smelting iron• Steam engines powered by coal

Effect of Iron & Coal

• Britain produced more iron than all other countries of the world combined

• Coal powered Britain's enormous navy

Working Conditions

• Without proper safety regulations-factories were very dangerous

• Steam engines led to high temperatures within the factories

• Long exhausting work days• Conditions led to high injury and death rates• Child labor was exploited

Child Labour in Britain

“Reforms”• Factory Act 1819: Limited the hours worked by children to a maximum of 12 per day.

• Factory Act 1833: Children under 9 banned from working in the textiles industry and 10-13 year olds limited to a 48 hour week.

• Factory Act 1844: Maximum of 12 hours work per day for Women.

• Factory Act 1847: Maximum of 10 hours work per day for Women and children.

• Factory Act 1850: Increased hours worked by Women and children to 10 and a half hours a day, but not allowed to work before 6am or after 6pm.

• 1874: No worker allowed to work more than 56.5 hours per week.

Inventions

• Stone & eventually asphalt roads• Canals• Railroad era ushered in with the Rocket in 1829

Transportation

• Increased production increased need to transport goods quickly & cheaply

• Stone & asphalt roads• Canals• Railroads

Effects of Railroads

• Spread quickly across England• Cheap transportation increased production &

profits• RR’s fuel other industries: coal, steam engines, Iron, steel, and manufacturing