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The INSIDE project: in-beam PET scanner system features and
characterization
V. Ferrero, on behalf of the INSIDE Collaboration
14th Topical Seminar on Innovative Particle and Radiation Detectors, 3-6 October 2016, Siena
N. Belcari M.G. Bisogni N. Camarlinghi A. Del Guerra S. Ferretti E. Kostara A. Kraan B. Liu N. Marino M. Morrocchi
M.A. Piliero G. Pirrone V. Rosso G. Sportelli
A. Attili P. Cerello S. Coli V. Ferrero E. Fiorina G. Giraudo F. Pennazio C. Peroni A. Rivetti R. Wheadon
E. De Lucia R. Faccini P.M. Frallicciardi M. Marafini C. Morone V. Patera L. Piersanti A. Sarti A. Sciubba C. Voena
F. Ciciriello F. Corsi F. Licciulli C. Marzocca G. Matarrese
G. Battistoni M. Cecchetti F. Cappucci S. Muraro P. Sala
INSIDE coordinator: M.G. Bisogni
CNAO - TERA Foundation, Pavia Synchrotron
60-250 MeV/u protons 120-400 MeV/u carbons
Protons since 2011 Carbons since 2012
Hadrontherapy
V. Ferrero (INFN and University of Torino) - [email protected] IPDR16 Siena, 3-6 October 2016
ATREP, Trento Cyclotron
220 MeV/u protons Since 2014
CATANA, Catania Cyclotron
62 MeV/u protons Since 2002
“Radiation therapy is the medical use of ionizing radiation to treat cancer. When the irradiating beams are made of charged particles (protons and other ions, such as carbon), radiation therapy is called Hadrontherapy.”
The European Network for LIGht ion Hadron Therapy
NuPECC report “Nuclear Physics in Medicine“, 2014
V. Ferrero (INFN and University of Torino) - [email protected]
Hadrontherapy
What prevents particle therapy from becoming mainstream? ‣ unproven clinical advantage of lower
integral dose ‣ costs ‣ range uncertainties
Zhu X, Fakhri GE. Theranostics. 2013;3(10):731-740.
Dose release uncertainty due to: ‣ approximation of dose calculation
methods ‣ differences between treatment
preparation and delivery ‣ patient misalignment ‣ anatomical/physiological variations
among different treatment sessions ‣ internal organ motion ‣ …
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IPDR16 Siena, 3-6 October 2016
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poll
V. Ferrero (INFN and University of Torino) - [email protected]
Particle range verification
Zhu X, Fakhri GE. Theranostics. 2013;3(10):731-740.
Main contributions: 11C (T1/2 ≈ 20.3 min) 10C (T1/2 ≈ 19.3 s) 15O (T1/2 ≈ 2.0 min) 13N (T1/2 ≈ 10.0 min)
Other contributions: 14O (T1/2 ≈ 70.59 s) 15O (T1/2 ≈ 0.008 s) 12N (T1/2 ≈ 0.01 s) ….
β+ isotopes
J Pawelke et al., Proceedings IBIBAM, 26.-29.09.2007, Heidelberg
IPDR16 Siena, 3-6 October 2016
off-room PET in-beam PET
Tracker + Calorimeter = DOSE PROFILER IN-BEAM PET HEADS
‣ Dual signal operation ‣ Integrated in the
treatment room ‣ Provides immediate
feedback on the particle range
V. Ferrero (INFN and University of Torino) - [email protected] IPDR16 Siena, 3-6 October 2016
V. Ferrero (INFN and University of Torino) - [email protected] IPDR16 Siena, 3-6 October 2016
The INSIDE in-beam PET: system assembly and characteristics
V. Ferrero (INFN and University of Torino) - [email protected] IPDR16 Siena, 3-6 October 2016
FE boards (64-ch TOFPET ASIC) on cooling support
FE boards mounted and cabled in PET boxDetector blocks on glass-fibre support
256 LFS pixel crystal (3x3x20 mm3) coupled one to one to MPPCs (Multi Pixel Photon Counters, SiPMs)
V. Ferrero (INFN and University of Torino) - [email protected] IPDR16 Siena, 3-6 October 2016
Completed PET detector (running)
January 2016, Torino: ‣ Full PET heads assembled and tested ‣ First acquisition with all boards (Lu background radiation, FDG vials)
Ready for test with Tx boards and chiller connected
Xilinx SP605 FPGA boards (decode TOFPET data stream, apply energy thresholds)
V. Ferrero (INFN and University of Torino) - [email protected] IPDR16 Siena, 3-6 October 2016
The INSIDE in-beam PET
in-beam PET heads
signal β+ decay
acquisition in-spill, inter-spill, after-treatment
position heads face to face, perpendicular to the beam
axisdistance from isocenter 25 cm
output 3D activity map
The in-beam PET gives an integral
measurement of the β+ activity distribution
INSIDE @ (February 2016, Pavia)
V. Ferrero (INFN and University of Torino) - [email protected] IPDR16 Siena, 3-6 October 2016
System configuration
Switch: 24-port Gigabit + 8-port Gigabit Control PC (desktop) DAQ Server: 32 cores HT, 128 Gb RAM Monitoring PC: 4 cores, 6 Gb RAM (desktop)
CONTROL ROOM
TREATMENT ROOM
INSIDE in-beam PET system
LabView
DAQ GUI
Switch
Master board
TX
TX(….)
(….)
(….)
Crateslow control calibration monitoring
server real time coincidence finding software
monitoring LORs
online recon
V. Ferrero (INFN and University of Torino) - [email protected]
In-beam PET workflowTreatment plan
Treatment
Measurement
Data acquisition
Data analysis
Image reconstructionComparison
Result
Expected value calculation
FLUKA simulation
Data analysis
Image reconstruction
on-line!
IPDR16 Siena, 3-6 October 2016
V. Ferrero (INFN and University of Torino) - [email protected] IPDR16 Siena, 3-6 October 2016
Simulation and Data
V. Ferrero (INFN and University of Torino) - [email protected]
In-beam PET simulationSimulations account for: ‣ detector geometry and performances ‣ beam geometry ‣ beam delivery informations (DDS = Dose Delivery System)
Isotope production: all the statistic must be simulated
STEP 1: beam simulation
about 1/100 of primary hadrons
are simulated
time-tagged activity scoring
‣ annihilation time and position
‣ isotope production map (10C, 11C, 15O, 13N, etc….)
STEP 2: PET simulation
all positrons are simulated (x100)
data analysis and image reconstruction
same as real data (LOR, MLEM algorithm with 5
iterations)
the temporal structure of the beam is simulated
isotopes decay are simulated
time
the reconstructed image depends on the acquisition time
IPDR16 Siena, 3-6 October 2016
V. Ferrero (INFN and University of Torino) - [email protected] IPDR16 Siena, 3-6 October 2016
First beam test (2 modules)
E. Fiorina, Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research A (2015)
The first couple of PET modules was tested in May 2015
Data set: 2 monoenergetic single spot (2E+11 protons) E1=68.3 MeV/u, E2=72.03 MeV/u
Distal fall off evaluation: ‣ simulation and real data difference < 1 mm ‣ gap between 68MeV and 72 MeV compatible
with difference in proton range
V. Ferrero (INFN and University of Torino) - [email protected]
Treatment Plan (data)
Beam test @ 07/06/2016
Proton Beam 15x15x20 cm3 PMMA
PTA1/PTA2, E = 83-150 MeV/u PTB1/PTB2, E = 62-129 MeV/u
Activity reconstruction: 700 s treatment + aftertreatment
The image reconstruction is made during the treatment delivery (as soon as LORs are available)
PT A1 PT A2
PT B1 PT B2
PET1
PET2
PMMAbeam
xy
z
50
600
300
200
100
400
500
50
600
300
200
100
400
500
IPDR16 Siena, 3-6 October 2016
beam
beam
beam
beam
V. Ferrero (INFN and University of Torino) - [email protected]
50
600
300
200
100
400
500
Data Simulation
Data Simulation 50
600
300
200
100
400
500
50
600
300
200
100
400
500
Data Simulation
50
600
300
200
100
400
500
Data Simulation
Treatment Plan (data and simulation)
IPDR16 Siena, 3-6 October 2016
PT A1
PT A2
PT B1
PT B2
V. Ferrero (INFN and University of Torino) - [email protected]
Activity profile analysis
Data Simulation
Data Simulation
Data Simulation
PT B2
Data Simulation
Data/Simulation activity profiles along beam axis (z) Mean over 0.96x0.96 cm2 from center of image
IPDR16 Siena, 3-6 October 2016
PT A1
PT A2
PT B1beam
beam beam
beam
V. Ferrero (INFN and University of Torino) - [email protected]
3D Image Comparisondata (white) simulation (red)
voxelPT1 - voxelPT2
Higher difference at the edges … But the activity of interest is not in the whole volume (reconstruction artifacts), the dose delivery plan needs to be taken under consideration
activity mask
(thr 10%)
50
600
300
200
100
400
500
Data Simulation
IPDR16 Siena, 3-6 October 2016
PT A1
V. Ferrero (INFN and University of Torino) - [email protected]
50
600
300
200
100
400
500
Data Simulation
Treatment Plan (data and simulation)
x [mm]0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220
y [m
m]
0
20
40
60
80
100
20−
15−
10−
5−
0
5
10
15
20
End of activity comparison
k_end3x3Entries 1610Mean 0.879RMS 1.046
/ ndf 2χ 253.7 / 4Constant 15.4± 431 Mean 0.0314± 0.8752 Sigma 0.026± 1.024
z [mm]20− 15− 10− 5− 0 5 10 15 20
coun
ts
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
k_end3x3Entries 1610Mean 0.879RMS 1.046
/ ndf 2χ 253.7 / 4Constant 15.4± 431 Mean 0.0314± 0.8752 Sigma 0.026± 1.024
End of activity distribution
PT1, data/simulation comparison:
Mean (0.87±0.03) mm RMS (1.02±0.02) mm
IPDR16 Siena, 3-6 October 2016
PT A1
V. Ferrero (INFN and University of Torino) - [email protected] IPDR16 Siena, 3-6 October 2016
Conclusions
Particle range monitoring is a key issue to improve quality assurance in particle therapy The INSIDE in-beam PET is currently being tested at the CNAO, Pavia
‣ Real-time reconstruction ‣ Simulation/data comparison ‣ Qualitative accordance ‣ Quantitative accordance within 1 mm
Knowing the expected activity distribution, the experimental distribution (strictly correlated with the Bragg Peak position) can be reconstructed and validated during the treatment session
The INSIDE in-beam PET will soon be tested with patients
V. Ferrero (INFN and University of Torino) - [email protected] IPDR16 Siena, 3-6 October 2016
Acknowledgments
Giuseppe Battistoni Vincenzo Patera Valeria Rosso
ASIC designer Angelo Rivetti Manuel Rolo
INFN – Torino Technical Staff Giuseppe Alfarone Florea Dumitrache Marco Mignone Barbara Pini Mauro Scalise Antonio Zampieri
INSIDE PET team Maria Giuseppina Bisogni Niccolò Camarlinghi Piergiorgio Cerello Alberto Del GuerraElisa FiorinaGiuseppe Giraudo Matteo Morrocchi Francesco Pennazio Cristiana PeroniMaria Antonietta Piliero Giovanni Pirrone Richard Wheadon
V. Ferrero (INFN and University of Torino) - [email protected] IPDR16 Siena, 3-6 October 2016
Back-up slides
V. Ferrero (INFN and University of Torino) - [email protected] IPDR16 Siena, 3-6 October 2016
Lu background radiation
Lutetium background spectrum Firmware-decoded events Good background rate uniformity
CTR with 5 ns window ~ 30 cm head distance ~ 2 ns separation between peaks
V. Ferrero (INFN and University of Torino) - [email protected] IPDR16 Siena, 3-6 October 2016
Calibration: ‣ Test of high rate DAQ ‣ Channel map verification ‣ Energy calibration ‣ Time calibration
Coincidence time resolutionEntries 1.031614e+07Mean 0.006961RMS 0.4569
/ ndf 2χ 1.998e+05 / 120Constant 1.31e+02± 3.15e+05 Mean 0.00013± 0.01657 Sigma 0.000± 0.417
CTR [ns]2− 1.5− 1− 0.5− 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
coun
ts
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350310× Coincidence time resolution
Entries 1.031614e+07Mean 0.006961RMS 0.4569
/ ndf 2χ 1.998e+05 / 120Constant 1.31e+02± 3.15e+05 Mean 0.00013± 0.01657 Sigma 0.000± 0.417
Coincidence time resolution
TOT window calibration
Data set: 2 68Ge rods on the beam axis, centered in the FOV, 06/06/2016, CNAO
CTR ~ 417 ps 𝜎
V. Ferrero (INFN and University of Torino) - [email protected] IPDR16 Siena, 3-6 October 2016
Bea
m te
st 0
3/04
/201
6, C
NA
O
High Voltage (SiPM)
Filtered events
Transmitted events
FIFO max
Tx board online data
Main firmware functionalities: ‣ TOT filtering ‣ Raw to decoded data format ‣ Channel by channel application of delays ‣ Channel by channel photopeak selection
(discarded) about 10x
V. Ferrero (INFN and University of Torino) - [email protected] IPDR16 Siena, 3-6 October 2016
Requirements and issues to face Strategies adopted
On-line and high rate → fast software
TOT filter and delays performed by FPGA, C language, multi-threading, lock-
free, no memory allocation during runtime
Compatibility BOOST v. 1.54Bandwidth > 1Gbit/s Two NIC used for acquisition, TOT filter
(Inspill rate/Interspill rate) > 10 Memory buffers to address average rate
Address edge cases in packets handling Software checks
Frames fragmented in packets, packets asynchronously sent by boards
Three steps in decoding and data processing, thread-safe containers
Accurate Compton filtering vs photopeak stability vs bandwidth
Conservative TOT window on FPGA boards, coincidences TOT saved
On-line monitoringCoincidences and single-events subset
monitoring with GUI, in- and inter-spill discrimination
Data acquisition safety GUI and coincidence finding software run on different machines
Coincidence finding software
V. Ferrero (INFN and University of Torino) - [email protected] IPDR16 Siena, 3-6 October 2016
Coincidence finding software: performances
‣ Program designed to keep running even in the event of data loss (packets-frames-events)
‣ Log file implemented to monitor performance
‣ Data loss is presently about 0.05% (i.e. negligible)
V. Ferrero (INFN and University of Torino) - [email protected] IPDR16 Siena, 3-6 October 2016
Coincidence finding software: performances
Maximum single rate: 22 MHz
Maximum coincidence rate: 570 KHz
Bea
m te
st 0
7/06
/201
6, C
NA
O
What happens at higher rate? ‣ Actual in-spill particle rate on detectors
depends on - Projectile particle - Beam energy - Target position wrt PET heads
(distance, axial position) - Path length of beam inside the FOV - Dose delivery/free beam
‣ Tested with success with proton beam until 218 MeV/u (28cm in water)
V. Ferrero (INFN and University of Torino) - [email protected] IPDR16 Siena, 3-6 October 2016
GUI-based on-line monitoring‣ On-line in- and inter-spill discrimination ‣ Coincidences saved in list-mode
compatible for reconstruction ‣ Calculate EoC-SoC calibration ‣ It can be used for fine TOT windows
calibration off-line as soon as data are saved
‣ Calibrate delays & TOT window and write calibration file
‣ Can load saved histograms
V. Ferrero (INFN and University of Torino) - [email protected] IPDR16 Siena, 3-6 October 2016
Master board (to be put beneath lower PET head to minimize
radiation damage)
Tx clock distribution Tx/Master communication
Master board relay
Relays Serial port Watchdog
board
ML601 Spartan 6 evaluation board
Tx board relays control
Master board relays control
Gb ethernet
serial connection to
chiller
V. Ferrero (INFN and University of Torino) - [email protected]
Image Mask
3D Image Comparison
Image
Smoothing Filter
Threshold Filter
Erosion Filter
Dilation Filter
Mask
3D Image Mask Calculation:
IPDR16 Siena, 3-6 October 2016
V. Ferrero (INFN and University of Torino) - [email protected] SIF, Padova, 26-30 September 2016
3D Image Comparison
PT A1 PT A2 50
600
300
200
100
400
500
k_end3x3Entries 1610Mean 0.06807− RMS 0.6483
/ ndf 2χ 22.98 / 2Constant 26.7± 805.7 Mean 0.01627±0.08972 − Sigma 0.0137± 0.6292
z [mm]20− 15− 10− 5− 0 5 10 15 20
coun
ts
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
k_end3x3Entries 1610Mean 0.06807− RMS 0.6483
/ ndf 2χ 22.98 / 2Constant 26.7± 805.7 Mean 0.01627±0.08972 − Sigma 0.0137± 0.6292
End of activity distribution
PT A1/PT A2 comparison:
Mean (-0.09±0.01) mm RMS (0.63±0.01) mm
x [mm]0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220
y [m
m]
0
20
40
60
80
100
15−
10−
5−
0
5
10
15
End of activity comparison
The INSIDE project: in-beam PET scanner system features and
characterization
V. Ferrero, on behalf of the INSIDE Collaboration
14th Topical Seminar on Innovative Particle and Radiation Detectors, 3-6 October 2016, Siena
N. Belcari M.G. Bisogni N. Camarlinghi A. Del Guerra S. Ferretti E. Kostara A. Kraan B. Liu N. Marino M. Morrocchi
M.A. Piliero G. Pirrone V. Rosso G. Sportelli
A. Attili P. Cerello S. Coli V. Ferrero E. Fiorina G. Giraudo F. Pennazio C. Peroni A. Rivetti R. Wheadon
E. De Lucia R. Faccini P.M. Frallicciardi M. Marafini C. Morone V. Patera L. Piersanti A. Sarti A. Sciubba C. Voena
F. Ciciriello F. Corsi F. Licciulli C. Marzocca G. Matarrese
G. Battistoni M. Cecchetti F. Cappucci S. Muraro P. Sala
INSIDE coordinator: M.G. Bisogni