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10/11/2014
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Professor Benjamin J. EggletonARC Laureate Fellow
Director, CUDOS - Australian Centre of Excellence Centre for Ultrahigh bandwidth Devices for Optical Systems
Institute of Photonics and Optical Science (IPOS)School of Physics, University of Sydney
Photonic circuits for the new information age: Faster, smaller, smarter and greener
The International Year of Lightand Light‐based Technologies
2015
CommunicationsHealth Economy Environment Social
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Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill, NJ(Eggleton, 1996-December 2002)
• CUDOS funded from 2003-2017• $5 M p.a. (ARC + NSW Government)• 7 Australian Universities, 15 Partners• Strong industry partnerships• Science, technology/entrepreneurship
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Photonics - Electromagnetic spectrum
“Photonics addresses and solves the challenges of a modern world while enhancing our quality of life; improving our health, safety and security; and driving economic growth, job creation, and global competiveness.” (National Photonics Initiative, www.lightourfuture.org)
Worldwide, photonics will be a $1 Tn industry by 2020.
Photonics in the 21st Century?
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Lasers
Crazy Lasers– from Einstein to the iPhone
Optics and Photonics: Essential Technologies for our Nation
* From The US National Academy of Science, report August 2012
“the linchpin of a $7 trillion industry in the U.S” *
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The Semaphore:
An Example from History
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Underwater Optical Fibre Network
http://www.peoplescampaign.org/video-conference-communication-made-easy/
Internet Revolution
http://www.mediaworksit.net/code/navigate.php?Id=39
• Bandwidth
• Photonics is the key enabling technology
http://www.dirjournal.com/health-journal/e-health-%E2%80%93-coming-of-age/
http://yaleisp.org/2010/02/a2k4education/
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• 43 Billion US $ over 7 years
•1 Gb/s to 95% of Australian homes
• FTTH plus wireless/satellite
• Population 23 million
• Key issue in recent Federal election
Australian National Broadband Network(this slide was accurate 2 weeks ago)
Underwater Optical Fibre Network
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The Nobel Prize for Physics 2009
Charles Kao is honored:“for groundbreaking achievementsconcerning the transmission oflight for optical communication”
In 1966: Charles conceptualized optical fiber communication by proposing glass fibers be used as the transmission medium
He inferred insightfully that silica is the low-loss material of choice for transmission fibers and proceeded to verify his conjecture by sophisticated measurements
Light travels well through fibre
• High-refractive index core with low-index background
• Light stays in core by total internal reflection
(b)n n21
θ
θ
θ
θ1
1
1
2
θ1
(a)
8.3 m
125 mμ
μ
cladding
core
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Wavelength division multiplexing in optical communication systems
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Photonics enables bandwidth
TODAY
• Expensive
• Space, Power, Heat
• Low bandwidth
THE FUTURE
• Miniaturization
• Ultra-high bandwidth
• Optics on a chip
2 metres100 microns
Ultra Small, Ultra Fast
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Ultra Small, Ultra Fast
Fact 1: Photonics moving into computers
Optical interconnects
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From electronics to photonics
The latest breakthrough from Intel: an integrated link consisting of a fully integrated 40Gb/s silicon photonic transmitter chip with hybrid silicon lasers and modulators (left) and a fully integrated receiver chip based on germanium photodetectors (right).
Reducing footprint Reducing energy consumption
Fact 2: Data centres
CO2 emission growth: 5% pa (7% data centre) 100.000+ x 10 Gbit/s servers in data centre
80% data centre traffic inside data centre (< 1 km) 50% of data centre power for cooling
Data centre ”yellow wall”: massive interconnect challenge
Data centre services fastest growing on Internet – first need for Tbit/s
250.000 servers
(Courtesy of Leif Oxenlowe, DTU)
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Nanophotonic circuit revolution
Planar waveguides photonic nanowiresPhotonic crystals , 500nm pitch
Ring-resonators
Ring resonators
~10 micron diameter
Metamaterials for cloaking, Xiang et. al. Berkeley, Science/Nature 2008
3D photonic bandgap microchip3D photonic bandgap microchip
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• But not all!
More to colours than pigments!
(Most) colour arises from pigments
Blue absorbing
Looks orange!
No pigments
Still looks blue!
Secret in the structure?
Material Revolution : Metamaterials
• Metamaterials give full control of all aspects of light by subwavelength structure (theory: PI Pendry ‘99)
• Design and fabrication only possible in last few years
Induced Current
Induced magnetic fieldExternal
magnetic field
metal ring
Split Ring ResonatorWater Metamaterial
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Harry Potter & Metamaterials
Meta-materials! “beyond” “ordinary materials”
?Optical properties from structure
Using the Success of Electronics: Microfabrication
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Australian Institute of
Nanoscience (AIN)
-10,500 m2 building-600 m2 clean room (nanolithography)-Photonics a key driver (1 floor of labs)-Co-locate with Quantum Science
Nanoscience at the University of Sydney
Australian Institute for Nanoscience
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Overview
Current Site Pictures – Northern Facade
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Photonic chip –Photonic integrated circuit
Aim: Terabit per-second photonic chip
CUDOS photonic chip in the news
ABC Catalyst (03/09/2009) http://www.abc.net.au/catalyst/stories/2675781.htm
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Photon interactions(via the response of the medium)
h h
Nonlinear optics and the laser
1960: Maiman invention of the laser (53 years)
1964: Townes, Basov and Prokhorov shared the Nobel prize for their fundamental work leading to the construction of lasers.
1981: Bloembergen and Schawlow received the Nobel prize for their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy. One typical application of this is nonlinear optics which means methods of influencing one light beam with another and permanently joining several laser beams
Charles Townes and Jim Gordon
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Nonlinear optics
If very intense, the light from the Sun can change the material, e.g. burn a sheet of paper.
What is the optical nonlinearit
Light field interacts with electronic cloud on femtosecond scale
Nonlinear effects - processing of information all-optically!All-optical functionalities
r
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What is nonlinear optics ?
• The response of any dielectric to light becomes nonlinear for intense electromagnetic fields.
• The signature of nonlinearity is the emission of new frequencies.
• Example:– Self-phase modulation– Frequency conversion– Brillouin scattering
• High electrical fields provided by lasers in the 1960’s gave rise to this relatively new topic
Opens many possibilities for optical processing
235 W peak power, 35 ps pulses after 100 m of fibre
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Chip-based ultrafast nonlinear optics
• The photonic equivalent of an ultrafast integrated circuit:
– Femtosecond optical response– Millimetre scale optical circuits
• To achieve these, we need:
Ultrafast light-light interaction (10-12s)
Waveguides in novel nonlinear materials
Photonic crystals (slow light enhanced NL)
Opticalresponse
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CUDOS: a quick summary
• CUDOS aims to develop a revolutionary photonic integration platform based on new frontiers in nanophotonics research.
What are we doing??
2010
cm scale
2018
100 m scale
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CUDOS program
Nanophotonic circuit (2018)Hybrid integration
Midinfrared photonics(~2-10 microns)
Sensing, astronomy, defence, health
Nanophotonics
Optical communicationsTelecommunications, microwave photonics
Quantum integrated photonics
Secure communications, computing, metrology,
Photonic circuit (2010)
Mid-Infrared sources & sensors to enable low cost sensing technologies and
astronomical instruments
Chip based quantum light source for secure communications.
Solutions that both surpass the speed of electronics and are less power hungry.
Research: end user focus
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Recent work from Eggleton group
CUDOS Outreach programwww.cudos.org.au
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The International Year of Lightand Light‐based Technologies
2015
CommunicationsHealth Economy Environment Social
BackgroundOSA, EPS, SPIE and others brought the proposal at the UN
headquarters in New York in May 2013
Resolution was adopted by UN General Assembly on 20 Dec 2013
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The UN has asked us to …Promote photonics for improved quality of life
Explain photonics as an economic driver
Show photonics is a solution to global challenges
Promote science education and careers worldwide
Have impact in all countries of the world
This is like nothing we have ever done before
In 2009, the International Year of Astronomy reached 815 million people in 148 nations
Can we do the same?
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PartnershipFounding Partners
Patron Sponsors
International Scientific Unions & many other partners
+ more to be announced
Anniversaries in 20151015: 1000 years of Arabic optics
1815: 200 years of Fresnel’s theory of diffraction
1865: 150 years since Maxwell’s electrodynamics
1915: Einstein Centenary, General Relativity.
1965: Cosmic Microwave Background, Penzias & WilsonOptical Fibre Technology, Charles Kao
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ActionsCelebrating photonics successes within our community
Explaining photonics with outreach to the public
Promoting photonics to decision‐makers
Support actions in the developing world
IYL Opening Ceremony19‐20 January 2015, 1500 attendees, live webcast worldwide
Nobel laureates
Diplomats
Politicians
Scientists
Industry
Programme and speakers to be announced soon
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The International Year of Lightand Light‐based Technologies
2015
We will only get one chance
light2015.org [email protected]
