The Investigation Process Research Resource Site · Web view2007/04/26 · A flame in which the fuel vapors and oxygen diffuse into each other as they burn, such as candle flame. [Friedman

The Investigation Process Research Resource Site (http://www.iprr.org/defs/Definitions.html)

A Pro Bono site with hundreds of resources for Investigation InvestigatorsHome Page Forums Site Guidance FAQs Old news Site inputsLast updated 4/26/07 Working Definitions of Terms and Phenomena for InvestigatorsHughes Chicoine, CFEI, Section ModeratorSend message to Moderator ([email protected])This section is devoted to the development of a common vocabulary for investigators to use in communicating with each other, with sponsors of their work, with users of their work products and with the research community.

Voir également le lexique anglais-français de la Gestion des Urgences Ontario à l’adresse en ligne http://goo.gl/AU90Y (environ 122 entrées). D’autres ressources de traduction sont disponibles en ligne, dont Termium Plus (Bureau de la traduction, Banque de données terminologiques et linguistiques du gopuvernement du Canada) à l’adresse http://goo.gl/XNzRF ; et Le grand dictionnaire terminologique (GDT—Office de la lamgue française) à l’adresse http://goo.gl/cx3VP. Compléter cette liste en y ajoutant vos définitions.

Contenu- A -.............................................................................................................................................................................................10

ACCESS TO EXIT.............................................................................................................................................................10ACCIDENT.........................................................................................................................................................................10AIR-SUPPORTED STRUCTURE.....................................................................................................................................10ALARM..............................................................................................................................................................................10ALARM SIGNAL...............................................................................................................................................................10ALLITERATION................................................................................................................................................................10ANACOLUTHON..............................................................................................................................................................10ANADIPLOSIS...................................................................................................................................................................11ANAPHORA.......................................................................................................................................................................11ANASTROPHE..................................................................................................................................................................11ANTISTROPHE..................................................................................................................................................................11ANTITHESIS......................................................................................................................................................................11APORIA..............................................................................................................................................................................12APOSIOPESIS....................................................................................................................................................................12APOSTROPHE...................................................................................................................................................................12APPLIANCE.......................................................................................................................................................................12APPROVED........................................................................................................................................................................12ARCHAISM........................................................................................................................................................................12ARCHITECT......................................................................................................................................................................12AREA OF ORIGIN.............................................................................................................................................................12AREAS OF GREATEST DAMAGE..................................................................................................................................13AREA OF ORIGIN.............................................................................................................................................................13ARSON TASK FORCE (ATF)...........................................................................................................................................13ART OF SPEAKING..........................................................................................................................................................13ASHES................................................................................................................................................................................13ASSEMBLY OCCUPANCY (Group 'A')...........................................................................................................................13ASSONANCE.....................................................................................................................................................................14ASYNDETON....................................................................................................................................................................14ATMOSPHERIC STORAGE TANK.................................................................................................................................14ATTIC SPACE....................................................................................................................................................................14

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http://goo.gl/cx3VP

http://goo.gl/XNzRF

http://goo.gl/AU90Y

AUTOMATIC.....................................................................................................................................................................14- B -..............................................................................................................................................................................................14

BASEMENT.......................................................................................................................................................................14BERNOULLI'S THEOREM...............................................................................................................................................14B.L.E.V.E............................................................................................................................................................................14B.L.E.V.E. (Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion).................................................................................................15BOILER..............................................................................................................................................................................15BOILOVER.........................................................................................................................................................................15BRACHYLOGY.................................................................................................................................................................15BUILDING..........................................................................................................................................................................15BUILDING AREA..............................................................................................................................................................15BUILDING CODE..............................................................................................................................................................16BUILDING FIRE................................................................................................................................................................16BUILDING HEIGHT (in storeys).......................................................................................................................................16BURNING RATES OF LIQUID POOLS..........................................................................................................................16BURN PATTERN...............................................................................................................................................................16BUSINESS AND PERSONAL SERVICES OCCUPANCY (Group 'D')..........................................................................16

- C -..............................................................................................................................................................................................16CACOPHONY....................................................................................................................................................................16CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL.......................................................................................................................................16CARBOXYHEMOGLOBIN..............................................................................................................................................17CATACHRESIS..................................................................................................................................................................17CELLAR.............................................................................................................................................................................17CELLULOSE......................................................................................................................................................................17CHAIN REACTION...........................................................................................................................................................17CHAR..................................................................................................................................................................................17CHECK...............................................................................................................................................................................17CHIASMUS........................................................................................................................................................................17CHIEF FIRE OFFICIAL.....................................................................................................................................................18CHIMNEY..........................................................................................................................................................................18CHIMNEY EFFECT...........................................................................................................................................................18CLASS A FIRE...................................................................................................................................................................18CLASS B FIRE...................................................................................................................................................................18CLASS C FIRE...................................................................................................................................................................18CLASS D FIRE...................................................................................................................................................................18CLASSIFICATIONS..........................................................................................................................................................18CLIMAX.............................................................................................................................................................................19CLOSED CONTAINER.....................................................................................................................................................19CLOSURE...........................................................................................................................................................................19CODE..................................................................................................................................................................................19COMBUSTIBLE CONSTRUCTION.................................................................................................................................19COMBUSTIBLE DUST.....................................................................................................................................................19COMBUSTIBLE FIBRES..................................................................................................................................................19COMBUSTIBLE LIQUID..................................................................................................................................................19COMBUSTION..................................................................................................................................................................19COMBUSTION REACTION.............................................................................................................................................20COMPRESSED GAS..........................................................................................................................................................20CONCLUSION...................................................................................................................................................................20CONDUCTION..................................................................................................................................................................20CONSTRUCTOR................................................................................................................................................................20CONTAINED USE AREA.................................................................................................................................................20CONVECTION...................................................................................................................................................................20FORCED CONVECTION..................................................................................................................................................20NATURAL CONVECTION...............................................................................................................................................21CONVECTIVE HEAT........................................................................................................................................................21CORROSIVE LIQUID.......................................................................................................................................................21

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- D -.............................................................................................................................................................................................21DANGEROUS GOODS.....................................................................................................................................................21DATA LANGUAGE...........................................................................................................................................................21DEGREE OF COMBUSTIBILITY....................................................................................................................................21DEMOLITION....................................................................................................................................................................21DEVIATION.......................................................................................................................................................................21DIFFUSION FLAME.........................................................................................................................................................21DISTILLED BEVERAGE ALCOHOL..............................................................................................................................22DISTILLERY......................................................................................................................................................................22DRY CHEMICAL...............................................................................................................................................................22DRY ICE.............................................................................................................................................................................22DWELLING UNIT.............................................................................................................................................................22

- E -..............................................................................................................................................................................................22ENERGETICS OF CHEMICAL CHANGE.......................................................................................................................22ENERGY UNITS................................................................................................................................................................22EUPHEMISM.....................................................................................................................................................................23EVENT................................................................................................................................................................................23EXFILTRATION................................................................................................................................................................23EXHAUST..........................................................................................................................................................................23EXIT....................................................................................................................................................................................23EXPERT WITNESS...........................................................................................................................................................24EXTINGUISHMENT.........................................................................................................................................................24

- F -..............................................................................................................................................................................................24FAILURE............................................................................................................................................................................24FAILURE ANALYSIS.......................................................................................................................................................24FARM BUILDING.............................................................................................................................................................24FIRE ANALYSIS...............................................................................................................................................................24FIRE ATTACK...................................................................................................................................................................24FIREBRAND......................................................................................................................................................................25FIRE CAUSE......................................................................................................................................................................25FIRE CAUSE DETERMINATION, IFSTA 1986..............................................................................................................25FIRE COMPARTMENT.....................................................................................................................................................25FIRE DAMPER...................................................................................................................................................................25FIRE DEFENSE MANAGEMENT....................................................................................................................................25FIRE DEPARTMENT........................................................................................................................................................25FIRE DETECTOR..............................................................................................................................................................26FIRE EXTINGUISHMENT................................................................................................................................................26FIRE FIGHTING................................................................................................................................................................26FIRE FLOW: FIRE FLOW AS A MEASURE OF PERFORMANCE..............................................................................26FIRE INVESTIGATION....................................................................................................................................................27FIRE PREVENTION..........................................................................................................................................................27FIRE-PROTECTION RATING..........................................................................................................................................27FIRE RESISTANCE...........................................................................................................................................................27FIRE-RESISTANCE RATING...........................................................................................................................................27FIRE SCENE RECONSTRUCTION..................................................................................................................................28FIRE SEPARATION..........................................................................................................................................................28FIRE SPREAD....................................................................................................................................................................28FIRE STOP.........................................................................................................................................................................28FIRE-STOP FLAP..............................................................................................................................................................28FIRE SUPPRESSION.........................................................................................................................................................28FIREWALL.........................................................................................................................................................................28FIRST ALARM RESPONSE..............................................................................................................................................28FIRST-IN............................................................................................................................................................................29FIRST STOREY.................................................................................................................................................................29FLAME...............................................................................................................................................................................29FLAME (characteristics).....................................................................................................................................................29

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FLAME (flaming combustion)............................................................................................................................................29FLAME-SPREAD RATING...............................................................................................................................................29FLAME TEMPERATURE.................................................................................................................................................29FLAMES (types of GASEOUS )........................................................................................................................................30FLAMMABLE LIQUID.....................................................................................................................................................30FLASH FIRE.......................................................................................................................................................................30FLASHOVER.....................................................................................................................................................................31FLASHOVER & RURAL FIRE PROTECTION...............................................................................................................31FLASH POINT...................................................................................................................................................................31FLOOR AREA....................................................................................................................................................................31FLUE...................................................................................................................................................................................31FLUE PIPE..........................................................................................................................................................................31FORENSIC SCIENCE........................................................................................................................................................31FUEL CONTROLLED FIRE..............................................................................................................................................31FUEL DISPENSING STATION........................................................................................................................................32FURNACE..........................................................................................................................................................................32

- G -.............................................................................................................................................................................................32GAS.....................................................................................................................................................................................32GAS LAWS.........................................................................................................................................................................32GASES (properties of)........................................................................................................................................................32GASOLINE.........................................................................................................................................................................33GAUGE (Wire)...................................................................................................................................................................33GELLING............................................................................................................................................................................33GLOWING COMBUSTION..............................................................................................................................................33GLOSSARY OF TERMS (INTRODUCTION TO)...........................................................................................................33GRADE...............................................................................................................................................................................33GROUNDING.....................................................................................................................................................................34GROUP...............................................................................................................................................................................34GROWTH OF A FIRE........................................................................................................................................................34

- H -.............................................................................................................................................................................................34HALOGEN..........................................................................................................................................................................34HALOGENS.......................................................................................................................................................................34HALONS.............................................................................................................................................................................35HAZARD............................................................................................................................................................................35HAZARD ASSESSMENT..................................................................................................................................................35HAZARD CLASS...............................................................................................................................................................35HAZARDOUS CHEMICAL..............................................................................................................................................35HAZARDOUS LOCATION...............................................................................................................................................35HAZMAT............................................................................................................................................................................35HAZARDOUS MATERIAL...............................................................................................................................................36HAZARDOUS MATERIALS RESPONSE TEAM (HMRT)............................................................................................36HAZARDOUS MATERIALS RESPONSE TEAM - TECHNICIAN LEVEL..................................................................36HAZARDOUS MATERIALS RESPONSE TEAM - SPECIALIST LEVEL....................................................................37HAZARDOUS MATERIALS RESPONSE TEAM - SPECIALTY..................................................................................37HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE............................................................................................................................................38HAZARDOUS WASTE.....................................................................................................................................................38HAZARDOUS WASTE GENERATION...........................................................................................................................39HAZARDOUS WASTE LANDFILL.................................................................................................................................39HAZARDOUS WASTE LEACHATE...............................................................................................................................39HAZARDOUS WASTE MANIFEST, UNIFORM (EPA USAGE)..................................................................................39HAZARDOUS WASTE SITE............................................................................................................................................39HEAT..................................................................................................................................................................................39HEAT CAPACITY.............................................................................................................................................................40HEAT DETECTOR............................................................................................................................................................40HEATING OIL (No.2)........................................................................................................................................................40HEAT OF COMBUSTION.................................................................................................................................................40

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HEAT OF EXPLOSION.....................................................................................................................................................40HEAT OF FORMATION...................................................................................................................................................40HEAT OF FUSION.............................................................................................................................................................40HEAT OF REACTION.......................................................................................................................................................41HEAT OF VAPORIZATION.............................................................................................................................................41HEAVY METAL................................................................................................................................................................41HEAVY TIMBER CONSTRUCTION...............................................................................................................................41HEMOGLOBIN..................................................................................................................................................................41HENDIADYS......................................................................................................................................................................41HIGH HAZARD INDUSTRIAL OCCUPANCY (Group 'F' Division 1)..........................................................................41HOMOLOGOUS SERIES [Diesel Fuel, Fuel Oil, Gasoline, Kerosene (#1 Fuel Oil)]......................................................42HOSE (extension)...............................................................................................................................................................42HOT TAPPING...................................................................................................................................................................42HOT ZONE.........................................................................................................................................................................43HYDRANT.........................................................................................................................................................................43HYDROCARBON..............................................................................................................................................................43HYDROGEN......................................................................................................................................................................43HYGROSCOPIC.................................................................................................................................................................44HYPALLAGE.....................................................................................................................................................................44HYPERBATON..................................................................................................................................................................44HYPERBOLE.....................................................................................................................................................................44HYPERGOLIC....................................................................................................................................................................44HYSTERON PROTERON.................................................................................................................................................44

- I -...............................................................................................................................................................................................45IGNITABLE MATERIAL..................................................................................................................................................45IGNITION...........................................................................................................................................................................45IGNITION TEMPERATURE.............................................................................................................................................45IGNITION TEMPERATURE.............................................................................................................................................45IMMEDIATELY DANGEROUS TO LIFE OR HEALTH (IDLH)..................................................................................45IMPEDED EGRESS ZONE................................................................................................................................................45IMPLOSION.......................................................................................................................................................................45INCENDIARY....................................................................................................................................................................46INCIDENT..........................................................................................................................................................................46INCIDENT ACTION PLAN..............................................................................................................................................46INCIDENT COMMAND....................................................................................................................................................46INCIDENT COMMANDER (I.C.)/SCENE MANAGER (S.M.)......................................................................................46INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM (ICS).........................................................................................................................46INDIVIDUAL STORAGE AREA......................................................................................................................................46INDUSTRIAL OCCUPANCY (Group 'F').........................................................................................................................47INERT.................................................................................................................................................................................47INERT GAS........................................................................................................................................................................47INERTIA.............................................................................................................................................................................47INFRARED RADIATION..................................................................................................................................................47INITIAL FIRE ATTACK...................................................................................................................................................47INITIAL INCIDENT REPORT..........................................................................................................................................48INSPECT.............................................................................................................................................................................48INSPECTIONS (fire prevention)........................................................................................................................................48INSTITUTIONAL OCCUPANCY (Group 'B')..................................................................................................................48INTERNATIONAL AIR TRANSPORT ASSOCIATION (IATA)...................................................................................48INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANIZATION (ICAO)...............................................................................48INTUMESCENT COATING..............................................................................................................................................49INVESTIGATE (to)............................................................................................................................................................49INVESTIGATING ACCIDENTS.......................................................................................................................................49INVESTIGATION..............................................................................................................................................................49INVESTIGATION QUALITY CONTROLS.....................................................................................................................49IRONY................................................................................................................................................................................49

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- J -...............................................................................................................................................................................................50JOIST..................................................................................................................................................................................50

- K -.............................................................................................................................................................................................50- L -..............................................................................................................................................................................................50

LAMINAR FLOW..............................................................................................................................................................50LEAN MIXTURE...............................................................................................................................................................50LIQUID...............................................................................................................................................................................50LISTED...............................................................................................................................................................................50LITOTES.............................................................................................................................................................................50LNG.....................................................................................................................................................................................50LOW PRESSURE STORAGE TANK...............................................................................................................................51LOWER EXPLOSIVE LIMIT............................................................................................................................................51LPG.....................................................................................................................................................................................51

- M -.............................................................................................................................................................................................51MAGNESIUM....................................................................................................................................................................51MAJOR OCCUPANCY......................................................................................................................................................51MANHATTAN PROJECT.................................................................................................................................................51MANIFEST, UNIFORM HAZARDOUS WASTE............................................................................................................51MARKING..........................................................................................................................................................................52MASS..................................................................................................................................................................................52MASS NUMBER................................................................................................................................................................52MASS RATIO.....................................................................................................................................................................52MATERIAL FIRST IGNITED...........................................................................................................................................53MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET (MSDS)................................................................................................................53MATTER............................................................................................................................................................................53MEAN OR AVERAGE MEAN..........................................................................................................................................53MEANS OF EGRESS.........................................................................................................................................................53MECHANICS.....................................................................................................................................................................53MEDIAN.............................................................................................................................................................................53MELTING POINT..............................................................................................................................................................54MERCANTILE OCCUPANCY (Group 'E').......................................................................................................................55METAL...............................................................................................................................................................................55METALS.............................................................................................................................................................................56METAPHOR.......................................................................................................................................................................56METHANE.........................................................................................................................................................................56METHANOL......................................................................................................................................................................57METONYMY.....................................................................................................................................................................57MICROMETER..................................................................................................................................................................57MICRON.............................................................................................................................................................................57MICROPHONE..................................................................................................................................................................57MICROSECOND................................................................................................................................................................57MIDNIGHT DUMPING.....................................................................................................................................................58MILLISECOND..................................................................................................................................................................58MINIMUM IGNITION ENERGY......................................................................................................................................58MISHAP..............................................................................................................................................................................58MISSILE.............................................................................................................................................................................58MIST...................................................................................................................................................................................58MOCKUP............................................................................................................................................................................58MOLE..................................................................................................................................................................................58MOLECULAR WEIGHT...................................................................................................................................................59MOLECULE.......................................................................................................................................................................59MOTION.............................................................................................................................................................................59MULTI-HAZARD FUNCTIONAL PLANNING..............................................................................................................59

- N -.............................................................................................................................................................................................59NAPALM............................................................................................................................................................................59NARCOTIC EFFECT.........................................................................................................................................................60

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NATIONAL FIRE PROTECTION ASSOCIATION.........................................................................................................60NATIONAL INTERAGENCY INCIDENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (NIIMS).........................................................60NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH (NIOSH)...............................................60NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC).......................................................................................................................60NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL (NSC)..........................................................................................................................60NATURAL GAS.................................................................................................................................................................61NEON (Ne).........................................................................................................................................................................61NEUTRALIZATION..........................................................................................................................................................61NEWTON, SIR ISAAC......................................................................................................................................................61NFPA 907M - 1983 MANUAL ON THE INVESTIGATION OF FIRES OF ELECTRICAL ORIGIN..........................62NFPA 921 - 1992 GUIDE FOR FIRE AND EXPLOSION INVESTIGATIONS.............................................................62NINE - ONE - ONE (9-1-1)................................................................................................................................................62NONCOMBUSTIBLE CONSTRUCTION........................................................................................................................62NONFLAMING COMBUSTION.......................................................................................................................................62NON-FLAMMABLE GAS.................................................................................................................................................63

- O -.............................................................................................................................................................................................63OBJECTIVE........................................................................................................................................................................63OBSERVATION.................................................................................................................................................................63OCCUPANCY....................................................................................................................................................................63OCCUPANT LOAD...........................................................................................................................................................63OCTANE NUMBER...........................................................................................................................................................63ODOR THRESHOLD.........................................................................................................................................................63OFFICER IN CHARGE......................................................................................................................................................64OHM....................................................................................................................................................................................64OIL......................................................................................................................................................................................64OLFACTORY.....................................................................................................................................................................64ONOMATOPOEIA.............................................................................................................................................................64OPERATIONS....................................................................................................................................................................64OPINION............................................................................................................................................................................65OPTICS...............................................................................................................................................................................65ORDER...............................................................................................................................................................................65ORGANIC CHEMISTRY...................................................................................................................................................65ORGANIC PEROXIDE......................................................................................................................................................65OSHA..................................................................................................................................................................................65OVERHAUL.......................................................................................................................................................................65OWNER..............................................................................................................................................................................66OXIDIZER..........................................................................................................................................................................66OXIDIZING AGENT.........................................................................................................................................................66OXIDIZING MATERIAL..................................................................................................................................................66OXYGEN DEFICIENCY...................................................................................................................................................66OXYGEN DEFICIENT ATMOSPHERE...........................................................................................................................66OXYMORON.....................................................................................................................................................................66

- P -..............................................................................................................................................................................................66PARTITION........................................................................................................................................................................67PARADOX..........................................................................................................................................................................67PARAPROSDOKIAN........................................................................................................................................................67PARONOMASIA................................................................................................................................................................67PERSONIFICATION..........................................................................................................................................................67PHASE................................................................................................................................................................................67PLANNING OPERATIONS...............................................................................................................................................67PLASTIC.............................................................................................................................................................................67PLEONASM.......................................................................................................................................................................68PLUME...............................................................................................................................................................................68POINT OF ORIGIN............................................................................................................................................................68POLYSYNDETON.............................................................................................................................................................68POWER UNITS..................................................................................................................................................................68

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PRAETERITIO (=paraleipsis)............................................................................................................................................68PRE-INCIDENT PLANNING............................................................................................................................................69PRESSURE.........................................................................................................................................................................69PRESSURE VESSEL.........................................................................................................................................................69PREVENTION (fire prevention : NFPA's definition)........................................................................................................69PROCESS............................................................................................................................................................................69PROCESS PLANT..............................................................................................................................................................69PROFESSIONAL ENGINEER...........................................................................................................................................69PROLEPSIS........................................................................................................................................................................70PUBLIC CORRIDOR.........................................................................................................................................................70PUMPING ENGINES.........................................................................................................................................................70PUMP OPERATOR............................................................................................................................................................70PUMPER COMPANIES.....................................................................................................................................................70PYROLYSIS.......................................................................................................................................................................70PYROLYSE (to).................................................................................................................................................................71

- [Q] R -.......................................................................................................................................................................................71RACK..................................................................................................................................................................................71RADIANT HEAT...............................................................................................................................................................71RADIATION.......................................................................................................................................................................71RADIATION (from flames)................................................................................................................................................71RADIATION (from the flames, infrared)...........................................................................................................................72RADIATION (sources of)...................................................................................................................................................72RAPID TRANSIT STATION.............................................................................................................................................72RE-ENGINEERING SUBJECT FIELD(S)........................................................................................................................72REFINERY.........................................................................................................................................................................72RESIDENTIAL OCCUPANCY (Group 'C')......................................................................................................................73RETROFIT..........................................................................................................................................................................73RICH MIXTURE................................................................................................................................................................73RISK (tolerable)..................................................................................................................................................................73

- S -..............................................................................................................................................................................................73SCIENTIFIC METHOD.....................................................................................................................................................73SELF-SERVICE OUTLET.................................................................................................................................................73SERVICE ROOM...............................................................................................................................................................73SERVICE SPACE...............................................................................................................................................................73SIMILE................................................................................................................................................................................73SMOKE (from fire).............................................................................................................................................................74SMOKE ALARM...............................................................................................................................................................74SMOKE DETECTOR.........................................................................................................................................................74SMOLDERING COMBUSTION.......................................................................................................................................74SOLID.................................................................................................................................................................................74SOOT..................................................................................................................................................................................74SPACE HEATER................................................................................................................................................................75SPACE-HEATING APPLIANCE......................................................................................................................................75SPARK TRACKING SUBJECT FIELD(S).......................................................................................................................75SPECIFIC GRAVITY.........................................................................................................................................................75SPRAYING AREA.............................................................................................................................................................75SPRAY BOOTH.................................................................................................................................................................75SPRAY ROOM...................................................................................................................................................................75SPRINKLERED (as applying to a building or part thereof)...............................................................................................75SPRINKLERS (automatic extinguishing systems).............................................................................................................75STATE................................................................................................................................................................................76STOICHIOMETIRIC REACTION.....................................................................................................................................76STOICHIOMETRY............................................................................................................................................................76STORAGE TANK..............................................................................................................................................................76STOREY.............................................................................................................................................................................76STRAY CURRENT............................................................................................................................................................76

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STREET..............................................................................................................................................................................76SUITE..................................................................................................................................................................................76SUPERVISORY STAFF.....................................................................................................................................................77SURFACE TENSION.........................................................................................................................................................77SURFACE TRACKING.....................................................................................................................................................77SYLLEPSIS........................................................................................................................................................................77SYNCHYSIS.......................................................................................................................................................................77SYNECDOCHE..................................................................................................................................................................77SYNESIS (=constructio ad sensum)...................................................................................................................................77SYSTEMATIC....................................................................................................................................................................78

- T -..............................................................................................................................................................................................78TANK VEHICLES.............................................................................................................................................................78TAUTOLOGY....................................................................................................................................................................78TENT...................................................................................................................................................................................78TEST...................................................................................................................................................................................78THERMAL IGNITION.......................................................................................................................................................78THERMITE REACTION...................................................................................................................................................78TRACKING........................................................................................................................................................................78TRANSLATION.................................................................................................................................................................79TRAVEL DISTANCE........................................................................................................................................................79

- U -.............................................................................................................................................................................................79UNDERSTANDING FIRE.................................................................................................................................................79UNIFORM CODING FOR FIRE PROTECTION..............................................................................................................79UNSTABLE LIQUID.........................................................................................................................................................79

- V -.............................................................................................................................................................................................79VAPOUR PRESSURE........................................................................................................................................................80VENT (TO).........................................................................................................................................................................80VERTICAL SERVICE SPACE..........................................................................................................................................80VISCOSITY........................................................................................................................................................................80

- W -............................................................................................................................................................................................80WEIGHT.............................................................................................................................................................................80WETTING AGENT............................................................................................................................................................80WHMIS...............................................................................................................................................................................80WICK..................................................................................................................................................................................80WITNESS PLATE..............................................................................................................................................................81

- XYZ -........................................................................................................................................................................................81ZEUGMA............................................................................................................................................................................81

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- A -

ACCESS TO EXIT

...means that part of a means of egress within a floor area that provides access to an exit serving the floor area. (Ontario Fire Code 1996)

ACCIDENT

An unplanned event, sometimes but not necessarily injurious or damaging, that interrupts an activity. A chance occurrence arising from unknown causes; an unexpected happening due to carelessness, ignorance, and the like. [NFPA 921 - 1992]An unexpected process that produces an unintended harmful outcome. (iprr.org)

AIR-SUPPORTED STRUCTURE

...means a structure that consists of a pliable membrane that achieves and maintains its shape and support by internal air pressure. (Ontario Fire Code 1996)

ALARM

Any notification made to the fire department that a situation exists or may exist! that requires a response. [NFPA 901-1981]

ALARM SIGNAL

...means an audible signal transmitted throughout a zone or zones or throughout a building to advise occupants that a fire emergency exists. (Ontario Fire Code 1996)ALERT SIGNAL ...means an audible signal to advise designated persons of a fire emergency. (Ontario Fire Code 1996)

ALLITERATION

…repetition of the same sound beginning several words in sequence.*Let us go forth to lead the land we love. J. F. Kennedy, Inaugural*Viri validis cum viribus luctant. Ennius*Veni, vidi, vici. Julius Caesar (A Glossary of Rhetorical Terms with Examples, Ross Scaife)

ANACOLUTHON

/ lack of grammatical sequence; a change in the grammatical construction within the same sentence.

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*Agreements entered into when one state of facts exists -- are they to be maintained regardless of changing conditions? J. Diefenbaker (A Glossary of Rhetorical Terms with Examples, Ross Scaife)

ANADIPLOSIS

/ ("doubling back") the rhetorical repetition of one or several words; specifically, repetition of a word that ends one clause at the beginning of the next.*Men in great place are thrice servants: servants of the sovereign or state; servants of fame; and servants of business. Francis Bacon (A Glossary of Rhetorical Terms with Examples, Ross Scaife)

ANAPHORA

/ the repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive phrases, clauses or lines.*We shall not flag or fail. We shall go on to the end. We shall fight in France, we shall fight on the seas and oceans, we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air, we shall defend our island, whatever the cost may be, we shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills. We shall never surrender. Churchill. (A Glossary of Rhetorical Terms with Examples, Ross Scaife)

ANASTROPHE

/ transposition of normal word order; most often found in Latin in the case of prepositions and the words they control. Anastrophe is a form of hyperbaton.*The helmsman steered; the ship moved on; yet never a breeze up blew. Coleridge, The Rime of the Ancient Mariner (A Glossary of Rhetorical Terms with Examples, Ross Scaife)

ANTISTROPHE

/ repetition of the same word or phrase at the end of successive clauses.*In 1931, ten years ago, Japan invaded Manchukuo -- without warning. In 1935, Italy invaded Ethiopia -- without warning. In 1938, Hitler occupied Austria -- without warning. In 1939, Hitler invaded Czechoslovakia -- without warning. Later in 1939, Hitler invaded Poland -- without warning. And now Japan has attacked Malaya and Thailand -- and the United States - without warning. Franklin D. Roosevelt (A Glossary of Rhetorical Terms with Examples, Ross Scaife)

ANTITHESIS

/ opposition, or contrast of ideas or words in a balanced or parallel construction.*Extremism in defense of liberty is no vice, moderation in the pursuit of justice is no virtue. Barry Goldwater*Brutus: Not that I loved Caesar less, but that I loved Rome more. Shakespeare, Julius Caesar

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*The vases of the classical period are but the reflection of classical beauty; the vases of the archaic period are beauty itself." Sir John Beazley (A Glossary of Rhetorical Terms with Examples, Ross Scaife)

APORIA

/ expression of doubt (often feigned) by which a speaker appears uncertain as to what he should think, say, or do.*Then the steward said within himself, 'What shall I do?' Luke 16 (A Glossary of Rhetorical Terms with Examples, Ross Scaife)

APOSIOPESIS

/ a form of ellipse by which a speaker comes to an abrupt halt, seemingly overcome by passion (fear, excitement, etc.) or modesty. (A Glossary of Rhetorical Terms with Examples, Ross Scaife)

APOSTROPHE

/ a sudden turn from the general audience to address a specific group or person or personified abstraction absent or present.*For Brutus, as you know, was Caesar's angel. Judge, O you gods, how dearly Caesar loved him. Shakespeare, Julius Caesar (A Glossary of Rhetorical Terms with Examples, Ross Scaife)

APPLIANCE

...means a device to convert fuel into energy, and includes all components, controls, wiring and piping required to be part of the device by the applicable standard referred to in this Code. (Ontario Fire Code 1996)

APPROVED

...means approved by the Chief Fire Official. (Ontario Fire Code 1996)

ARCHAISM

/ use of an older or obsolete form.*Pipit sate upright in her chair Some distance from where I was sitting; T. S. Eliot, "A Cooking Egg" (A Glossary of Rhetorical Terms with Examples, Ross Scaife)

ARCHITECT

...means a member or licensee of the Ontario Association of Architects under the Architects Act. (Ontario Fire Code 1996)

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AREA OF ORIGIN

The room or area where the fire began (see also POINT OF ORIGIN). NFPA 921 - 1992, Guide for Fire and Explosion Investigations, National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, 1992

AREAS OF GREATEST DAMAGE

The purpose of determining the origin of the fire is to identify the geographical location where the fire began. If the specific location where the heat source ignited the first fuel can be identified, then the point of origin can be determined. The process to determine the origin involves the identification of pertinent fire patterns, the documentation of these patterns, and the analysis7 of the patterns. The process always almost involves the plotting of fire movement from the areas of least damage to the AREAS OF GREATEST DAMAGE. ... Such aspects as witness statements, the investigator's past experiences, and fire fighting procedures play important roles in the determination of the fire origin. [NFPA 921-1992, Guide for Fire and Explosion Investigations, art.11- 1, pp.86-87]

AREA OF ORIGIN

The use of the room or area within the property where the fire originated. [NFPA 901-1981]

ARSON TASK FORCE (ATF)

A group of individuals who convene to analyze, investigate, and solve the arson problem in a particular region. Fire Cause Determination, International Fire Service Training Association - IFSTA, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, 1986

ART OF SPEAKING

Socrates: The fact is, as we said at the beginning of our discussion, that the aspiring speaker needs no knowledge of the truth about what is right or good... In courts of justice no attention is paid whatever to the truth about such topics; all that matters is plausibility... There are even some occasions when both prosecution and defence should positively suppress the facts in favor of probability, if the facts are improbable. Never mind the truth -- pursue probability through thick and thin in every kind of speech; the whole secret of the art of speaking lies in consistent adherence to this principle. (A Glossary of Rhetorical Terms with Examples, Ross Scaife)

ASHES

Carbon is most often is present in incompletely burned ashes. Carbon itself burns, combining with oxygen to make CO2 (and sometimes carbon monoxide). Charcoal production involves incomplete burning of wood, and the high-carbon product can burn further. Soot is a byproduct of fires which consists mostly of carbon, but even soot can burn. If you burn something completely, the ashes may contain all kinds of other stuff that didn't burn, and the carbon should burn away. Real fires tend to burn incompletely. [ref.: http://van.physics.uiuc.edu/qa/listing.php?id=1548]

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http://van.physics.uiuc.edu/qa/listing.php?id=1548

ASSEMBLY OCCUPANCY (Group 'A')

...means the occupancy or the use of a building, or part thereof, by a gathering of persons for civic, political, travel, religious, social, educational, recreational or like purposes or for the consumption of food or drink. (Ontario Fire Code 1996)

ASSONANCE

/ repetition of the same sound in words close to each other.*Thy kingdom come, thy will be done. (A Glossary of Rhetorical Terms with Examples, Ross Scaife)

ASYNDETON

/ lack of conjunctions between coordinate phrases, clauses, or words.*We shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardships, support any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty. J. F. Kennedy, Inaugural*But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate, we cannot consecrate, we cannot hallow this ground. Lincoln, Gettysburg Address (A Glossary of Rhetorical Terms with Examples, Ross Scaife)

ATMOSPHERIC STORAGE TANK

...means a storage tank that is designed to operate at pressures from atmospheric to 3.5 kPa (gauge). (Ontario Fire Code 1996)

ATTIC SPACE

...means the space between the roof and the ceiling of the top storey or between a dwarf wall and a sloping roof. (Ontario Fire Code 1996)

AUTOMATIC

As applied to fire protection devices, a device or system providing an emergency function without the necessity of human intervention. [NFPA 901-1981]

- B -

BASEMENT

...means a storey or storeys of a building located below the first storey. (Ontario Fire Code 1996)

BERNOULLI'S THEOREM

Bernoulli's theorem expresses the physical law of conservation of energy applied to problems of incompressible fluid flow. The theorem can be defined as follows: "In steady flow without friction, the sum of the velocity head, pressure head, and elevation head is constant for any incompressible fluid particle throughout its course." In other words, the

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total pressure (head) is the same at all locations within the system. [NFPA Handbook 1991]

B.L.E.V.E.

Boiling Liquid-Expanding Vapor Explosion. Can occur with a fire external to a railroad tank car, a tank truck, or a drum of flammable liquid. [Friedman 1989]

B.L.E.V.E. (Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion)

A BLEVE occurs when the temperature of the liquid and vapor within a confined tank or vessel is raised, often by an external fire, to such a point that the increasing internal pressure of the liquefied gas inside can no longer be contained and the vessel explodes. This rupture of the confining vessel releases the pressurized liquid and allows it to vaporize almost instantaneously. If the liquefied gas is a flammable such as propane, the large vapor cloud produced is almost always ignited. Ignition usually occurs either from the original external fire that caused the BLEVE or from some electrical or friction source created by the blast or shrapnel effect of the container rupture. [...] When the pressure within the cylinder exceeds a determined level, the relief valve is designed to open allowing the gas pressure to be vented, thereby preventing or postponing the rupture of the cylinder. Under extreme heat conditions, such as occur in a fire, the pressure within the cylinder may increase too quickly to be fully vented by the relief valve and the cylinder may explode. This is not always the case. Often, the open relief valve and open or heat-damaged control valve will allow the pressurized gas to be expelled without the explosion of the cylinder itself.`` (P.M. &;J. Kennedy, Explosion Investigation and Analysis, Investigations Institute, Chicago, 1990)

BOILER

...means an appliance intended to supply hot water or steam for space heating, processing or power purposes. (Ontario Fire Code 1996)

BOILOVER

A phenomenon that can occur during a fire over an open tank containing a blend of flammable liquids, such as crude oil; water must be present at the bottom of the tank for boilover to occur. [Friedman 1989]

BRACHYLOGY

/ a general term for abbreviated or condensed expression, of which asyndeton and zeugma are types. Ellipse is often used synonymously. The suppressed word or phrase can usually be supplied easily from the surrounding context. (A Glossary of Rhetorical Terms with Examples, Ross Scaife)

BUILDING

A structure enclosed with walls and a roof and having a defined height. [NFPA 901-1981]BUILDING ...means any structure used or intended for supporting or sheltering any use or occupancy. (Ontario Fire Code 1996)

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BUILDING AREA

...means the greatest horizontal area of a building above grade within the outside surface of exterior walls or within the outside surface of exterior walls and the centre line of firewalls. (Ontario Fire Code 1996)

BUILDING CODE

...means the Ontario Building Code made under the Building Code Act or a predecessor to that Act. (Ontario Fire Code 1996)

BUILDING FIRE

Any fire occurring inside or involving a building. A building fire may be a wastebasket fire, a mattress fire, or a roof fire, whether or not structural members were actually involved. [NFPA 901-1981]

BUILDING HEIGHT (in storeys)

...means the number of storeys contained between the roof and the floor of the first storey. (Ontario Fire Code 1996)

BURNING RATES OF LIQUID POOLS

A pool of burning liquid will burn at a more or less steady rate from shortly after ignition until the liquid is consumed. To illustrate the magnitude of this rate, a pool of gasoline or mineral spirits 1 meter (3.3 feet) in diameter and 2.5 centimeter (1 inch) deep will be consumed in about 4 minutes. [Friedman 1989]

BURN PATTERN

Apparent and obvious design of burned material and the burning path of travel [see also Vector] from a point of fire origin. [Fire Cause Determination, IFSTA 1986]

BUSINESS AND PERSONAL SERVICES OCCUPANCY (Group 'D')

...means the occupancy or use of a building or part thereof for the transaction of business or the rendering or receiving of professional or personal services. (Ontario Fire Code 1996)

- C -

CACOPHONY

/ harsh joining of sounds.*We want no parlay with you and your grisly gang who work your wicked will. W. Churchill (A Glossary of Rhetorical Terms with Examples, Ross Scaife)

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CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL

A material that contains carbon. [Fire Cause Determination, IFSTA 1986]

CARBOXYHEMOGLOBIN

A chemical compound resulting from the reaction of hemoglobin with carbon monoxide, after which oxygen can no longer be transported by the hemoglobin. [Friedman 1989]

CATACHRESIS

/ a harsh metaphor involving the use of a word beyond its strict sphere.*I listen vainly, but with thirsty ear. MacArthur, Farewell Address (A Glossary of Rhetorical Terms with Examples, Ross Scaife)

CELLAR

...means a basement that is more than 50 per cent below grade. (Ontario Fire Code 1996)

CELLULOSE

A natural polymer (C6H10O5) in which is a principal constituent of cotton, wood and paper. [Friedman 1989]

CHAIN REACTION

The rapid reaction of a free atom or radical with another species, the products of which include 1 or more free atoms or radicals, which can undergo further rapid reactions. If more than 1 free atom or radical is produced, a branching chain reaction results. [Friedman 1989]

CHAR

Carbonaceous material formed by incomplete combustion of an organic material, commonly wood; the remains of burned materials. [Fire Cause Determination, IFSTA 1986]

CHECK

...means visual observation to ensure the device or system is in place and is not obviously damaged or obstructed. (Ontario Fire Code 1996)

CHIASMUS

/ two corresponding pairs arranged not in parallels (a-b-a-b) but in inverted order (a b-b-a); from shape of the Greek letter chi (X).*Those gallant men will remain often in my thoughts and in my prayers always. MacArthur*Renown'd for conquest, and in council skill'd. Addison (A Glossary of Rhetorical Terms with Examples, Ross Scaife)

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CHIEF FIRE OFFICIAL

...means the assistant to the Fire Marshal who is the Municipal Fire Chief or a member or members of the fire department appointed by the Municipal Fire Chief under Subsection 1.1.8. or a person appointed by the Fire Marshal under Subsection 1.1.8. (Ontario Fire Code 1996)

CHIMNEY

...means a primarily vertical shaft enclosing at least 1 flue for conducting flue gases to the outdoors. (Ontario Fire Code 1996)

CHIMNEY EFFECT

The tendency of air or gas in a duct or other vertical passage to rise when heated due to its lower density compared with that of surrounding air or gas. In buildings, the tendency toward displacement caused (by the difference in temperature) of internal heated air by unheated outside air due to the difference in density of outside and inside air. [ASHRAE Guide and Data Book 1963]

CLASS A FIRE

…means a fire involving combustible materials such as wood, cloth and paper.

CLASS B FIRE

…means a fire involving a flammable or combustible liquid, fat or grease.

CLASS C FIRE

…means a fire involving energized electrical equipment.

CLASS D FIRE

…means a fire involving a combustible metal. (Ontario Fire Code 1996)

CLASSIFICATIONS

Class A fire : Fire in "ordinary" combustible solids. However, if a plastic readily melts in a fire, it might be Class B rather than Class A.Class B fire : Fire in flammable liquids, gases and greases.Class C fire : Fire in energized electrical equipment.Class D fire : Fire in combustible metals.Class I liquid : A liquid with a flash point below 38C (100F).Class II liquid : A liquid with a flash point between 38C and 60C (100 and 140F).Class III liquid : A liquid with a flash point above 60C (140F). [Friedman 1989]

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CLIMAX

/ arrangement of words, phrases, or clauses in an order of ascending power. Often the last emphatic word in one phrase or clause is repeated as the first emphatic word of the next.*One equal temper of heroic hearts, Made weak by time and fate, but strong in will To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield. Tennyson, Ulysses (A Glossary of Rhetorical Terms with Examples, Ross Scaife)

CLOSED CONTAINER

...means a container so sealed by means of a lid or other device that neither liquid nor vapour will escape from it at ordinary temperatures. (Ontario Fire Code 1996)

CLOSURE

...means a device or assembly for closing an opening through a fire separation such as a door, a shutter, wired glass or glass block and includes all components, such as hardware, closing devices, frames and anchors. (Ontario Fire Code 1996)

CODE

A set of rules and standards that have been adopted as mandatory regulations having the force and effect of law. [NFPA 921 - 1992]

COMBUSTIBLE CONSTRUCTION

...means that type of construction that does not meet the requirements for noncombustible construction. (Ontario Fire Code 1996)

COMBUSTIBLE DUST

...means dust and particles ignitable and liable to explode when mixed with air. (Ontario Fire Code 1996)

COMBUSTIBLE FIBRES

...means finely divided combustible vegetable or animal fibres and thin sheets or flakes of such materials that in a loose, unbaled condition present a flash fire hazard, and includes cotton, wool, hemp, sisal, jute, kapok, paper and cloth. (Ontario Fire Code 1996)

COMBUSTIBLE LIQUID

...means any liquid having a flash point at or above 37.8oC and below 93.3oC. (Ontario Fire Code 1996)

COMBUSTION

An exothermic chemical reaction that produces heat, and generally light as well, in a variety of mediums; the burning process, causing loss of weight to a compound. [Fire Cause Determination, IFSTA 1986]

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An exothermic chemical reaction that occurs so rapidly that the heat released causes the temperature of the reaction zone to be many hundreds or even several thousands of degrees higher than the surroundings. [Friedman 1989]

COMBUSTION REACTION

The difference between a slow oxidative reaction and a combustion reaction is that the latter occurs so rapidly that heat is generated faster than it is dissipated, causing a substantial temperature rise (at least hundreds of degrees, and often several thousands of degrees). Very often, the temperature is so high that visible light is emitted from the combustion reaction zone. [Friedman 1989]

COMPRESSED GAS

...means any contained mixture or material with either an absolute pressure exceeding 275.8 kPa at 21oC or an absolute pressure exceeding 717 kPa at 54oC, or both, or any liquid having an absolute vapour pressure exceeding 275.8 kPa at 37.8oC. (Ontario Fire Code 1996)

CONCLUSION

A decision or judgment reached after some reasoning process.

CONDUCTION

Heat transfer to another body or within a body by direct contact. [NFPA 921 - 2001]

CONSTRUCTOR

...means a person who contracts with an owner, occupant or their authorized agent to undertake a project, and includes an owner, occupant or authorized agent who contracts with more than one person for the work on a project or undertakes the work on a project or any part thereof. (Ontario Fire Code 1996)

CONTAINED USE AREA

...means a supervised area containing one or more rooms in which occupant movement is restricted to a single room by security measures not under the control of the occupant. (Ontario Fire Code 1996)

CONVECTION

Heat transfer by circulation within a medium, such as a gas or a liquid. [NFPA 921 - 1992]CONVECTION Transfer of heat by movement of fluid. <

FORCED CONVECTION

…convection resulting from forced circulation of a fluid, as by a fan, jet or pump.

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NATURAL CONVECTION

Circulation of gas or liquid (usually air or water) due to differences in density resulting from temperature changes. [ASHRAE Guide and Data Book 1963]

CONVECTIVE HEAT

Energy that is carried by a hot moving fluid. (Energy can be radiated through space, or conducted through a solid, as well as convected by a fluid.) [Friedman 1989]

CORROSIVE LIQUID

...means a liquid that, when contacting living tissue causes damage to the tissue, or when contacting organic matter and chemicals that react with the liquid, causes fire. (Ontario Fire Code 1996) <>

- D -

DANGEROUS GOODS

... means those products or substances which are regulated by the Transportation of Dangerous Goods Act (Canada) and its Regulations. (Ontario Fire Code 1996)

DATA LANGUAGE

The consistent language used by investigators to report observations they make during investigations. One of the critical requirements of observation in scientific method is that it be REPLICABLE, i.e., reported by others who are also able to see and record it. Replicability demands a consistent language to report observations. This is what is meant by the DATA LANGUAGE of science. One basic mishap investigation problem has been lack of a UNIVERSAL DATA LANGUAGE for observations reported by investigators. (From STEP Handbook, © 1991 Ludwig Benner, Jr.)

DEGREE OF COMBUSTIBILITY

The chemistry of a material generally is the key to its degree of combustibility. [Friedman 1989]

DEMOLITION

...means the doing of anything in the removal of a building or any material part thereof. (Ontario Fire Code 1996)

DEVIATION

An event that differs from what was intended or expected. (Benner 1997)

DIFFUSION FLAME

A flame in which the fuel vapors and oxygen diffuse into each other as they burn, such as candle flame. [Friedman 1989]

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DISTILLED BEVERAGE ALCOHOL

... means a beverage that is produced by fermentation and contains more than 20 per cent by volume of water-miscible alcohol. (Ontario Fire Code 1996)

DISTILLERY

...means a process plant where distilled beverage alcohols are produced, concentrated or otherwise processed, and includes facilities on the same site where the concentrated products may be blended, mixed, stored or packaged. (Ontario Fire Code 1996)

DRY CHEMICAL

Any of several powders used to extinguish fires. [Friedman 1989]

DRY ICE

Solid carbon dioxide. [Friedman 1989]

DWELLING UNIT

...means a suite operated as a housekeeping unit, used or intended to be used as a domicile by one or more persons and usually containing cooking, eating, living, sleeping and sanitary facilities. (Ontario Fire Code 1996)

- E -

ENERGETICS OF CHEMICAL CHANGE

Every chemical change is accompanied by a change of energy because the chemical energy of the reaction products is different from that of the reactants. This change usually is manifested in the form of heat energy , but also can include electrical energy (for electrochemical processes, as in batteries) or mechanical energy, where expansion or contraction or kinetic energy (motion) is involved (as in explosions). [Friedman 1989]

ENERGY UNITS

The basic SI unit of energy is the joule (J ). A joule is the quantity of energy expended when a force of 1 newton pushes something a distance of 1 meter. Thermal energy as well as mechanical energy can be expressed in joules. One joule equals 0.239 calorie, or 4.187 joules equal 1 calorie. (A calorie is the energy needed to heat one gram of water 1C; a dietetician's "calorie" is actually 1000 calories.) Electrical energy can be expressed in joules; one joule is 1 watt-second. One megajoule (1,000,000 joules) is 0.278 kilowatt-hour. (for example, if a power of 1 kilowatt is released in an electric iron for 0.278 hour, than 1 megajoule of thermal energy has been released.) In English units, energy is expressed in foot-pounds or BTU s. One foot-pound is equal to 1.355 joule, and 1 BTU is equal to 1055 joules or 252 calories. [Friedman 1989] ENTRAINMENT The process in which a slow-moving or stagnant fluid mixes into an adjacent turbulent flow. For example, a rising fire plume entrains surrounding air. [Friedman 1989]

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EUPHEMISM

/ substitution of an agreeable or at least non-offensive expression for one whose plainer meaning might be harsh or unpleasant.*When the final news came, there would be a ring at the front door -- a wife in this situation finds herself staring at the front door as if she no longer owns it or controls it--and outside the door would be a man... come to inform her that unfortunately something has happened out there, and her husband's body now lies incinerated in the swamps or the pines or the palmetto grass, "burned beyond recognition," which anyone who had been around an air base very long (fortunately Jane had not) realized was quite an artful euphemism to describe a human body that now looked like an enormous fowl that has burned up in a stove, burned a blackish brown all over, greasy and blistered, fried, in a word, with not only the entire face and all the hair and the ears burned off, not to mention all the clothing, but also the hands and feet, with what remains of the arms and legs bent at the knees and elbows and burned into absolutely rigid angles, burned a greasy blackish brown like the bursting body itself, so that this husband, father, officer, gentleman, this ornamentum of some mother's eye, His Majesty the Baby of just twenty-odd years back, has been reduced to a charred hulk with wings and shanks sticking out of it. Tom Wolfe, The Right Stuff (A Glossary of Rhetorical Terms with Examples, Ross Scaife)

EVENT

One actor + one action; the basic investigative and analytical building block (event unit / item). (See also MES concepts and logic tools) (Benner 1998)

EXFILTRATION

Air flow outward through a wall, leak, membrane, etc. [ASHRAE Guide and Data Book 1963]

EXHAUST

(see Ventilation) Rapid generation of steam within a confined space causes the original atmosphere (heated smoke and air) to be displaced by an atmosphere of steam. ... The major movement of this displacement is always upward and outward. ... If the volume of steam generated within the space exceeds the net atmospheric volume of the space, the EXCESSIVE steam will be forced out by way of the same channels and OPENINGS through which the original atmosphere was exhausted. [Layman 1955]

EXIT

... means that part of a means of egress, including doorways, that leads from the floor area it serves to a separate building, an open public thoroughfare or an exterior open space protected from fire exposure from the building and having access to an open public thoroughfare. (Ontario Fire Code 1996)

EXPERT WITNESS

A person who possesses special knowledge in a particular field by virtue of specialized skill, expertise, training, and/or education, and who is adjudged qualified to render

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expert opinions in that field in court proceedings. [Fire Cause Determination, IFSTA 1986]

EXTINGUISHMENT

Combustion requires a high temperature, and the reactions must proceed fast enough at this high temperature to generate heat as fast as it is dissipated, so that the reaction zone will not cool down. In some cases, only a modest additional loss of heat is needed to tip the balance toward extinguishment. Extinguishment can be accomplished either by cooling the gaseous combustion zone or the solid or liquid combustible. In the latter case, the cooling prevents the production of combustible vapors . (This is probably the primary mode of action when a wood fire is extinguished by applying water.) [Friedman 1989]

- F -

FAILURE

Distortion, breakage, deterioration, or other fault in a structure, component, or system resulting in unsatisfactory performance of the function for which it was designed. [NFPA 921 - 1992]

FAILURE ANALYSIS

A logical, systematic examination of an item, component, or assembly, and its place and function in a system, to identify and analyze the probability, causes, and consequences of potential and real failures. [NFPA 921 - 1992]

FARM BUILDING

...means a building or part thereof associated with and located on land devoted to the practice of farming, and used primarily for the housing of equipment or livestock or the production, storage or processing of agricultural and horticultural produce or feeds, but is not used for residential occupancy. (Ontario Fire Code 1996)

FIRE ANALYSIS

The process of determining the origin, cause, and responsibility as well as the failure analysis of a fire or explosion. [NFPA 921 - 1992]

FIRE ATTACK

The standard 250 gpm hose stream normally is applied with a hand line of 2,5 inch fire hose. Normally, three men should be provided to run the hose to the desired point of operation and direct this stream. [Kimball 1969]

FIREBRAND

A flaming or smoldering airborne object emerging from a fire, which can sometimes ignite remote combustibles. [Friedman 1989]

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FIRE CAUSE

The circumstances or agencies that bring a fuel and an ignition source together with proper air or oxygen. [NFPA 921 - 1992]FIRE CAUSE Agency or circumstance that started a fire or set the stage for one to start; source of a fire's ignition. [Fire Cause Determination, IFSTA 1986]

FIRE CAUSE DETERMINATION, IFSTA 1986

This manual is not intended to address the many complex areas of criminal investigation that are found in other fire investigation books, but to give fire fighting personnel the basic information they need for reports, to help them recognize when the services of an investigator are needed, and to help them to assist the investigator. ...ONLY RARELY WILL THE INVESTIGATOR ALSO BE UNABLE TO FIND THE CAUSE. EVEN COLLAPSED AND "TOTALLY DESTROYED" BUILDINGS HAVE SECRETS TO YIELD. [Fire Cause Determination, IFSTA 1986]

FIRE COMPARTMENT

... means an enclosed space in a building that is separated from all other parts of the building by enclosing construction that provides a fire separation having a required fire-resistance rating. (Ontario Fire Code 1996)

FIRE DAMPER

...means a closure that consists of a damper installed in an air distribution system or in a wall or floor assembly that is normally held in the open position and that is designed to close automatically in the event of a fire in order to maintain the integrity of the fire separation. (Ontario Fire Code 1996)

FIRE DEFENSE MANAGEMENT

(see also Uniform Coding) In 1938, a fire reporting system prepared by NFPA was published by the International City Manager's Association. This system served as a start toward the uniform reporting of fire incident information. From 1963 to 1969, the Committee strived to develop a uniform language for fire defense management ... [NFPA 901-1981]

FIRE DEPARTMENT

...means a group of firefighters authorized to provide fire protection services by a municipality, group of municipalities or by an agreement made under section 3 of the Fire Protection and Prevention Act. (Ontario Fire Code 1996)

FIRE DETECTOR

...means a device which detects a fire condition and automatically initiates an electrical signal to actuate an alert signal or alarm signal and includes heat detectors and smoke detectors. (Ontario Fire Code 1996)

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FIRE EXTINGUISHMENT

The cessation of combustion. [Friedman 1989]

FIRE FIGHTING

Fire fighting involves the manual control and extinguishment of fires. ... manning of fire apparatus, .2 the rate at which the fire force may be expected to apply water to fires. THE RATE OF WATER APPLICATION IS TERMED "FIRE FLOW" (...the resultant "fire attack" capability). (Warren Y. Kimball, Manning for Fire Attack, NFPA, Boston,1969)

FIRE FLOW: FIRE FLOW AS A MEASURE OF PERFORMANCE

As water is the principal and most universal extinguishing agent employed by fire departments, extinguishing capacity is measured in gallons of water applied per minute. Ordinarily with large flows a substantial part of the water is applied in the form of heavy streams. In addition to pumpers actually employed in applying the fire flow, one or more additional units may be needed ... in the event of mechanical failure of an operating pumper or sudden extension of the fire. Merely having the fire flow available and the necessary pumping capacity ... does not assure effective fire protection. Knowledge and equipment is also needed to effectively apply the water. Rate of water application per man employed may average approximately 80 gpm. Traditional underwriters' recommendations for fire department pumping capacity are extremely conservative. They ask only for available pumping capacity to equal two-thirds of the fire flow required in the area. Under fire fighting conditions pumpers on the average deliver not much over half to two-thirds of their rated capacities when employed at fires requiring a high fire flow. Fire departments desiring to be able to deliver maximum fire flow per man and per unit employed on the fireground will need to give attention to thorough training in the movement and application of water using pumps, hose and nozzles in an efficient manner. Fire flows by pumpers at significant working fires seldom exceeds an average of between 500 and 600 gpm per pumper employed. For effective fire department operations a number of other tasks must be performed simultaneously with the work of allying the desired fire flow; the effectiveness of the application of hose streams MAY DEPEND in large measure upon their successful completion. [Kimball 1969]FIREGROUND As long as all of the basic requirements of the fireground are met, it is presumptuous to say that one solution is preferable to the other without knowing the requirements of the area served and the reasons for the particular type of response. In most communities, large fires and emergencies tend to be extremely infrequent. Effective fireground operations involve two fundamentals : .1 carefully engineered equipment components, .2 personnel to deliver specified fire attack capabilities which individual items of equipment are designed to provide. The fire fighting capability depends upon a complete systems approach and not the mere massing of random forces when an emergency occurs (fire companies competing for water). SOLUTIONS WHICH ARE DIFFICULT OR NEEDLESSLY COMPLICATED SHOULD NOT BE SELECTED FOR STANDARD PROCEDURES. [Kimball 1969]FIRE INSPECTOR Fire prevention specialist and/or fire or arson investigator. [Fire Cause Determination, IFSTA 1986]

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FIRE INVESTIGATION

The process of determining the origin, cause, and development of a fire or explosion.[NFPA 921 -1992]FIRE INVESTIGATION - The thorough investigation of fires is an integral part of the fire department's commitment to public safety. Fire investigation includes two areas: fire cause determination, and investigation of criminal actions which may have contributed to a fire. [NFPA Handbook 1991]FIRE INVESTIGATION - (training) All investigators should be trained in the basics of fire scene investigation, which include adequate documentation of the scene, origin determination, and cause determination. Specific emphasis should be placed on techniques for debris removal and scene reconstruction. Although much of this knowledge can be gained by studying text materials, there is no substitute for field experience. [NFPA Handbook 1991]

FIRE PREVENTION

(methods) Fire prevention includes all fire service activity that decreases the incidence of uncontrolled fire. Usually, fire prevention methods used by the fire service focus on inspection, which includes engineering and code enforcement, public fire safety, education, and fire investigation. [NFPA Handbook 1991]

FIRE-PROTECTION RATING

...means the time in hours or fraction thereof that a closure, window assembly or glass block assembly will withstand the passage of flame when exposed to fire under specified conditions of test and performance criteria, or as otherwise prescribed in the Building Code. (Ontario Fire Code 1996)

FIRE RESISTANCE

...means the property of a material or assembly in a building to withstand fire or give protection from it and is characterized by the ability of the material or assembly to confine a fire or to continue to perform a given structural function or both. (Ontario Fire Code 1996)

FIRE-RESISTANCE RATING

...means the time in hours or fraction thereof that a material or assembly of materials will withstand the passage of flame and the transmission of heat when exposed to fire under specified conditions of test and performance criteria, or as determined by extension or interpretation of information derived therefrom as prescribed in the Building Code. (Ontario Fire Code 1996)

FIRE SCENE RECONSTRUCTION

The process of recreating the physical scene during fire scene analysis through the removal of debris and the replacement of contents or structural elements in the pre-fire positions. [NFPA 921 - 1992]

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FIRE SEPARATION

... means a construction assembly that acts as a barrier against the spread of fire and may or may not have a fire-resistance rating or a fire-protection rating. (Ontario Fire Code 1996)

FIRE SPREAD

The movement of fire from one place to another .[NFPA 921 - 1992/2001] (stands for fire propagation. See instead: Convection, Radiation, Conduction)

FIRE STOP

...means a draft-tight barrier within or between construction assemblies that acts to retard the passage of smoke and flame. (Ontario Fire Code 1996)

FIRE-STOP FLAP

...means a device intended for use in horizontal assemblies that are required to have a fire-resistance rating and incorporate protective ceiling membranes and that operates to close off a duct opening through the membrane in the event of a fire. (Ontario Fire Code 1996)

FIRE SUPPRESSION

Either extinguishment of a fire as a result of fire fighting activity, or reduction of the combustion rate to a small enough value so that the fire is under control. (A large fire, after being suppressed, could continue to smolder for days.) [Friedman 1989]

FIREWALL

...means a fire separation of noncombustible construction that subdivides a building or separates adjoining buildings to resist the spread of fire that has a fire-resistance rating as prescribed in the Building Code and that has structural stability to remain intact under fire conditions for the required fire-rated time. (Ontario Fire Code 1996)

FIRST ALARM RESPONSE

First alarm response must be sufficient to meet the basic tactical requirements which may be anticipated in the district in which the fire occurs. In general, a first alarm response of 12 to 15 officers and men with appropriate apparatus is likely to be desirable to quickly apply initial hose streams along with necessary truck work and command supervision. In all cases, not less than two pieces of suitable motorized fire apparatus should respond. The important thing is the total tactical capability provided. For example in a residential suburb, there may be a fire department entirely adequate to handle fires in residences and associated buildings of moderate hazard. This fire department has ample reserve apparatus for emergency situations and is backed up by good mutual aid arrangements TO DEAL WITH ABNORMAL FIRE PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS. IT HAS LONG BEEN RECOGNIZED THAT NO COMMUNITY CAN AFFORD TO MAINTAIN A FIRE DEPARTMENT POWERFUL ENOUGH TO HANDLE ANY FIRE SITUATION THAT MAY OCCASIONALLY ARISE. [Kimball 1969]

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FIRST-IN

Firefighters initially attacking a fire - usually the first to arrive at the fire scene.[Fire Cause Determination, IFSTA 1986]

FIRST STOREY

...means the storey with its floor closest to grade and having its ceiling more than 1.8 m above grade. (Ontario Fire Code 1996)

FLAME

The luminous portion of burning gases or vapors.[NFPA 921 - 1992]

FLAME (characteristics)

Flame height is controlled by the rate of diffusional mixing with oxygen rather than by chemical reaction rates. ...the upward flow is driven entirely by buoyancy. The height of a buoyancy-dominated turbulent diffusion flame, more often encountered in a fire, is correlated most successfully in terms of the convective heat- release rate of the flame, which is expressed in kilowatts . [Friedman 1989]

FLAME (flaming combustion)

A flame is a gaseous oxidation reaction, which occurs in a region of space much hotter than its surroundings and generally emits light. Familiar examples include the yellow flame of a candle and the blue flame on a gas burner. [Friedman 1989]

FLAME-SPREAD RATING

...means an index or classification indicating the extent of spread of flame on the surface of a material or an assembly of materials as determined in the Building Code. (Ontario Fire Code 1996)

FLAME TEMPERATURE

Most combustibles, when burned with just the stoichiometric amount of air, under conditions where no heat is lost, will produce flames at temperatures from 2100 to 2300 K, and chemical equilibrium would be achieved in such flames. In fires , however, combustion often occurs with a yellow luminous flame because of tiny, hot carbon particles that form and radiate heat energy. As much as 30-40% of the heat of combustion can be lost from such a flame because of this radiation. Consequently, the flame temperature often will be below 2000 K, and the combustion gases will become diluted with air and cooled before equilibrium can be reached. THIS PHENOMENON CAN CAUSE DANGEROUS CONCENTRATIONS OF CARBON MONOXIDE, EVEN IF AN EXCESS OF OXYGEN IS PRESENT AROUND THE FLAME. [Friedman 1989]

FLAMES (types of GASEOUS )

Flames can be categorizes as premixed flames or diffusion flames (fuel gas mixed with oxygen before or during combustion). In addition, they can be categorized as laminar or

29

turbulent flames, as well as stationary or propagating flames. Any combination is possible... ... 9.5% methane (CH4) by volume and 90.5% air, thoroughly mixed is a stoichiometric mixture, according to the equation : CH4 + 2O2 -> CO2 + 2H2O. If an ignition source, say a spark, is provided in the center, then a spherical flame will form around the spark and spread radially outward at about 3 meters per second (10 feet per second). If less than 5% or more than 15% of methane is present the mixture would be too far from stoichiometric, and no ignition would occur. For combustible mixtures with greater than 9.5% methane ("rich mixtures"), there would be insufficient oxygen to completely oxidize the CH4 to CO2 and H2O, and the products would include some CO, some H2, and, for very "rich" mixtures, some solid carbon (soot). This type of flame, whether stoichiometric or not, is a premixed flame . The contrasting type of flame is a diffusion flame . Assume that there is a cloud of methane, resulting from a sudden release of gas from a tank, surrounded by air, but mixing has not occurred yet except in a thin zone at the interface between methane and air. If an ignition source is provided at this interface, then combustion will spread rapidly over the surface of the cloud. Subsequently, the bulk of the methane within the cloud will burn more slowly, as air and methane interdiffuse. Meanwhile, the hot burning ball of gas will rise. The flame will be yellow . In summary, premixed flames burn more rapidly than diffusion flames , and the chemistry is different (blue flames versus yellow flames ). Large flames or flames burning with high velocity flows generally are turbulent . On the other hand, small flames (such as candle flames or the flame cones on a domestic gas burner) generally are laminar , i.e. the streamlines are smooth and the fluctuations are absent or negligibly small. The presence of turbulence in a flame enhances heat transfer and mixing, and can even affect the chemistry. Accordingly, rates of combustion are considerably higher in turbulent than in laminar flames. As a general rule, a diffusion flame taller than 0.3 meter (1 foot) will be turbulent , while a diffusion flame shorter than 0.1 meter (4 inches) will be laminar , unless a high velocity jet is involved. [Friedman 1989]

FLAMMABLE LIQUID

... means a liquid having a flash point below 37.8 C and having a vapour pressure not more than 275.8 kPa (absolute) at 37.8 C as determined by ASTM D 323, "Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products (Reid Method)". (Ontario Fire Code 1996)

FLASH FIRE

A fire that spreads with extreme rapidity, such as one that races over dust, over the surface of flammable liquids, or through gases.[NFPA 921 - 1992]

FLASHOVER

A stage in the development of a contained fire in which all exposed surfaces reach ignition temperatures more or less simultaneously and fire spreads rapidly throughout the space.[NFPA 921 - 1992]FLASHOVER For burning in a room, flashover is the often-sudden transition from local burning to widespread burning of all exposed combustibles. After flashover, flames might be projecting out a door or window. [Friedman 1989]

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FLASHOVER & RURAL FIRE PROTECTION

(evaluation and planning of public fire protection) To be even minimally effective in controlling a fire, the initial responding apparatus should reach the emergency scene in time to prevent "flashover " (a very rapid spreading of the fire due to the heating of room contents and other combustibles). (Fire Protection Handbook, 17th Edition, NFPA, Quincy, 1991 / NFPA Handbook 1991)

FLASH POINT

... means the minimum temperature at which a liquid within a container gives off vapour in sufficient concentration to form an ignitable mixture with air near the surface of the liquid. (Ontario Fire Code 1996)

FLOOR AREA

... means the space on any storey of a building between exterior walls and required firewalls and includes the space occupied by interior walls and partitions, but does not include exits and vertical service spaces that pierce the storey. (Ontario Fire Code 1996)

FLUE

...means an enclosed passageway for conveying flue gases. (Ontario Fire Code 1996)

FLUE PIPE

...means the pipe connecting the flue collar of an appliance to a chimney. (Ontario Fire Code 1996)

FORENSIC SCIENCE

Application of scientific procedures to the interpretation of physical events, such as those that occur at fire scenes; the art of reconstructing past events and then explaining that process and findings to investigators and triers of facts; criminalistics. [Fire Cause Determination, IFSTA 1986]

FUEL CONTROLLED FIRE

A fire in which the heat release rate and growth rate are controlled by the characteristics of the fuel, i.e., quantity and geometry. Adequate air for combustion is available.[NFPA 921 - 1992]

FUEL DISPENSING STATION

...means any premises at which flammable or combustible liquids are dispensed from fixed equipment into the fuel tank of a motor vehicle or watercraft. (Ontario Fire Code 1996)

FURNACE

... means a space-heating appliance that uses warm air as the heating medium and that usually has provision for the attachment of ducts. (Ontario Fire Code 1996)

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- G -

GAS

A state of matter in which the molecules, which are moving rapidly, are separate from one another except when undergoing collisions. See liquid and solid, the other states of matter. [Friedman 1989]GAS A state of matter in which the material has very low density and viscosity; can expand and contract greatly in response to changes in temperature and pressure; easily diffuses into other gases; readily and uniformly distributes itself throughout any container. A gas can be changed to a liquid or solid state by the combined effect of increased pressure and/or decreased temperature. HAZARDOUS MATERIALS EMERGENCY RESPONSE GLOSSARY OF STANDARDIZED TERMS, State of California's Chemical Emergency Planning and Response Commission, 1991

GAS LAWS

Physical laws describing the behavior of a gas (see States Of Matter) under various conditions of volume ( V ), pressure ( P ), and absolute, or Kelvin, Temperature ( T ). Boyle's, or Mariotte's, gas law states that under constant temperature PV = k1. Charles', or Gay-Lussac's, law states that under constant pressure V = k2T. A third law states that under constant volume P = k3T. The constants k1 , k2 , and k3 are dependent on the amount of gas present and, respectively, on the temperature, pressure, and volume of the gas. These three laws can be combined into a single law, or equation of state: PV = kT or Pv = RT. These laws are formulated for so-called ideal or perfect gases. Real gases are described more accurately by the van der Waals equation: (P + a/v2) (v - b) = RT , in which ( a ) and ( b ) are specific constants for each gas. (Hydro Cut General Terminology Resource Information)

GASES (properties of)

Gases consist of individual atoms or molecules moving at high velocities (approximately at the speed of sound, which is about 300 meters per second). At atmospheric pressure and room temperature, the atoms or molecules themselves occupy only about 0.1% of the space and the remaining 999% of the space is empty. Each atom or molecule is colliding with others and changing direction about 109 times per second. If the temperature of a gas is increased, at constant pressure, the average velocity of the atoms or molecules increases and the gas expands. [Friedman 1989]

GASOLINE

Gasoline is a light, volatile fuel oil; called petrol in Britain. A mixture of Hydrocarbons obtained in the fractional Distillation and ôcrackingö of Petroleum, it is used as a fuel for internal-combustion engines, for cooking, and as a solvent. The quality of gasoline used in engines is rated by Octane Number. To increase octane rating, lead additives were once widely used. Because of the possible health hazard of lead as an environmental pollutant and the harmful effect it has on pollution-control devices, however, a program was begun in the U.S. in the 1970s to change automobile design and gasoline composition, so that lead additives could be gradually eliminated. (Hydro Cut General Terminology Resource Information)

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GAUGE (Wire)

A series of standard sizes such as the American Wire Gauge (AWG), used to specify the diameter of wire. (Hydro Cut General Terminology Resource Information)

GELLING

A process of adding a specific material that is designed to coagulate a liquid facilitating its isolation and removal. HAZARDOUS MATERIALS EMERGENCY RESPONSE GLOSSARY OF STANDARDIZED TERMS, State of California's Chemical Emergency Planning and Response Commission, 1991

GLOWING COMBUSTION

Luminous burning of solid material without a visible flame. [NFPA 921 - 1992]GLOWING COMBUSTION A term applied to smoldering combustion when a glow is visible (radiation from a hot surface). [Friedman 1989]

GLOSSARY OF TERMS (INTRODUCTION TO)

The express purpose of the Hazardous Materials Emergency Response Glossary of Standardized Terms is to provide common and readily understandable definitions to facilitate communications and operations among hazardous materials emergency responders when dealing with hazardous materials incidents. This document is not intended as a legal or scientific reference. HAZARDOUS MATERIALS EMERGENCY RESPONSE GLOSSARY OF STANDARDIZED TERMS, State of California's Chemical Emergency Planning and Response Commission, 1991

GRADE

...means the average level of finished ground adjoining a building at all exterior walls. (Ontario Fire Code 1996)

GROUNDING

Method whereby activities which may generate static electricity will be prevented from discharging a spark and thereby not produce an ignition point. HAZARDOUS MATERIALS EMERGENCY RESPONSE GLOSSARY OF STANDARDIZED TERMS, State of California's Chemical Emergency Planning and Response Commission, 1991

GROUP

That organization level within the incident command system having responsibility for operations within a specific functional area, i.e. salvage, ventilation, haz-mat. (NIIMS) HAZARDOUS MATERIALS EMERGENCY RESPONSE GLOSSARY OF STANDARDIZED TERMS, State of California's Chemical Emergency Planning and Response Commission, 1991

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GROWTH OF A FIRE

However, it must be said that chemistry is not the whole story. Two other key factors must be considered : heat transfer and fluid mechanics. The radiative, convective, and conductive transfer of heat from the flame and the hot fire products to the burning and the not-yet burning combustibles are vital in governing the growth of a fire. The buoyant rise of hot gases, drawing fresh air into the fire, the mixing of the fire gases with ambient air, and the motion of the fire products through a building, usually with layering, are important aspects of fires. Heat transfer and fluid mechanics are interrelated because the motion of a hot gas affects the rate of heat transfer from a gas to the surroundings, and the temperature of a gas affects its buoyancy, which induces its motion. [Friedman 1989]

- H -

HALOGEN

Any of the elements fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, or astatine. [Friedman 1989]HALOGEN Any of the five chemical elements in group VIIa of the Periodic Table. Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine, and the radioactive Astatine are nonmetallic, monovalent negative ions and exist in pure form as diatomic molecules. The first four elements exhibit an almost perfect gradation of physical properties. Fluorine is the least dense and chemically the most active, displacing other halogens from their compounds and oxygen from water. Iodine is the least active. The halogens form numerous compounds with each other, and with other elements, such as hydrogen halides, metal halides (Salts), and halocarbons. (Hydro Cut General Terminology Resource Information)

HALOGENS

A chemical family that includes fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine. HAZARDOUS MATERIALS EMERGENCY RESPONSE GLOSSARY OF STANDARDIZED TERMS, State of California's Chemical Emergency Planning and Response Commission, 1991

HALONS

Various synthetic chemicals, the molecules of which consist of combinations of carbon, fluorine, chlorine, and bromine. [Friedman 1989]

HAZARD

Any situation that has the potential for causing damage to life, property, and/or the environment. HAZARDOUS MATERIALS EMERGENCY RESPONSE GLOSSARY OF STANDARDIZED TERMS, State of California's Chemical Emergency Planning and Response Commission, 1991

HAZARD ASSESSMENT

A process used to qualitatively or quantitatively assess risk factors to determine incident operations. HAZARDOUS MATERIALS EMERGENCY RESPONSE GLOSSARY OF STANDARDIZED TERMS, State of California's Chemical Emergency Planning and Response Commission, 1991

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HAZARD CLASS

The eight classes of hazardous materials as categorized and defined by the Department of Transportation in 49 CFR. HAZARDOUS MATERIALS EMERGENCY RESPONSE GLOSSARY OF STANDARDIZED TERMS, State of California's Chemical Emergency Planning and Response Commission, 1991

HAZARDOUS CHEMICAL

A term used by the United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) to denote any chemical that would be a risk to employees if exposed in the workplace. The list of hazardous chemicals is found in 29 CFR. HAZARDOUS MATERIALS EMERGENCY RESPONSE GLOSSARY OF STANDARDIZED TERMS, State of California's Chemical Emergency Planning and Response Commission, 1991

HAZARDOUS LOCATION

...means a location that is or may become subject to conditions conducive to the rapid development of fire or explosion. (Ontario Fire Code 1996)

HAZMAT

…dangerous goods (STANDARDIZED), dangerous material, hazardous material, dangerous commodities (STANDARDIZED), dangerous articles (STANDARDIZED), hazardous commodities (STANDARDIZED), hazardous goods, hazardous products, hazardous materiel, HAZMAT (CORRECT)Those substances classified as dangerous by the United Nations Committee of experts on the transport of dangerous goods or by the competent authority .... Explosive, toxic, caustic, nuclear, combustible, or flammable, biological, infectious, or poisonous materials that may, directly or indirectly, endanger human life or property, particularly if mishandled, misused or involved in accidents. ... the nine classifications of hazardous material [are:] ... Explosives ... Flammable and Non-Flammable ... Compressed Gas ... Flammable Liquids and Solids ... Oxidizers/Organic Peroxides ... Poison and Infectious Substances ... Radioactive ... Corrosives ... Miscellaneous. The terms "hazardous commodities" and "dangerous articles" are standardized by the Canadian General Standards Board; the term "dangerous goods" is standardized by ISO and is used in the Canadian "Transportation of Dangerous Goods Act", chapter 36. The spelling "materiel" with an "e" is reserved for military equipment. dangerous goods: Term and definition standardized by ICAO. (Source : Termium 1996)

HAZARDOUS MATERIAL

A substance (solid, liquid, or gas) capable of posing an unreasonable risk to health, safety, environment or property. HAZARDOUS MATERIALS EMERGENCY RESPONSE GLOSSARY OF STANDARDIZED TERMS, State of California's Chemical Emergency Planning and Response Commission, 1991

HAZARDOUS MATERIALS RESPONSE TEAM (HMRT)

An organized group of employees, designated by the employer, who are expected to perform work to handle and control actual or potential leaks or spills of hazardous

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substances requiring possible close approach to the substance. A Haz-Mat Team may be a separate component of a fire brigade or a fire department or other appropriately trained and equipped units from public or private agencies. HAZARDOUS MATERIALS EMERGENCY RESPONSE GLOSSARY OF STANDARDIZED TERMS, State of California's Chemical Emergency Planning and Response Commission, 1991

HAZARDOUS MATERIALS RESPONSE TEAM - TECHNICIAN LEVEL

Shall consist of an organized group of employees, designated by the employer in compliance with 8 CCR 5192(q)(6), trained to function at the hazardous materials incident at the Technician Level in accordance with NFPA 472, Chapter 3 (1990). Additionally, personnel on the team shall be capable of the following:1). The ability to carry out the duties of these positions as identified in FIRESCOPE ICS-HM-120.a. Group Supervisorb. Entry Leaderc. Hazardous Material Safety Officerd. Site Access Control Officere. Decontamination Leaderf. Technical Specialist-Hazardous Material(Multiple positions can be handled by one person dependent upon the complexity and/or severity of the incident.)2). Members shall be assigned positions in accordance with 8 CCR 5192 appropriately trained to include but not be limited to entry with splash protective clothing.a. Entry Team: 2b. Backup Team 2Reference: HAZARDOUS MATERIALS EMERGENCY RESPONSE GLOSSARY OF STANDARDIZED TERMS, State of California's Chemical Emergency Planning and Response Commission, 1991

HAZARDOUS MATERIALS RESPONSE TEAM - SPECIALIST LEVEL

Shall consist of an organized group of employees, designated by the employer in compliance with 8 CCR 5192(q)(6), trained to function at the hazardous materials incident at the Specialist Level in accordance with NFPA Standard 472, Chapter 4 (1990). Additionally, personnel on the team shall be capable of the following:1). The ability to carry out the duties of these positions as identified in FIRESCOPE ICS-HM-120a. Group Leaderb. Entry Team Leaderc. Hazardous Material Safety Officerd. Site Access Control Officer

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e. Decontamination Leaderf. Technical Specialist-Hazardous MaterialReference(Multiple positions can be handled by one person dependent upon the complexity and/or severity of the incident.)2). Members shall be assigned positions in accordance with 8 CCR 5192 appropriately trained for entry with vapor protective clothing.a. Entry Team: 2b. Backup Team: 2HAZARDOUS MATERIALS EMERGENCY RESPONSE GLOSSARY OF STANDARDIZED TERMS, State of California's Chemical Emergency Planning and Response Commission, 1991

HAZARDOUS MATERIALS RESPONSE TEAM - SPECIALTY

Shall consist of an organized group of employees, designated by the employer in compliance with 8 CCR 5192(q)(6), who are trained in the hazards of specific hazardous substances, and/or specific techniques or support services, and/or the provision of specialized technical advice and assistance in compliance with 8 CCR 5192(q)(5). The Team shall be capable, either within their own team or in agreement with a Hazardous Materials Response Team on scene, of the following:1). The ability to carry out the duties of these positions as identified in Firescope ICS-HM-120.a. Group Supervisorb. Entry Team Leaderc. Hazardous Material Safety Officerd. Site Access Control Officere. Decontamination Leaderf. Technical Specialist-Hazardous MaterialReference(Multiple positions can be handled by one person dependent upon the complexity and/or severity of the incident.)2). Members shall be assigned positions in accordance with 8 CCR 5192 appropriately trained to include but not be limited to entry with splash protection.a. Entry team: 2b. Backup team: 2HAZARDOUS MATERIALS EMERGENCY RESPONSE GLOSSARY OF STANDARDIZED TERMS, State of California's Chemical Emergency Planning and Response Commission, 1991

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HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE

Hazardous Substance, as used by the California Department of Toxic Substances Control, encompasses every chemical regulated by both the Department of Transportation (hazardous materials) and the Environmental Protection Agency (hazardous waste), including emergency response. (8 CCR 5192) HAZARDOUS MATERIALS EMERGENCY RESPONSE GLOSSARY OF STANDARDIZED TERMS, State of California's Chemical Emergency Planning and Response Commission, 1991

HAZARDOUS WASTE

1) Waste materials or mixtures of waste which require special handling and disposal because of their potential to damage health and/or the environment.2) The Environmental Protection Agency uses the term hazardous waste for chemicals that are regulated under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act and are listed in 40 CFR 261.33 (d). Environmental Protection Agency or California Department of Toxic Substances Control regulated hazardous waste, when in transport, must also meet 49 CFR parts 170 through 179. California's list of hazardous waste is more inclusive than EPA's. HAZARDOUS MATERIALS EMERGENCY RESPONSE GLOSSARY OF STANDARDIZED TERMS, State of California's Chemical Emergency Planning and Response Commission, 1991

HAZARDOUS WASTE GENERATION

The act or process of producing hazardous waste. HAZARDOUS MATERIALS EMERGENCY RESPONSE GLOSSARY OF STANDARDIZED TERMS, State of California's Chemical Emergency Planning and Response Commission, 1991

HAZARDOUS WASTE LANDFILL

An excavated or engineered area on which hazardous waste is deposited and covered. Proper protection of the environment from the materials to be deposited in such a landfill requires careful site selection, good design, proper operation, leachate collection and treatment, and thorough final closure. HAZARDOUS MATERIALS EMERGENCY RESPONSE GLOSSARY OF STANDARDIZED TERMS, State of California's Chemical Emergency Planning and Response Commission, 1991

HAZARDOUS WASTE LEACHATE

Any liquid that has percolated through or drained from hazardous waste emplaced in or on the ground. HAZARDOUS MATERIALS EMERGENCY RESPONSE GLOSSARY OF STANDARDIZED TERMS, State of California's Chemical Emergency Planning and Response Commission, 1991

HAZARDOUS WASTE MANIFEST, UNIFORM (EPA USAGE)

The shipping document, originated and signed by the waste generator or an authorized representative, that contains the information required by law and must accompany shipments of hazardous waste. (40 CFR 262, Subpart B) HAZARDOUS MATERIALS EMERGENCY RESPONSE GLOSSARY OF STANDARDIZED TERMS, State of California's Chemical Emergency Planning and Response Commission, 1991

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HAZARDOUS WASTE SITE

A location where hazardous wastes are located. HAZARDOUS MATERIALS EMERGENCY RESPONSE GLOSSARY OF STANDARDIZED TERMS, State of California's Chemical Emergency Planning and Response Commission, 1991

HEAT

The internal Energy of a substance, associated with the positions and motions of its component molecules, atoms, and ions. The average kinetic energy of the molecules or atoms, which is due to their motions, is measured by the Temperature of the substance; the potential energy is associated with the state, or phase, of the substance ( States Of Matter). Heat energy is commonly expressed in Calories, British Thermal Units (BTU), or Joules, ( Work). Heat may be transferred from one substance to another by three means: Conduction, Convection, and Radiation. Also Heat Capacity; Specific Heat; Thermodynamics. Originally an abbreviation for "high explosive antitank." A term used to designate high explosive ammunition containing a shaped charge. High-Explosive Antitank Shell. (Hydro Cut General Terminology Resource Information)

HEAT CAPACITY

Heat capacity or thermal capacity, ratio of the change in Heat energy of a unit mass of a substance to the change in Temperature of the substance. The heat capacity is a characteristic of a substance; it is often expressed in Calories per gram per degree Celsius or British Thermal Units per pound per degree Fahrenheit. Also Specific Heat. (Hydro Cut General Terminology Resource Information)

HEAT DETECTOR

...means a fire detector designed to operate at a predetermined temperature or rate of temperature rise. (Ontario Fire Code 1996)

HEATING OIL (No.2)

Fires involving liquids in the form of sprays or thin films are different because the fire point temperature is no longer a relevant measure of flammability. A pool of domestic fuel oil (No.2) at 20C (68F) cannot be ignited with a match (unless a wick is present), but the same oil, in the form of a spray, mist, or thin film, can be ignited easily. [Friedman 1989]

HEAT OF COMBUSTION

It has been determined (Hugget, 1980) that if the heat of combustion of a substance is expressed as kilojoules per gram of the air required by the principles of combining proportions, then the heat of combustion is nearly the same for most combustible substances. The value is 3 kilojoules per gram of air required. [Friedman 1989]HEAT OF COMBUSTION Heat evolved in the complete oxidation of a substance under standard conditions of pressure and temperature. (Hydro Cut General Terminology Resource Information)

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HEAT OF EXPLOSION

Heat evolved in burning (exploding) a sample in a combustion bomb in an inert atmosphere under standard conditions of pressure and temperature. Products of explosion vary with the oxygen balance of the sample. (Hydro Cut General Terminology Resource Information)

HEAT OF FORMATION

Heat evolved, or absorbed, when a compound is formed by combination of its elements. (Hydro Cut General Terminology Resource Information)

HEAT OF FUSION

(see Heat of Vaporization) When a solid melts, an energy change is involved and heat must be added to the solid to convert it to a liquid. For example, 334 joules of heat energy must be added to 1 gram of ice at 0C to convert it to liquid water at 0C. This energy is called the heat of fusion. [Friedman 1989]

HEAT OF REACTION

Heat evolved when a sample is burned in a combustion bomb in an atmosphere of helium or other inert gas. (Hydro Cut General Terminology Resource Information)

HEAT OF VAPORIZATION

(see Heat of Fusion) To convert liquid water at 100C to water vapor at 100C, a heat of vaporization must be supplied. For water, this is 2257 joules per gram at 100C. The heat of vaporization of hexane ("mineral spirits") is only 342 joules per gram, and this explains why hexane evaporates much more readily than water. [Friedman 1989]

HEAVY METAL

A high density metallic element that may demonstrate health hazards as a result of exposure and may contribute to contamination of the environment. This includes chromium (Cr), beryllium (Be), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd) and others. HAZARDOUS MATERIALS EMERGENCY RESPONSE GLOSSARY OF STANDARDIZED TERMS, State of California's Chemical Emergency Planning and Response Commission, 1991

HEAVY TIMBER CONSTRUCTION

...means that type of combustible construction in which a degree of fire safety is attained by placing limitations on the sizes of wood structural members and on thickness and composition of wood floors and roofs, by avoidance of concealed spaces under floors and roofs and by use of approved fastenings, construction details and adhesives for structural members. (Ontario Fire Code 1996)

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HEMOGLOBIN

A molecule in the blood that carries oxygen from the lungs to cells throughout the body. A typical formula is [C738H1166O208N203S2Fe]4. [Friedman 1989]

HENDIADYS

/ use of two words connected by a conjunction, instead of subordinating one to the other, to express a single complex idea.*It sure is nice and cool today! (for "pleasantly cool")*I love the Lord, because he hath heard my voice and my supplications. Psalms 116 (A Glossary of Rhetorical Terms with Examples, Ross Scaife)

HIGH HAZARD INDUSTRIAL OCCUPANCY (Group 'F' Division 1)

...means an industrial occupancy that contains sufficient quantities of highly combustible and flammable or explosive materials that, because of their inherent characteristics, constitute a special fire hazard. (Ontario Fire Code 1996)

HOMOLOGOUS SERIES [Diesel Fuel, Fuel Oil, Gasoline, Kerosene (#1 Fuel Oil)]

A series of similar organic compounds, differing only in that the next higher member of the series has an additional CH2 group (one carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms) in its molecular structure. Fuel oils are characterized by the presence of an identifiable homologous series of normal alkanes.Diesel FuelDiesel Fuel consists mostly of hydrocarbons ranging from C10 to C24. The composition of diesel fuel may vary with changes in latitude or changes in season. This variability is provided by the refinery to control the volatility of the product. In order to be identified as diesel fuel, a sample extract must exhibit a homologous series of five or more consecutive normal alkanes ranging from C12 through C22. Diesel fuel has a flash point of 120 to 160 F and explosive limits of 0.7% to 5%. Many states specify a minimum flash point for diesel fuel.Fuel OilA heavy petroleum distillate ranging from #1 (kerosene or range oil), #2 (diesel fuel), up through #6 (heavy bunker fuels). To be identified as fuel oil, a sample must exhibit a homologous series of normal alkanes ranging from C9 upward.GasolineA mixture more than 200 volatile hydrocarbons in the range of C4 to C12 , suitable for use in spark ignited internal combustion engine. Regular automotive gasoline has a flash point of -40 F.Kerosene (#1 Fuel Oil)Flash point generally between 100 and 150 degrees F. Explosive limits of 0.7% to 5.0%. Kerosene consists mostly of C9 through C17 hydrocarbons. In order to be identified as kerosene, a sample extract must exhibit a homologous series five consecutive normal alkanes between C9 and C17. Kerosene is the most common 'incidental' accelerant, as it

41

is used in numerous household products ranging from charcoal lighter fluid to lamp oil to paint thinner to insecticide carriers. It is also used as jet fuel. K-1 kerosene has a low sulfur content required for use in portable space heaters.Source : GLOSSARY OF TERMS RELATED TO CHEMICAL AND INSTRUMENTAL ANALYSIS OF FIRE DEBRIS, Prepared by the IAAI Forensic Science Committee http://www.aurorafire.gov/iaai.htm

HOSE (extension)

Where hose must be extended by hand up! stairways, over ladders or for some distance across properties, four men other than the pump operator are recommended. [Kimball 1969]

HOT TAPPING

A sophisticated method of welding on and the cutting of holes through liquid, compressed gas vessels, and piping for the purpose of relieving pressure and/or removing product. HAZARDOUS MATERIALS EMERGENCY RESPONSE GLOSSARY OF STANDARDIZED TERMS, State of California's Chemical Emergency Planning and Response Commission, 1991

HOT ZONE

An area immediately surrounding a hazardous materials incident, which extends far enough to prevent adverse effects from hazardous materials releases to personnel outside the zone. This zone is also referred to as the "exclusion zone", the "red zone", and the "restricted zone" in other documents. (NFPA 472, 1-3) HAZARDOUS MATERIALS EMERGENCY RESPONSE GLOSSARY OF STANDARDIZED TERMS, State of California's Chemical Emergency Planning and Response Commission, 1991

HYDRANT

Another too frequent cause of poor performance is the failure to connect pumpers to hydrants with hose capable of carrying the desired volume of water. Pumpers can utilize all the water available at a single hydrant provided that the proper supply connections have been made. Available flows from hydrants are calculated on the basis of 20 psi residual pressure. In most cases, a short length of supply hose of not less than 4-inch diameter should be connected to the large pumper outlet on the hydrant. For efficient pump operation and to avoid the possibility of damage due to cavitation, a residual pressure of at least 10 psi on the suction side of the pump is desirable. [Kimball 1969]

HYDROCARBON

A hydrocarbon is any organic compound composed solely of Carbon and Hydrogen. Hydrocarbons include aliphatic compounds, in which the carbon atoms form a chain, and Aromatic Compounds, in which the carbon atoms form stable rings. The aliphatic group is divided into alkanes (e.g., Methane and Propane), alkenes, and alkynes (e.g., Acetylene), depending on whether the molecules of the compounds contain, respectively, only single bonds, one or more carbon-carbon double bonds, or one or more carbon-carbon triple bonds. Petroleum distillation yields useful fractions that are hydrocarbon mixtures, e.g.

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http://www.aurorafire.gov/iaai.htm

Natural Gas, Gasoline, Kerosene, home heating oil, lubricating oils, Paraffin, and asphalt. Coal Tar is also a source of hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbon derivatives contain additional elements, e.g., oxygen, and include Alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, and halocarbons. (Hydro Cut General Terminology Resource Information)HYDROCARBON A hydrocarbon is any organic compound composed solely of Carbon and Hydrogen. Hydrocarbons include aliphatic compounds, in which the carbon atoms form a chain, and Aromatic Compounds, in which the carbon atoms form stable rings. The aliphatic group is divided into alkanes (e.g., Methane and Propane), alkenes, and alkynes (e.g., Acetylene), depending on whether the molecules of the compounds contain, respectively, only single bonds, one or more carbon-carbon double bonds, or one or more carbon-carbon triple bonds. Petroleum distillation yields useful fractions that are hydrocarbon mixtures, e.g. Natural Gas, Gasoline, Kerosene, home heating oil, lubricating oils, Paraffin, and asphalt. Coal Tar is also a source of hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbon derivatives contain additional elements, e.g., oxygen, and include Alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, and halocarbons. (Hydro Cut General Terminology Resource Information)

HYDROGEN

Hydrogen (H) is a gaseous element, discovered by Henry Cavendish in 1766. The first element on the Periodic Table, hydrogen is colorless, odorless, tasteless, slightly soluble in water, and highly explosive. The hot flame produced by a mixture of oxygen and hydrogen is used in welding, and in melting quartz and glass. Normal hydrogen is diatomic (Allotropy). The most abundant element in the universe, hydrogen is the major fuel in fusion reactions of the Sun and other Stars. Atmospheric hydrogen has three isotopes: protium (nucleus: one proton), the most common; deuterium, or heavy hydrogen (nucleus: one proton and one neutron), used in particle accelerators and as a tracer for studying chemical-reaction mechanisms; and tritium (nucleus: one proton and two neutrons), a radioactive gas used in the hydrogen bomb, in luminous paints, and as a tracer. Hydrogen's principal use is in the synthesis of Ammonia; liquid hydrogen has been greatly used as a rocket fuel, in conjunction with oxygen or fluorine. Deuterium oxide, or heavy water, is used as a moderator in nuclear reactors. Element. (Hydro Cut General Terminology Resource Information)

HYGROSCOPIC

A substance that has the property of absorbing moisture from the air, such as silica gel. HAZARDOUS MATERIALS EMERGENCY RESPONSE GLOSSARY OF STANDARDIZED TERMS, State of California's Chemical Emergency Planning and Response Commission, 1991

HYPALLAGE

/ ("exchanging") transferred epithet; grammatical agreement of a word with another word which it does not logically qualify. More common in poetry. (A Glossary of Rhetorical Terms with Examples, Ross Scaife)

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HYPERBATON

/ separation of words which belong together, often to emphasize the first of the separated words or to create a certain image. (A Glossary of Rhetorical Terms with Examples, Ross Scaife)

HYPERBOLE

/ exaggeration for emphasis or for rhetorical effect.*My vegetable love should grow Vaster than empires, and more slow; An hundred years should got to praise Thine eyes and on thine forehead gaze; Two hundred to adore each breast, But thirty thousand to the rest. Andrew Marvell, "To His Coy Mistress" (A Glossary of Rhetorical Terms with Examples, Ross Scaife)

HYPERGOLIC

Two chemical substances that spontaneously ignite upon mixing. HAZARDOUS MATERIALS EMERGENCY RESPONSE GLOSSARY OF STANDARDIZED TERMS, State of California's Chemical Emergency Planning and Response Commission, 1991

HYSTERON PROTERON

/ ("later-earlier") inversion of the natural sequence of events, often meant to stress the event which, though later in time, is considered the more important.*Put on your shoes and socks! (A Glossary of Rhetorical Terms with Examples, Ross Scaife)

- I -

IGNITABLE MATERIAL

Any material having, as a liquid, a flash point less than 140o F or, if not a liquid, is capable of causing fire through friction, absorption of moisture or spontaneous chemical changes. HAZARDOUS MATERIALS EMERGENCY RESPONSE GLOSSARY OF STANDARDIZED TERMS, State of California's Chemical Emergency Planning and Response Commission, 1991

IGNITION

The onset of combustion. [Friedman 1989]

IGNITION TEMPERATURE

Minimum surface temperature a substance must attain in order to ignite under specific TEST CONDITIONS. ... The ignition temperature determined in a standard test is normally lower than the ignition temperature in an actual fire scenario. [NFPA 921 - 1992]

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IGNITION TEMPERATURE

The minimum temperature at which a material will ignite without a spark or flame being present. This is also the temperature the ignition source must be. HAZARDOUS MATERIALS EMERGENCY RESPONSE GLOSSARY OF STANDARDIZED TERMS, State of California's Chemical Emergency Planning and Response Commission, 1991

IMMEDIATELY DANGEROUS TO LIFE OR HEALTH (IDLH)

An atmospheric concentration of any toxic, corrosive or asphyxiant substance that poses an immediate threat to life or would cause irreversible or delayed adverse health effects or would interfere with an individual's ability to escape from a dangerous atmosphere. (8 CCR 5192(a)3) HAZARDOUS MATERIALS EMERGENCY RESPONSE GLOSSARY OF STANDARDIZED TERMS, State of California's Chemical Emergency Planning and Response Commission, 1991

IMPEDED EGRESS ZONE

...means a supervised area in which occupants have free movement but require the release, by security personnel, of security doors at the boundary before they are able to leave the area, but does not include a contained use area. (Ontario Fire Code 1996)

IMPLOSION

The opposite of explosion; an inward burst of particles, fragments, etc., due to reduced pressure. (Hydro Cut General Terminology Resource Information)

INCENDIARY

1) Chemical agent used primarily for igniting combustible substances with which it is in contact by generating sufficient heat to cause ignition.2) Filling for incendiary munitions such as shells, bombs, grenades and flame throwers. (Hydro Cut General Terminology Resource Information)

INCIDENT

An event involving a hazardous material or a release or potential release of a hazardous material. HAZARDOUS MATERIALS EMERGENCY RESPONSE GLOSSARY OF STANDARDIZED TERMS, State of California's Chemical Emergency Planning and Response Commission, 1991

INCIDENT ACTION PLAN

A plan which is initially prepared at the first meeting of emergency personnel who have responded to an incident. The Incident Action Plan contains general control objectives reflecting overall incident strategy and specific action plans. HAZARDOUS MATERIALS EMERGENCY RESPONSE GLOSSARY OF STANDARDIZED TERMS, State of California's Chemical Emergency Planning and Response Commission, 1991

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INCIDENT COMMAND

A disciplined method of management established for the specific purpose of control and direction of resources and personnel. HAZARDOUS MATERIALS EMERGENCY RESPONSE GLOSSARY OF STANDARDIZED TERMS, State of California's Chemical Emergency Planning and Response Commission, 1991

INCIDENT COMMANDER (I.C.)/SCENE MANAGER (S.M.)

The person responsible for all decisions relating to the management of the incident. HAZARDOUS MATERIALS EMERGENCY RESPONSE GLOSSARY OF STANDARDIZED TERMS, State of California's Chemical Emergency Planning and Response Commission, 1991

INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM (ICS)

An organized system of roles, responsibilities, and standard operating procedures used to manage and direct emergency operations. HAZARDOUS MATERIALS EMERGENCY RESPONSE GLOSSARY OF STANDARDIZED TERMS, State of California's Chemical Emergency Planning and Response Commission, 1991

INDIVIDUAL STORAGE AREA

...means the area occupied by piles, bin boxes, racks or shelves, including subsidiary aisles providing access to the stored products, which is separated from the adjacent storage by aisles not less than 2.4 m in width. (Ontario Fire Code 1996)

INDUSTRIAL OCCUPANCY (Group 'F')

...means the occupancy or use of a building or part thereof for assembling, fabricating, manufacturing, processing, repairing or storing of goods and materials. (Ontario Fire Code 1996)

INERT

Descriptive of condition of a device that contains no explosive, pyrotechnic or chemical agent. (Hydro Cut General Terminology Resource Information)

INERT GAS

Inert gas or noble gas, any of the elements in group 0 of the Periodic Table. In order of increasing atomic number, they are Helium, Neon, Argon, Krypton, Xenon, and Radon . Sometimes called the rare gases (although argon makes up 1% of the atmosphere), they are colorless, odorless, and tasteless. Inert gases have very low chemical activity because their outermost, or valence, electron is complete, containing two electrons in the case of helium and eight in the remaining cases. (Hydro Cut General Terminology Resource Information)

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INERTIA

Inertia, in physics, the resistance of a body to any alteration in its state of Motion, i.e., the resistance of a body at rest to being set in motion or of a body in motion to any change of speed or direction of motion. Mass. (Hydro Cut General Terminology Resource Information)

INFRARED RADIATION

Infrared radiation is Electromagnetic Radiation having a wavelength in the range of 750 to 1,000,000 nanometers, thus occupying that part of the electromagnetic spectrum with a frequency less than that of red visible Light and greater than that of Microwaves. Infrared radiation is thermal, or heat, radiation, and is produced by any body having a temperature above absolute zero. It has many of the same properties as visible light, such as being reflected or refracted. (Hydro Cut General Terminology Resource Information)

INITIAL FIRE ATTACK

Except in the largest fire departments, it is not expected that the on-duty force will be adequate to apply the maximum fire flow that may be needed. Normally, beyond a certain capability for initial attack, use of off-duty personnel and response from neighboring fire departments will be required to apply peak fire flows. The ability to hold fires in check until adequate forces can be mobilized often is a critical factor in the extent of the loss. In practically all instances, the prudent minimum initial attack capability on initial response should be sufficient men and equipment to promptly apply a hose stream capacity of 400 to 500 gpm as outlined in NFPA Standard No. 197 "Training for Initial Fire Attack" For operations from more than one position, at least twice as great initial response may be desirable to quickly apply hand lines with a total capacity of 1000 gpm. [Kimball 1969]

INITIAL INCIDENT REPORT

The initial incident report is not intended to be the complete fire record nor to serve as a guide for developing the ignition sequence or the various details pointing to those factors causing or contributing to the ignition or extension of the fire. in addition, it is not intended to provide all of the known fire incident information supportive to a continuing or in-depth investigation. It should also be noted that since the initial report is not intended as a final or complete report, the ignition sequence information reported should only be considered as most probable based on information available to the reporting officer at the time. Any information which later investigation shows to be inaccurate should be corrected on the appropriate reports. [NFPA 901-1981]

INSPECT

Examine for a deviation. (Benner 1997)INSPECT ...means physical examination to determine that the device or system will apparently perform in accordance with its intended function. (Ontario Fire Code 1996)

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INSPECTIONS (fire prevention)

Fire prevention inspections are conducted by state or local fire department personnel in compliance with laws and ordinances which usually require specific fire inspections. Occupancies normally inspected include places of public assembly, educational, institutional, residential (except the interior of dwellings), mercantile, business, industrial, manufacturing, storage, and special-hazards structures. In addition to such mandatory inspections, the fire department may also conduct voluntary fire inspections, such as home fire safety surveys. [NFPA Handbook 1991]

INSTITUTIONAL OCCUPANCY (Group 'B')

...means the occupancy or use of a building or part thereof by persons who require supervisory care, medical care or medical treatment or by persons who are under restraint for correctional purposes and are incapable of self preservation because of security measures not under their control. (Ontario Fire Code 1996)

INTERNATIONAL AIR TRANSPORT ASSOCIATION (IATA)

An association of air carriers which develop guidelines for transportation of cargo. HAZARDOUS MATERIALS EMERGENCY RESPONSE GLOSSARY OF STANDARDIZED TERMS, State of California's Chemical Emergency Planning and Response Commission, 1991

INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANIZATION (ICAO)

Develops the principles and techniques of international air navigation and fosters the planning and development of international air transport so as to insure safe and orderly growth. HAZARDOUS MATERIALS EMERGENCY RESPONSE GLOSSARY OF STANDARDIZED TERMS, State of California's Chemical Emergency Planning and Response Commission, 1991

INTUMESCENT COATING

A protective chemical coating, which, when heated, internally generates gases and expands, resulting in a thermally insulating crust that contains cavities. [Friedman 1989]

INVESTIGATE (to)

To observe and inquire into what happened; examine systematically. (Benner 1997)

INVESTIGATING ACCIDENTS

... the reporting and investigation of accidents and dangerous occurrences; (Source: Termium 1994)

INVESTIGATION

A process conducted for the purpose of accident prevention which includes the gathering and analysis of information, the drawing of conclusions, including the determination of

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cause(s) and, when appropriate, the making of safety recommendations. Term and definition standardized by ICAO. (Source: Termium 1994)

INVESTIGATION QUALITY CONTROLS

Traditional investigations lack objective quality control procedures for either the investigation work products or the investigation process itself. Quality of work products is controlled primarily by one of several variations of the peer review procedures, and validity is decided by power of persuasion in what is essentially an adversarial process. A second general approach is the "fly-fix-fly" approach, where conclusions are tested by repeating the experiment or occurrence or simulating it, and determining from the outcome if the investigation findings "reproduced" the occurrence. Quality control of the investigation process is similarly determined. In the absence of objective quality control criteria, and procedures to apply those criteria, consistent investigation performance and outputs should not be expected. The multilinear events sequence-based (MES-based) investigation process provides new opportunities for controlling the quality of the INVESTIGATION and its WORK PRODUCTS, including the description and explanation of what happened, recommendations flowing from the investigation, investigation reports, and effectiveness of the control actions implemented. The primary quality control vehicles are the MES-based Worksheet and work products developed from that worksheet. These Investigation Quality Control (IQC) procedures constitute an essential element of the MES-based investigation process, and provide a way to check reports resulting from other methods. (Ludwig Benner, MES Guide 10, GUIDANCE FOR PERFORMING INVESTIGATION QUALITY CONTROL TASKS, 1998)

IRONY

/ expression of something which is contrary to the intended meaning; the words say one thing but mean another.*Yet Brutus says he was ambitious; And Brutus is an honourable man. Shakespeare, Julius Caesar (A Glossary of Rhetorical Terms with Examples, Ross Scaife)

- J -

JOIST

Wooden, steel, or reinforced concrete beam placed to support a floor or ceiling in a structure.[Fire Cause Determination, IFSTA 1986]

- K -

- L -

LAMINAR FLOW

Fluid flow in the absence of turbulence. Also called streamline flow. [Friedman 1989]

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LEAN MIXTURE

A fuel-air mixture containing more air than required to fully oxidize the fuel molecules (as contrasted with a rich mixture or a stoichiometric mixture). [Friedman 1989]

LIQUID

A state of matter in which the molecules are in contact with one another but can move freely among one another. [Friedman 1989]

LISTED

...means equipment or materials included in a list published by a certification organization accredited by the Standards Council of Canada. (Ontario Fire Code 1996)

LITOTES

/ understatement, for intensification, by denying the contrary of the thing being affirmed. (Sometimes used synonymously with meiosis.)*A few unannounced quizzes are not inconceivable.*War is not healthy for children and other living things.*One nuclear bomb can ruin your whole day. (meiosis) (A Glossary of Rhetorical Terms with Examples, Ross Scaife)

LNG

Liquified natural gas (primarily methane). [Friedman 1989]

LOW PRESSURE STORAGE TANK

... means a storage tank designed to operate at pressures greater than 3.5 kPa (gauge) to 100 kPa (gauge). (Ontario Fire Code 1996)

LOWER EXPLOSIVE LIMIT

...means the minimum concentration of vapour in air at which the propagation of flame occurs on contact with a source of ignition. (Ontario Fire Code 1996)

LPG

Liquefied petroleum gas (primarily propane and butane). [Friedman 1989]

- M -

MAGNESIUM

Magnesium (Mg) is a metallic element, discovered as an oxide by Sir Humphrey Davy in 1808. A ductile, silver-white, chemically active Alkaline-Earth Metal, it is the eighth most abundant element in the earth's crust. Its commercial uses include lightweight alloys in aircraft fuselages, jet-engine parts, rockets and missiles, cameras, and optical

50

instruments. The metal is used in pyrotechnics. Magnesium is found in plant chlorophyll and is necessary in the diet of animals and humans . (Hydro Cut General Terminology & Resource Information)

MAJOR OCCUPANCY

...means the principal occupancy for which a building or part thereof is used or intended to be used, and includes the subsidiary occupancies that are an integral part of the principal occupancy. (Ontario Fire Code 1996)

MANHATTAN PROJECT

The Manhattan Project was the wartime effort to design and build the first nuclear weapons (Atomic Bomb). A $2-billion effort, centered at Oak Ridge, Tenn., and Hanford, Wash., was required to obtain sufficient amounts of the two necessary isotopes, uranium-235 and plutonium-239. The design and building of the bombs took place at Los Alamos, N.Mex., where J. Robert Oppenheimer directed a large group of American and European-refugee scientists. Following the test explosion of a plutonium device on July 16, 1945, near Alamogordo, N.Mex., a uranium bomb and a plutonium bomb were dropped on, respectively, Hiroshima (Aug. 6) and Nagasaki (Aug. 9) . (Hydro Cut General Terminology & Resource Information)

MANIFEST, UNIFORM HAZARDOUS WASTE

A document required by 40 CFR 262 to accompany any shipment of hazardous waste from the point of generation to the point of final disposal/destruction. (See Shipping Papers, and Hazardous Waste Manifest, Uniform (EPA).) HAZARDOUS MATERIALS EMERGENCY RESPONSE GLOSSARY OF STANDARDIZED TERMS, State of California's Chemical Emergency Planning and Response Commission, 1991

MARKING

The required descriptive name, instructions, cautions, weight, or specifications or combination thereof on containers of hazardous materials/hazardous waste . HAZARDOUS MATERIALS EMERGENCY RESPONSE GLOSSARY OF STANDARDIZED TERMS, State of California's Chemical Emergency Planning and Response Commission, 1991

MASS

The inertial property of an object, which is proportional to force needed to accelerate the object in the absence of resistance . [Friedman 1989]MASS Confusion often exists between mass and weight. Weight refers to the force acting on an object because of gravitational attraction, and is a convenient way to measure mass on Earth at sea level. However, if an object were on the moon, its weight would be only about 1/6th of its weight on Earth, or if the object were in an orbiting space station it would be weightless; however, its mass would be the same in each case . [Friedman 1989]MASS Mass in physics is the quantity of matter in a body regardless of its volume or of any forces acting on it. There are two ways of referring to mass, depending on the laws of

51

physics defining it. The gravitational mass of a body may be determined by comparing the body on a beam balance with a set of standard masses; in this way the gravitational factor is eliminated ( Gravitation; Weight). The inertial mass of a body is a measure of the body's resistance to acceleration by some external force. All evidence seems to indicate that the gravitational and inertial masses are equal. According to the special theory of Relativity, mass increases with speed according to the formula m = m0/_1-v2/c2, where m0 is the rest mass (mass at zero velocity) of the body, v its speed, and c the speed of light in vacuum. The theory also leads to the Einstein mass-energy relation E = mc2, where E is the energy and m the relativistic mass . (Hydro Cut General Terminology & Resource Information)

MASS NUMBER

Mass number is represented by the symbol A, the total number of nucleons ( Neutons and Protons) in the nucleus of an Atom. All atoms of a chemical Element have the same Atomic Number but may have different mass numbers (from having different numbers of neutrons in the nucleus). Atoms of an element with the same mass number make up an Isotope of the element. Isotopes of different elements may have the same mass number but different numbers of protons . (Hydro Cut General Terminology & Resource Information)

MASS RATIO

The ratio of the initial mass of the propellant to the mass of the complete rocket motor . (Hydro Cut General Terminology & Resource Information)

MATERIAL FIRST IGNITED

The fuel that is first set on fire by the heat of ignition. To be meaningful, both a type of material and a form of material should be identified . [NFPA 921 - 1992]

MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET (MSDS)

A document which contains information regarding the specific identity of hazardous chemicals, including information on health effects, first aid, chemical and physical properties, and emergency phone numbers . HAZARDOUS MATERIALS EMERGENCY RESPONSE GLOSSARY OF STANDARDIZED TERMS, State of California's Chemical Emergency Planning and Response Commission, 1991

MATTER

Matter is anything that has mass. Because of its mass, all matter has Weight, if it is in a gravitational field, and Inertia. The three common States Of Matter are solid, liquid, and gas; scientists also recognize a fourth, Plasma. Ordinary matter consists of Atoms and Molecules. See also Element; Elementary Particles . (Hydro Cut General Terminology & Resource Information)

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MEAN OR AVERAGE MEAN

Unless otherwise specified, this is the arithmetic mean of the observations. A measure of the variability or dispersion of a number of observations. (Hydro Cut General Terminology & Resource Information)

MEANS OF EGRESS

...means a continuous path of travel provided for the escape of persons from any point in a building or contained open space to a separate building, an open public thoroughfare or an exterior open space protected from fire exposure from the building and having access to an open public thoroughfare. Means of egress includes both exits and access to exits. (Ontario Fire Code 1996)

MECHANICS

Mechanics is a branch of physics concerned with Motion and the Forces causing it. The field includes the study of the mechanical properties of matter, such as Density, Elasticity ( Strength Of Materials), and Viscosity. Mechanics is divided into Statics, which deals with bodies at rest or in equilibrium, and Dynamics, which deals with bodies in motion. Isaac Newton, who derived three laws of motion and the law of universal Gravitation, was the founder of modern mechanics. For bodies moving at speeds close to that of light, Newtonian mechanics is superseded by the theory of Relativity, and for the study of very small objects, such as Elementary Particles, Quantum theory is used . (Hydro Cut General Terminology & Resource Information)

MEDIAN

The halfway point in the measurements when they have been arranged in order of size . (Hydro Cut General Terminology & Resource Information)

MELTING POINT

Melting point, temperature at which a substance changes its state from solid to liquid (see States Of Matter). Under standard atmospheric pressure, different pure crystalline solids will each melt at a different specific temperature; thus melting point is a characteristic of a substance and can be used to identify it. The quantity of heat necessary to change 1 gram of any substance from solid to liquid at its melting point is known as its latent heat of fusion . (Hydro Cut General Terminology & Resource Information)... The temperature at which a material changes from a solid to a liquid . HAZARDOUS MATERIALS EMERGENCY RESPONSE GLOSSARY OF STANDARDIZED TERMS, State of California's Chemical Emergency Planning and Response Commission, 1991MELTING POINTS OF AIRCRAFT MATERIALS 6170 F TUNGSTEN melts4760 F MOLYBDENUM melts3430 F CHROMIUM melts3150 F VANADIUM melts

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3100 F PURE TITANIUM melts2820 - 3000 F TITANIUM ALLOYS melt2800 F IRON melts2700 F STAINLESS STEEL melts2650 F NICKEL melts2600 F SILICON melts2270 F MANGANESE melts2250 F Porcelain glazes2000 F COPPER melts1940 F GOLD melts1760 F SILVER melts1675 F BRONZE melts1600 - 2000 F BRASS BEARINGS melt1400 - 1600 F Glass softens1250 F ALUMINIUM ALLOYS meltMagnesium alloys melt1220 - 1250 F Aluminium bearings melt1200 F PURE MAGNESIUM meltsGlass cloth fuses1175 F PURE ALUMINIUM meltsAluminium panelling melts1165 - 1450 F SILVER SOLDER melts890 F ALUMINIUM EUTECTIC melting850 F Aluminium becomes plastic, sags780 F ZINC melts700 F SILCON RUBBER blisters630 F TEFLON INSULATION melts625 F LEAD melts610 F CADMIUM melts480 F NYLON melts450 F TIN melts430 F SELENIUM melts275 F Wool decomposes250 - 300 F Nylon spaghetti melts

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250 F PHENOLIC delaminates210 F POLYSTYRENE distortsMethyl methacrylate distorts185 F Plastic PCV distorts130 F Wax meltsSource : R. H. WOOD, R.W. SWEGINNIS; AIRCRAFT ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION , Endeavor Books, Casper WY, 1995, p.59

MERCANTILE OCCUPANCY (Group 'E')

...means the occupancy or use of a building or part thereof for the displaying or selling of retail goods, wares or merchandise. (Ontario Fire Code 1996)

METAL

A chemical Element displaying certain properties, notably metallic luster, the capacity to lose electrons and form a positive Ion, and the ability to conduct heat and electricity ( Conduction), by which it is normally distinguished from a nonmetal. The metals comprise about two thirds of the known elements. Some elements, e.g., arsenic and antimony, exhibit both metallic and nonmetallic properties, and are called metalloids. Metals fall into groups in the Periodic Table determined by similar arrangements of the orbital electrons and a consequent similarity in chemical properties. Such groups include the Alkali Metals (Group la in the periodic table), the Alkaline - Earth Metals (Group IIa), and the Rare - Earth Metals ( Lanthanide and Actinide series). Most metals other than the alkali metals and the alkaline-earth metals are called transition metals ( Transition Elements). The oxidation states, or Valence, of the metal ions vary from +1 for the alkali metals to +7 for some transition metals. Chemically, the metals differ from the nonmetals in that they form positive ions and basic oxides and hydroxides. Upon exposure to moist air, a great many metals undergo corrosion, i.e., enter into a chemical reaction, the oxygen of the atmosphere uniting with the metal to form the oxide of the metal, e.g., rust on exposed iron . (Hydro Cut General Terminology & Resource Information) f

METALS

Metals are a special kind of solid. Metals generally consist of positively charged atomic ions in a geometrically defined crystal lattice, with electrons free to move through the lattice. The fact that metals conduct heat and electricity far !better than other solids is due to the high mobility of the electrons through the crystal lattice. A metal can consist of a single pure element (such as copper, aluminum, iron, or 24-carat gold), or it can be an alloy of two or more elements. For example, brass is an alloy of copper and zinc, steel is an alloy of iron and carbon, and 18-carat gold is an alloy of gold and silver . [Friedman 1989]

METAPHOR

/ implied comparison achieved through a figurative use of words; the word is used not in its literal sense, but in one analogous to it.

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*Life's but a walking shadow; a poor player, That struts and frets his hour upon the stage. Shakespeare, Macbeth*. . . while he learned the language (that meager and fragile thread . . . by which the little surface corners and edges of men's secret and solitary lives may be joined for an instant now and then before sinking back into the darkness. . . ) Faulkner, Absalom, Absalom!*From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the continent. W. Churchill (A Glossary of Rhetorical Terms with Examples, Ross Scaife)

METHANE

Methane (CH4) is a colorless, odorless, gaseous Hydrocarbon formed by the decay of plant and animal matter. It occurs naturally as the chief component of Natural Gas, as the firedamp of coal mines, and as the marsh gas released in swamps and marshes. Methane can also be made synthetically by various means. It is combustible and can form explosive mixtures with air. Used for fuel in the form of natural gas, methane is also an important starting material for making solvents and certain Freons. (Hydro Cut General Terminology & Resource Information)METHANE If there is a stoichiometric mixture of methane and air (9.5% CH4, 19% O2, and 71.5% N2), it would burn and the flame temperature would be 1940C . [Friedman 1989]

METHANOL

Methanol, or methyl alcohol or wood alcohol (CH3OH), a colorless, flammable liquid and the simplest Alcohol. Methanol is a fatal poison. Small internal doses, prolonged exposure of the skin to the liquid, or continued inhalation of the vapor may cause blindness. It can be obtained from wood, but now is made synthetically from the direct combination of hydrogen and carbon monoxide gases. Methanol is used to make Formaldehyde, as a solvent, and as an Antifreeze . (Hydro Cut General Terminology & Resource Information)

METONYMY

/ substitution of one word for another which it suggests.*He is a man of the cloth.*The pen is mightier than the sword.*By the sweat of thy brow thou shalt eat thy bread. (A Glossary of Rhetorical Terms with Examples, Ross Scaife)

MICROMETER

An instrument used for measuring extremely small distances. In the micrometer caliper, the object to be measured is held between the two jaws of the instrument; the distance between the jaws is measured on a scale calibrated to the rotation of the finely threaded screw that moves one of the jaws. In astronomical and microscopic micrometers, the distance that a filament moves from one end to the other of the image of an object is read on a calibrated scale . (Hydro Cut General Terminology& Resource Information)

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MICRON

One micron equals 10-4 cm or may also be expressed as 10-6 meters. . A unit of length, the thousandth part of one millimeter. A particle of diameter between 0.01 and 0 0001 millimeter . (Hydro Cut General Terminology & Resource Information)

MICROPHONE

A device (invented c.1877) used in radio broadcasting, recording, and sound-amplifying systems to convert sound into electrical energy. Its basic component is a flexible diaphragm that responds to the pressure or particle velocity of sound waves. In a Capacitor, or condenser, microphone, used in high-quality sound systems, two parallel metal plates are given opposite electrical charges. One of the plates is attached to the diaphragm and moves in response to its vibrations, generating a varying voltage . Also Telephone. (Hydro Cut General Terminology & Resource Information)

MICROSECOND

One millionth of a second, 10-6 second, expressed as msec . (Hydro Cut General Terminology & Resource Information)

MIDNIGHT DUMPING

Illegal disposal of hazardous materials . HAZARDOUS MATERIALS EMERGENCY RESPONSE GLOSSARY OF STANDARDIZED TERMS, State of California's Chemical Emergency Planning and Response Commission, 1991

MILLISECOND

One thousandth of a second, 10-3 second, expressed as msec . (Hydro Cut General Terminology & Resource Information)

MINIMUM IGNITION ENERGY

The energy, in milijoules, of the weakest spark that is just capable of igniting a gas mixture. The minimum energy depends on the composition, temperature, and pressure of the mixture . [Friedman 1989]

MISHAP

That process by which a normal, stable activity is transformed and produces an undesired and usually unplanned outcome . (Synonym for accident) [Benner 1997]

MISSILE

Any object thrown, dropped, fired, launched or otherwise projected with the purpose of striking a target. Short for "ballistic missile", "guided missile." (Missile is loosely used as a synonym for "rocket" or spacecraft by some careless writers.) (Hydro Cut General Terminology & Resource Information)

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MIST

Suspended liquid droplets generated by condensation from the gaseous to the liquid state or by breaking up a liquid into a dispersed state, such as by splashing, foaming, or atomizing. A mist is formed when a finely divided liquid is suspended in air . HAZARDOUS MATERIALS EMERGENCY RESPONSE GLOSSARY OF STANDARDIZED TERMS, State of California's Chemical Emergency Planning and Response Commission, 1991

MOCKUP

A model (often crude) for study or training . (Hydro Cut General Terminology & Resource Information)

MOLE

A quantity of a chemical substance equal to its molecular weight in grams . [Friedman 1989]MOLE A mole in chemistry is a quantity of particles of any type equal to Avogadro's number. One gram-atomic weight (or one gram-molecular weight) the amount of an atomic (or molecular) substance whose weight in grams is numerically equal to the Atomic Weight (or Molecular Weight) of that substance contains exactly one mole of atoms (or molecules). (Hydro Cut General Terminology & Resource Information)

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

Molecular weight is the weight of a Molecule of a substance expressed in atomic mass units ( Atomic Weight). The molecular weight is the sum of the atomic weights of the atoms making up the molecule. (Hydro Cut General Terminology & Resource Information)

MOLECULE

A molecule is the smallest particle of a Compound that has all the chemical properties of that compound. Molecules are made up of two or more Atoms, either of the same Element or of two or more different elements. Ionic compounds, such as common salt, are made up not of molecules but of ions arranged in a crystalline structure ( Crystal). Unlike Ions, molecules carry no electrical charge. Molecules differ in size and Molecular Weight as well as in structure ( Isomer). (Hydro Cut General Terminology & Resource Information)

MOTION

Motion, in Mechanics, the change in position of one body with respect to another. The study of the motion of bodies is called Dynamics. The time rate of linear motion in a given direction by a body is its velocity; this rate is called the speed if the direction is unspecified. If during a time t a body travels over a distance s, then the average speed of that body is s/t. The change in velocity (in magnitude and/or direction) of a body with respect to time is its acceleration. The relationship between Force and motion was expressed by Isaac Newton in his three laws of motion: (1) a body at rest tends to remain at rest, or a body in motion tends to remain in motion at a constant speed in a straight

58

line, unless acted on by an outside force; (2) the acceleration a of a mass m by a force F is directly proportional to the force and inversely proportional to the mass, or a = F/m; (3) for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. The third law implies that the total Momentum of a system of bodies not acted on by an external force remains constant ( Conservation Laws). Motion at speeds approaching that of light must be described by the theory of Relativity, and the motions of extremely small objects (atoms and elementary particles) are described by quantum mechanics (Quantum theory). (Hydro Cut General Terminology & Resource Information)

MULTI-HAZARD FUNCTIONAL PLANNING

The California format used for developing disaster and emergency plans . HAZARDOUS MATERIALS EMERGENCY RESPONSE GLOSSARY OF STANDARDIZED TERMS, State of California's Chemical Emergency Planning and Response Commission, 1991

- N -

NAPALM

A gasoline thickener . (Hydro Cut General Terminology & Resource Information)

NARCOTIC EFFECT

The effect of producing drowsiness and ultimately unconsciousness. Chemical substances in smoke, when inhaled, can enter the bloodstream and interfere with the oxygen supply to the brain, causing narcosis and possibly death . [Friedman 1989]

NATIONAL FIRE PROTECTION ASSOCIATION

Standards for explosive materials and ammonium nitrate issued by the National Fire Protection Association . (Hydro Cut General Terminology & Resource Information)NATIONAL FIRE PROTECTION ASSOCIATION (NFPA) An international voluntary membership organization to promote improved fire protection and prevention, establish safeguards against loss of life and property by fire, and writes and publishes the American National Standards . HAZARDOUS MATERIALS EMERGENCY RESPONSE GLOSSARY OF STANDARDIZED TERMS, State of California's Chemical Emergency Planning and Response Commission, 1991

NATIONAL INTERAGENCY INCIDENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (NIIMS)

A standardized systems approach to incident management that consists of five major sub-divisions collectively providing a total systems approach to all-risk incident management . HAZARDOUS MATERIALS EMERGENCY RESPONSE GLOSSARY OF STANDARDIZED TERMS, State of California's Chemical Emergency Planning and Response Commission, 1991

NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH (NIOSH)

A Federal agency which, among other activities, tests and certifies respiratory protective devices, air sampling detector tubes, and recommends occupational exposure limits for

59

various substances . HAZARDOUS MATERIALS EMERGENCY RESPONSE GLOSSARY OF STANDARDIZED TERMS, State of California's Chemical Emergency Planning and Response Commission, 1991

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC)

A communications center operated by the United States Coast Guard headquarters located in Washington, DC. They provide information on suggested technical emergency actions, and must be notified by the spiller within 24 hours of any spill of a reportable quantity of a hazardous substance . HAZARDOUS MATERIALS EMERGENCY RESPONSE GLOSSARY OF STANDARDIZED TERMS, State of California's Chemical Emergency Planning and Response Commission, 1991

NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL (NSC)

A nonprofit organization chartered by Congress to provide a regular information service on the causes of accidents and ways to prevent them . (Hydro Cut General Terminology & Resource Information)

NATURAL GAS

Natural gas, natural mixture of flammable gases found issuing from the ground or obtained from specially driven wells. Largely a mixture of Hydrocarbons, natural gas is usually 80 to 95% Methane. The composition varies in different localities, and minor components may include carbon dioxide, nitrogen, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and helium. Often found with Petroleum, natural gas also occurs apart from it in sand, sandstone, and limestone deposits. Natural gas began to be used as an illuminant and a fuel on a large scale in the late 19th century, when pipelines were built to provide it to large industrial cities. Liquified natural gas (LNG) is natural gas that has been cooled and pressurized to liquify it for convenience in shipping and storage . (Hydro Cut General Terminology & Resource Information)

NEON (Ne)

gaseous element, discovered in 1898 by William Ramsay and M.W. Travers. A colorless, odorless, and tasteless inert gas, it emits a bright-red glow when conducting electricity in a tube. Neon is used in advertising signs, Lasers, Geiger counters, Particle Detectors, and high-intensity beacons. Liquid neon is a cryogenic refrigerant . (Hydro Cut General Terminology & Resource Information)

NEUTRALIZATION

The process by which acid or alkaline properties of a solution are altered by addition of certain reagents to bring the hydrogen and hydroxide concentrations to equal value (pH 7 is neutral) . HAZARDOUS MATERIALS EMERGENCY RESPONSE GLOSSARY OF STANDARDIZED TERMS, State of California's Chemical Emergency Planning and Response Commission, 1991

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NEWTON, SIR ISAAC

Sir Isaac Newton, 1642 - 1727, English mathematician and natural philosopher (physicist); considered by many the greatest scientist of all time. He was Lucasian professor of mathematics (1669û1701) at Cambridge University. Between 1664 and 1666 he discovered the law of universal Gravitation, began to develop the Calculus, and discovered that white light is composed of every color in the Spectrum. In his monumental Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica {Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy} (1687), he showed how his principle of universal gravitation explained both the motions of heavenly bodies and the falling of bodies on earth. The Principle covers Dynamics (including Newton's three laws of Motion), Fluid mechanics, the motions of the planets and their satellites, the motions of the comets, and the phenomena of tides. Newton's theory that Light is composed of particles ù elaborated in his Opticks (1704) ù dominated optics until the 19th cent., when it was replaced by the wave theory of light; the two theories were combined in the modern Quantum theory. Newton also built (1668) the first reflecting telescopeE, anticipated the calculus of variations, and devoted much energy towards alchemy, theology, and history. He was president of the Royal Society from 1703 until his death . (Hydro Cut General Terminology & Resource Information)

NFPA 907M - 1983 MANUAL ON THE INVESTIGATION OF FIRES OF ELECTRICAL ORIGIN

1-1 Scope To establish guidelines and techniques for use in investigating fires to determine whether or not a fire is of electrical origin with a view TO IMPROVING THE CREDIBILITY OF SUCH INVESTIGATIONS and developing information that can be useful in improving the fire safety of electrical equipment. 1-2 Purpose. This manual is intended to establish guidelines [directives] and techniques for use in investigating and reporting fires so that it can be determined if the fire was or may have been of electrical origin. The fire officer at the scene is potentially the best source of accurate information as to the location and origin of a fire. This manual is intended to provide the fire officer with additional background so that an accurate determination can be made to establish whether the ignition of the fire was a direct or indirect result of electricity. [...] The primary emphasis is on buildings with 120/240 volt electrical systems which include most one- or two-family dwellings and some small commercial establishments . [NFPA 907M-1983]

NFPA 921 - 1992 GUIDE FOR FIRE AND EXPLOSION INVESTIGATIONS

This is the first edition of NFPA 921, Guide for Fire and Explosion Investigations. It was developed by the Committee on Fire Investigations to assist in IMPROVING THE FIRE INVESTIGATION PROCESS and the quality of information on fires resulting from the investigative process. The guide is intended for use by both public sector employees who have statutory responsibility for fire investigation and private sector persons conducting investigations for insurance companies or civil litigation. Throughout the development of this document, it has been the goal of the Committee to provide guidance that is BASED ON ACCEPTED SCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLES OR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH . [NFPA 921-1992]

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NINE - ONE - ONE (9-1-1)

Enhanced 911, or E911, is an emergency phone system that provides the caller's address, response district, and other important information. When the caller dials 911 to report an emergency, this information automatically appears on the dispatcher's computer screen, along with dispatch information for fire, police, EMS, or other emergency responder. This system is invaluable, especially in those cases where the caller is in an agitated state and may be unable to give information fully or clearly. Such a system, thereby, can have a dramatic effect on reducing response time . [NFPA Handbook 1991]

NONCOMBUSTIBLE CONSTRUCTION

…means that type construction in which a degree of fire safety is attained by the use of noncombustible materials for structural members and other building assemblies. (Ontario Fire Code 1996)

NONFLAMING COMBUSTION

There is another mode of combustion not involving any flame. It is called smoldering, glowing, or nonflaming combustion. The rate of burning during flaming combustion is many times as great as during smoldering combustion . [Friedman 1989]

NON-FLAMMABLE GAS

Any material or mixture, in a cylinder or tank, other than poison or flammable gas, having an absolute pressure in the container exceeding 40 psi at 70oF, or having an absolute pressure exceeding 104 psi at 130oF . (49 CFR) HAZARDOUS MATERIALS EMERGENCY RESPONSE GLOSSARY OF STANDARDIZED TERMS, State of California's Chemical Emergency Planning and Response Commission, 1991

- O -

OBJECTIVE

The desired accomplishment for which a process is undertaken . (Benner 1997)

OBSERVATION

A noting and recording of an event or condition / state . (Benner 1997)

OCCUPANCY

…means the use or intended use of a building or part thereof for the shelter or support of persons, animals or property. (Ontario Fire Code 1996)

OCCUPANT LOAD

…means the number of persons for which a building or part thereof is designed. (Ontario Fire Code 1996)

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OCTANE NUMBER

Octane number, a quality rating for Gasoline indicating the ability of the fuel to resist premature detonation and to burn evenly when exposed to heat and pressure in an Internal Combustion Engine. Premature detonation, indicated by knocking and pinging noises, wastes fuel and may cause engine damage. The octane number can be increased by varying the relative amounts of the different Hydrocarbons that make up the gasoline or by additives, e.g., tetraethyl lead. Federal regulations in the U.S. require commercial gasoline pumps to indicate the octane number, which is usually 87 or 89 for regular grade gasoline and 93 for premium grade. Since the early 1970s most Automobiles have been built to operate on low octane gasoline with little or no lead added . (Hydro Cut General Terminology & Resource Information)

ODOR THRESHOLD

The lowest concentration in the atmosphere which can be detected by the human sense of smell. Often a poor indicator of toxicity risk . HAZARDOUS MATERIALS EMERGENCY RESPONSE GLOSSARY OF STANDARDIZED TERMS, State of California's Chemical Emergency Planning and Response Commission, 1991

OFFICER IN CHARGE

The officer is not only in charge of his assigned unit at fires but is the administrative officer in charge of the men, equipment,! and station of his command. Moreover, the establishment of a company officer rank provides the opportunity for specifying higher qualifications and skills than those normally expected of experienced apparatus operators. These skills include both greater understanding of fire protection as well as administrative and management skills. Normally, officer selection is made on the basis of competitive examination with due credit for experience. Unless a chief arrives in time to direct the placement of companies at a fire, much of his value as a fireground coordinator and supervisor is lost. The success with which the work of various fire fighting units are COORDINATED in large measure determines the OVERALL EFFICIENCY obtained with the men and equipment employed . [Kimball 1969]

OHM

Ohm, symbol O, unit of electrical Resistance, defined as the resistance to the flow of a steady electric current offered by a column of mercury 14.4521 grams in mass with a length of 1.06300 m and with an invariant cross-sectional area, when at a temperature of 0°C . (Hydro Cut General Terminology & Resource Information)

OIL

Any of numerous mineral, vegetable, and synthetic substances and vegetable and animal fats that are generally slippery, combustible, viscous, liquid or liquefiable at room temperature . HAZARDOUS MATERIALS EMERGENCY RESPONSE GLOSSARY OF STANDARDIZED TERMS, State of California's Chemical Emergency Planning and Response Commission, 1991

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OLFACTORY

Pertaining to the sense of smell . HAZARDOUS MATERIALS EMERGENCY RESPONSE GLOSSARY OF STANDARDIZED TERMS, State of California's Chemical Emergency Planning and Response Commission, 1991

ONOMATOPOEIA

/ use of words to imitate natural sounds; accommodation of sound to sense. (A Glossary of Rhetorical Terms with Examples, Ross Scaife)

OPERATIONS

That organizational level within the Incident Command System (ICS) immediately subordinate to the Incident Commander. When established, this position is responsible for the direct management of all incident tactical activities. (NIIMS) HAZARDOUS MATERIALS EMERGENCY RESPONSE GLOSSARY OF STANDARDIZED TERMS, State of California's Chemical Emergency Planning and Response Commission, 1991

OPINION

A belief held confidently, but reached without positive proof . (Benner 1997)

OPTICS

Scientific study of light. Physical optics is concerned with the genesis, nature, and properties of light; physiological optics with the part light plays in vision; and geometrical optics with the geometry involved in the reflection and refraction of light as encountered in the study of the mirror and the lens . (Hydro Cut General Terminology & Resource Information)

ORDER

…means an order made under subsection 21(1) of the Fire Protection and Prevention Act. (Ontario Fire Code 1996)

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Organic chemistry, branch of Chemistry dealing with Carbon compounds. Of all the elements, carbon forms the greatest number of different compounds; moreover, compounds that contain carbon are about 100 times more numerous than those that do not. Compounds containing only carbon and Hydrogen are called Hydrocarbons. Organic compounds containing Nitrogen are of great importance to Biochemistry. Organic chemistry is of importance to the petrochemical, pharmaceutical, and textile industries; in textiles a prime concern is the synthesis of new organic molecules and Polymers . (Hydro Cut General Terminology & Resource Information)

ORGANIC PEROXIDE

Strong oxidizers which are often chemically unstable, containing the -o-o structure. They react readily with solvents or fuels resulting in an explosion or fire . HAZARDOUS

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MATERIALS EMERGENCY RESPONSE GLOSSARY OF STANDARDIZED TERMS, State of California's Chemical Emergency Planning and Response Commission, 1991

OSHA

Occupational Safety and Health Administration. An agency of the Department of Labour in the United States, active in eliminating occupational hazards and promoting employee health and safety . (Hydro Cut General Terminology & Resource Information)

OVERHAUL

Fire department procedure of inspecting premises after extinguishment to insure that the fire is completely extinguished and will not rekindle later on, and rendering the fire-damaged premises in a safe condition before returning control over to the owner and/or occupants . ... [Fire Cause Determination, IFSTA 1986]OVERHAUL Teamwork necessary. Overhaul is closely related to fire extinguishment and salvage operations. It is not a separate or individual FUNCTION to which certain men may be detailed as in salvage operations . (Fire Chief's Handbook, 4e, 1978)

OWNER

…means any person, firm or corporation having control over any portion of the building or property under consideration and includes the persons in the building or property. (Ontario Fire Code 1996)

OXIDIZER

A chemical, other than a blasting agent or explosive, that initiates or promotes combustion in other materials thereby causing fire either of itself or through the release of oxygen or other gases . (49 CFR 173.151) HAZARDOUS MATERIALS EMERGENCY RESPONSE GLOSSARY OF STANDARDIZED TERMS, State of California's Chemical Emergency Planning and Response Commission, 1991

OXIDIZING AGENT

A chemical substance that can react with hydrogen or with metals. Examples are oxygen, ozone, nitrate salts, perchlorate salts, and halogens . [Friedman 1989]

OXIDIZING MATERIAL

…means a material, other than ordinary atmospheres, that by itself is not necessarily combustible, but that may, generally by yielding oxygen, cause or contribute to the combustion of another material. (Ontario Fire Code 1996)

OXYGEN DEFICIENCY

A concentration of oxygen insufficient to support life . HAZARDOUS MATERIALS EMERGENCY RESPONSE GLOSSARY OF STANDARDIZED TERMS, State of California's Chemical Emergency Planning and Response Commission, 1991

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OXYGEN DEFICIENT ATMOSPHERE

An atmosphere which contains an oxygen content less than 19.5 % by volume at sea level . HAZARDOUS MATERIALS EMERGENCY RESPONSE GLOSSARY OF STANDARDIZED TERMS, State of California's Chemical Emergency Planning and Response Commission, 1991

OXYMORON

/ apparent paradox achieved by the juxtaposition of words which seem to contradict one another.*I must be cruel only to be kind. Shakespeare, Hamlet (A Glossary of Rhetorical Terms with Examples, Ross Scaife)

- P -

PARTITION

…means an interior wall 1 storey or part of a storey in height that is not load-bearing. (Ontario Fire Code 1996)

PARADOX

/ an assertion seemingly opposed to common sense, but that may yet have some truth in it.*What a pity that youth must be wasted on the young. George Bernard Shaw (A Glossary of Rhetorical Terms with Examples, Ross Scaife)

PARAPROSDOKIAN

/ surprise or unexpected ending of a phrase or series.*He was at his best when the going was good. Alistair Cooke on the Duke of Windsor*There but for the grace of God -- goes God. Churchill (A Glossary of Rhetorical Terms with Examples, Ross Scaife)

PARONOMASIA

/ use of similar sounding words; often etymological word-play.*...culled cash, or cold cash, and then it turned into a gold cache. E.L. Doctorow, Billy Bathgate*Thou art Peter (Greek petros), and upon this rock (Greek petra) I shall build my church. Matthew 16*The dying Mercutio: Ask for me tomorrow and you shall find me a grave man. Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet (A Glossary of Rhetorical Terms with Examples, Ross Scaife)

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PERSONIFICATION

/ attribution of personality to an impersonal thing.*England expects every man to do his duty. Lord Nelson (A Glossary of Rhetorical Terms with Examples, Ross Scaife)

PHASE

A physical state of matter : gas, liquid, or solid. [Friedman 1989]

PLANNING OPERATIONS

Fire departments are expected to plan operations to deliver the needed fire flows promptly and efficiently under circumstances which can be foreseen. [Kimball 1969]

PLASTIC

A synthetic solid consisting primarily of a polymer or blend of polymers of high molecular weight. Generally, the plastic will also contain other materials, such as plasticizers (for flexibility), fillers (to modify mechanical properties or reduce costs), coloring agents, additives to impart resistance to fungi or ultraviolet light, fire retardants, and so on. [Friedman 1989]

PLEONASM

/ use of superfluous or redundant words, often enriching the thought.*No one, rich or poor, will be excepted.*Ears pierced while you wait!*I have seen no stranger sight since I was born. (A Glossary of Rhetorical Terms with Examples, Ross Scaife)

PLUME

The column of hot gases, flames, and smoke rising above a fire. Also called CONVECTION column, thermal updraft, or thermal column. [NFPA 921 - 1992]

POINT OF ORIGIN

The exact physical location where a heat source and a fuel come in contact of each other and a fire begins. [NFPA 921 - 1992]

POLYSYNDETON

/ the repetition of conjunctions in a series of coordinate words, phrases, or clauses.*I said, "Who killed him?" and he said, "I don't know who killed him but he's dead all right," and it was dark and there was water standing in the street and no lights and windows broke and boats all up in the town and trees blown down and everything all blown and I got a skiff and went out and found my boat where I had her inside Mango

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Bay and she was all right only she was full of water. Hemingway, After the Storm (A Glossary of Rhetorical Terms with Examples, Ross Scaife)

POWER UNITS

Power is the rate at which energy is expended. In SI units, power is expressed in watts One watt is 1 joule per second. The kilowatt (1000 watts) and the megawatt (1 000 000 watts) are used frequently. In English units, horsepower is still used. One horsepower equals 745 watts. Also note that 1 BTU per second is equal to 1.055 kilowatt. (Roughly, 1 kilowatt = 1 BTU per second). [Friedman 1989]

PRAETERITIO (=paraleipsis)

/ pretended omission for rhetorical effect.*That part of our history detailing the military achievements which gave us our several possessions ... is a theme too familiar to my listeners for me to dilate on, and I shall therefore pass it by. Thucydides, "Funeral Oration"*Let us make no judgment on the events of Chappaquiddick, since the facts are not yet all in. A political opponent of Senator Edward Kennedy (A Glossary of Rhetorical Terms with Examples, Ross Scaife)

PRE-INCIDENT PLANNING

Pre-incident planning (for industrial emergencies) can provide valuable information about a structure that can improve the ability of the emergency services personnel to respond effectively to a fire in that structure. Pre-incident planning addresses vital fire protection concerns, such as structure layout, including access systems; contents; construction details; and types and locations of built-in fire protection systems. It includes all data that can have an impact on decisions or actions taken during an emergency. Pre-incident planning is a joint venture between the emergency services and the property management team. [NFPA Handbook 1991]

PRESSURE

The pressure is employed to move the water through the hose from the supply source (hydrant or suction location) to the nozzle and also to provide the correct pressure for the type of stream desired. [Kimball 1969]

PRESSURE VESSEL

…means a storage tank that is designed to operate at pressures greater than 100 kPa (gauge). (Ontario Fire Code 1996)

PREVENTION (fire prevention : NFPA's definition)

The term fire prevention is used here, as it is generally used, to include both education and equipment meant to reduce the occurrence of fire and to mitigate the effects of that fire prior to the arrival of the mobile suppression force. [NFPA Handbook 1991]

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PROCESS

A system of interacting events producing changes of state in people and things for the production or achievement of some output. (Benner 1997)

PROCESS PLANT

…means an industrial occupancy where materials, including flammable liquids, combustible liquids or Class 2 gases, are produced or used in a process. (Ontario Fire Code 1996)

PROFESSIONAL ENGINEER

…means a member or licensee of the Association of Professional Engineers of the Province of Ontario under the Professional Engineers Act. (Ontario Fire Code 1996)

PROLEPSIS

/ the anticipation, in adjectives or nouns, of the result of the action of a verb; also, the positioning of a relative clause before its antecedent.*Consider the lilies of the field how they grow. (A Glossary of Rhetorical Terms with Examples, Ross Scaife)

PUBLIC CORRIDOR

…means a corridor that provides access to exit from more than 1 suite. (Ontario Fire Code 1996)

PUMPING ENGINES

The two sizes currently most popular for use other than in rural districts are the 1000 gpm and 1250 gpm ratings. Unless additional hose or larger diameter hose is provided, the output per pumper may be seriously restricted except for those pumpers located at hydrants very close to a fire. All pumping apparatus should be arranged so that at least two 2,5 inch lines can be laid SIMULTANEOUSLY as occasion demands. Standard streams should be employed and shut off when not needed. [Kimball 1969]

PUMP OPERATOR

The pump operator not only cares for the apparatus and drives it to fires but is responsible for providing the correct volume of water and pressure for the various sizes of hose and nozzles which are to be served by his apparatus. Quite commonly off-shift apparatus operators are expected to respond and serve as firefighters. A minimum of three men responding per pumper is needed to apply standard 2,5 inch pumper streams (250 US gpm). [Kimball 1969]

PUMPER COMPANIES

Where special truck units are not provided this necessary work [truck duties] will have to be performed by members of pumper companies which have a primary responsibility for applying water on fires. [Kimball 1969]

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PYROLYSIS

The transformation of a compound into one or more substances by heat alone. Pyrolysis often precedes combustion. [NFPA 921 -1992]PYROLYSIS The flame has been referred to as gaseous. When a solid such as a match or a candle burns, a portion of the heat of the gaseous flame is transferred to the solid, causing the solid to vaporize. This vaporization can occur with or without chemical decomposition of the molecules. If chemical decomposition occurs, it is called pyrolysis. [Friedman 1989]PYROLYSIS Organic solids (carbon compounds) must gasify before they can burn. This general principle, however, is not true of carbon itself, which burns by a surface reaction with oxygen (although the carbon monoxide that forms in this reaction might burn with oxygen in the gas phase). With the exception of carbon, the burning process of ordinary solids is preceded by a gasification process [Gayet 1973 refers to distillation ], generally induced by heat and requiring the breaking of chemical bonds. The subsequent fuel-oxygen combustion reaction occurs in the gas phase. The term pyrolysis is used to describe heat- induced chemical decomposition resulting in gasification. Pyrolysis is usually endothermic; that is, a given quantity of heat must be supplied from somewhere for the reaction to occur. This quantity of heat is the heat of gasification of a material, which is expressed in kilojoules per gram. It is an important measure of the flammability of a solid, once ignited. [Friedman 1989]

PYROLYSE (to)

To decompose into other molecules when heated. The pyrolysis products often include gases. (Pyrolysis is the process of pyrolysing.) [Friedman 1989]

- [Q] R -

RACK

…means any combination of vertical, horizontal or diagonal members that support stored materials on solid or open shelves, including both fixed and portable units. (Ontario Fire Code 1996)

RADIANT HEAT

Heat energy carried by electromagnetic waves longer than light waves and shorter than radio waves. Radiant heat (electromagnetic radiation) increases the sensible temperature of any substance capable of absorbing the radiation, especially solid ans opaque objects. [NFPA 921 - 1992]

RADIATION

Heat transfer by way of electromagnetic energy. [NFPA 921 - 1992]

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RADIATION (from flames)

The radiation emitted from flames is important for at least three reasons. **First, the energy feedback from the flame to the burning material is often primarily by radiation, rather than convection (flow of hot gases) or conduction (as through a wall). Accordingly, the flame radiation strongly influences the rate of burning. **Second, the spread of a fire to nearby combustibles is often by radiative transfer For example, a radiative flux of 35 kilowatts per square meter impinging on vertical particle board (wood) will cause ignition in about 50 seconds. The more intense the radiation, the more rapid the fire spread. **Third, the radiation from a sizable fire can be so intense that firefighters might not be able to approach the fire without protection. The threshold of pain for incident radiation on human skin is about 5 kilowatts per square meter for 10 seconds. If there is cooler smoke or fog droplets intervening between the flame and the target, this interference will scatter the radiation and reduce the intensity on the target. [Friedman 1989]

RADIATION (from the flames, infrared)

Detailed studies have shown that the energy transfer !from a flame to a liquid surface is primarily by infrared radiation from the flame, at least for hydrocarbon pool fires larger than about 20 centimeters (8 inches in diameter) ... the condition depends on how sooty the flame is. The radiation of optically thick flames of xylene, n-Butane, n-Hexane, liquefied natural gas, and methanol, imposes a heat flux of about 30 kilowatts per square meter on the liquid surface, regardless of the chemical nature of the combustible. [Friedman 1989]

RADIATION (sources of)

The radiation flux from the existing fire is very important in determining how much a given material in a compartment can contribute to a fire that is already consuming other materials in that compartment. There are three radiation sources : (1) the flames themselves, (2) the hot smoke, and (3) the hot ceiling and upper walls. A diffusion flame will radiate more than a nonsooty premixed flame, causing the diffusion flame to burn at a lower temperature because some of the combustion heat is lost. [Friedman 1989]

RAPID TRANSIT STATION

…means a building or part thereof used for the purpose of loading and unloading passengers of a rapid transit system but does not include open-air shelters at street level. (Ontario Fire Code 1996)

RE-ENGINEERING SUBJECT FIELD(S)

Corporate Structure / Public Administration / Productivity and Profitability re-engineering*/ business process / engineering*/ business process redesign* / business re-engineering* / reengineering*/ work re-engineering*g / work systems redesign* / process innovation* / new industrial engineering* / rearchitecting* DEF*The radical design of business processes to achieve major gains in cost, service, or time.* CONT*Business re-engineering ... means defragmenting hundreds, even thousands of tasks and processes handled by a multitude of specialists; tasks and processes whose basic design still reflects a precomputer era when information was difficult to obtain, process and share. It means starting over ... re-designing them from scratch.* OBS*... re-engineering is a

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process in which companies and their critical processes and tasks are taken apart and put back together again.* OBS*The preferred Canadian spelling is the hyphenated form "re-engineering."* OBS*rearchitecting: Term proposed by Don Tapscott and Art Caston since they feel that the term "re-engineering" could be misleading when applied to creating a new type of organization, since "re-engineering" may imply that a product has a higher degree of structure and rigidity than is desirable. (Source Termium, 1994)

REFINERY

…means any process plant in which flammable or combustible liquids are produced from crude petroleum, including areas on the same site where the resulting products are blended, packaged or stored on a commercial scale. (Ontario Fire Code 1996)

RESIDENTIAL OCCUPANCY (Group 'C')

…means the occupancy or use of a building or part thereof by persons for whom sleeping accommodation is provided but who are not harboured or detained to receive medical care or treatment or are not involuntarily detained. (Ontario Fire Code 1996)

RETROFIT

…means the minimum performance requirements for life safety for existing buildings. (Ontario Fire Code 1996)

RICH MIXTURE

A fuel-air mixture containing insufficient oxygen to fully oxidize all fuel molecules present to carbon dioxide and water vapor. [Friedman 1989]

RISK (tolerable)

A certain level of fire loss must be accepted as tolerable because of limited resources of a community. Conditions that endanger the safety of citizens and fire fighters beyond the acceptable risk must be identified as targets for mitigation. [NFPA Handbook 1991]

- S -

SCIENTIFIC METHOD

The systematic pursuit of knowledge involving a) the recognition and formulation of a problem b) the collection of data through observation and experiment, and c) the formulation and testing of a hypothesis. [NFPA 921 - 1992]

SELF-SERVICE OUTLET

…means a fuel dispensing station, other than a marine fuel dispensing station, where the public handles the dispenser. (Ontario Fire Code 1996)

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SERVICE ROOM

…means a room in a building used to contain equipment associated with building services. (Ontario Fire Code 1996)

SERVICE SPACE

…means space in a building used to facilitate or conceal the installation of building service facilities such as chutes, ducts, pipes, shafts or wires. (Ontario Fire Code 1996)

SIMILE

/ an explicit comparison between two things using 'like' or 'as'.*My love is as a fever, longing still For that which longer nurseth the disease, Shakespeare, Sonnet XLVII*Reason is to faith as the eye to the telescope. D. Hume [?]*Let us go then, you and I, While the evening is spread out against the sky, Like a patient etherized upon a table... T.S. Eliot, The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock (A Glossary of Rhetorical Terms with Examples, Ross Scaife) SMOKE Small particles of carbon, tarry particles, and condensed water vapor suspended in the atmosphere, resulting from the incomplete combustion of carbonaceous materials. [Fire Cause Determination, IFSTA 1986]

SMOKE (from fire)

The mixture of tiny particles and gases produced by a fire. The particles consist mainly of soot and / or aerosol mist. [Friedman 1989]

SMOKE ALARM

…means a combined smoke detector and audible alarm device that is designed to sound an alarm within the room or suite in which it is located when there is smoke within the room or suite. (Ontario Fire Code 1996)

SMOKE DETECTOR

…means a device that senses the presence of visible or invisible particles produced by combustion and that automatically initiates a signal indicating this condition. (Ontario Fire Code 1996)

SMOLDERING COMBUSTION

Combustion of a solid in the absence of flame. Generally, smoke is produced. [Friedman 1989]

SOLID

A state of matter in which the molecules are mostly or completely locked into position relative to one another, as contrasted with a liquid. A solid can either be crystalline and hard like slat, or amorphous and soft like butter. [Friedman 1989]

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SOOT

Tiny particles consisting mostly of carbon, often formed in diffusion flames and in very rich premixed flames. Soot is important in fires because (1) it affects the radiative heat transfer rate from flames and therefore the combustion rate, and (2) it is a principle source of the vision-obscuring smoke produced in the fires. Soot contains polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Finally, because soot has a cyclic structure, it would be expected that if the original fuel had a cyclic structure, like benzene (C6H6) or toluene (C6H5CH3), that this would cause an extremely sooty flame, and it does. [Friedman 1989]

SPACE HEATER

…means a space-heating appliance that heats the room or space within which it is located without the use of ducts. (Ontario Fire Code 1996)

SPACE-HEATING APPLIANCE

…means an appliance that supplies heat to a room or space directly or indirectly or to rooms or spaces of a building through a heating system. (Ontario Fire Code 1996)

SPARK TRACKING SUBJECT FIELD(S)

Plastics spark tracking*a SOURCES a*ISO-194*1981*** (Source : Termium 1996)

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

The ratio of the density of a substance to the density of water at a specified temperature. (For gases, the reference substance is sometimes taken to be dry air at a specified temperature and pressure. [Friedman 1989]

SPRAYING AREA

…means the area that is within 6 m of a spray booth or spraying operation and that is not separated therefrom by a vapour-tight separation. (Ontario Fire Code 1996)

SPRAY BOOTH

…means a power-ventilated structure that encloses or accommodates a spraying operation so that spray vapour and residue can be controlled and exhausted. (Ontario Fire Code 1996)

SPRAY ROOM

…means a spraying area on a floor area or part thereof in which an open spraying operation is confined and that is separated from the remainder of the building in which it is located by a noncombustible vapour-tight separation. (Ontario Fire Code 1996)

SPRINKLERED (as applying to a building or part thereof)

…means that the building or part thereof is equipped with a system of automatic sprinklers. (Ontario Fire Code 1996)

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SPRINKLERS (automatic extinguishing systems)

Automatic sprinkler systems should be installed in all large buildings. They are the most effective means of controlling fires in such buildings, especially in a small community with a limited water supply and fire department. ( Heinke et al., Fire Protection for Northern Communities, Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, Vol.1!2, No.3, Sept.1985)

STATE

A condition of existence of a person or thing. (Benner 1997)

STOICHIOMETIRIC REACTION

Chemical A is said to undergo a stoichiometric reaction with chemical B when the proportions of A and B are such that there is no excess of either A or B remaining after the reaction. [Friedman 1989]

STOICHIOMETRY

The procedure for calculating the combining proportions (by mass or volume) of reactants and products of a chemical reaction, on the basis of chemical formulas and atomic weights. The underlying principles are the conservation of atomic species and the conservation of mass. [Friedman 1989]

STORAGE TANK

…means a vessel for flammable or combustible liquids having a capacity of more than 230 L and designed to be installed in a fixed location. (Ontario Fire Code 1996)

STOREY

…means that portion of a building that is situated between the top of any floor and the top of the floor next above it, and where there is no floor above it, that portion between the top of the floor and the ceiling above it. (Ontario Fire Code 1996)

STRAY CURRENT

Traction (Rail), Electrical Power Supply, Electric Currents stray currents*a,b DEF*Portions of the return current which take a path (such as through ground or pipework) other than the return circuit, for a certain distance of their course.*a SOURCES: a*CEI-50-30*1957***20, b*8TEP*1990 (Source : Termium 1996)

STREET

…means any highway, road, boulevard, square or other improved thoroughfare 9 m or more in width, that has been dedicated or deeded for public use, and is accessible to fire department vehicles and equipment. (Ontario Fire Code 1996)

SUITE

…means a single room or series of rooms of complementary use, operated under a single tenancy, and includes dwelling units, individual guest rooms in motels, hotels, boarding

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houses, rooming houses and dormitories as well as individual stores and individual or complementary rooms for business and personal services occupancies. (Ontario Fire Code 1996)

SUPERVISORY STAFF

…means those occupants of a building who have some delegated responsibility for the fire safety of other occupants under the fire safety plan and may include the fire department where the fire department agrees to accept these responsibilities. (Ontario Fire Code 1996)

SURFACE TENSION

The elastic-like force in the substance of a liquid, tending to minimize the surface area, causing drops to form. Expressed as newtons per meter or dynes per centimeter. (There are 100,000 dynes per newton.) [Friedman 1989]

SURFACE TRACKING

Electrical Engineering, Insulators and Supporting Materials, Above-Ground Transmission Systems, (Electr.) surface tracking*a SOURCES : a*CGE-5*1979*** (Source : Termium 1994)

SYLLEPSIS

/ use of a word with two others, with each of which it is understood differently.*We must all hang together or assuredly we will all hang separately. Benjamin Franklin (A Glossary of Rhetorical Terms with Examples, Ross Scaife)

SYNCHYSIS

/ interlocked word order. (A Glossary of Rhetorical Terms with Examples, Ross Scaife)

SYNECDOCHE

/ understanding one thing with another; the use of a part for the whole, or the whole for the part. (A form of metonymy.)*Give us this day our daily bread. Matthew 6*I should have been a pair of ragged claws Scuttling across the floors of silent seas. T. S. Eliot, "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock"*The U.S. won three gold medals. (Instead of, The members of the U.S. boxing team won three gold medals.) (A Glossary of Rhetorical Terms with Examples, Ross Scaife)

SYNESIS (=constructio ad sensum)

/ the agreement of words according to logic, and not by the grammatical form; a kind of anacoluthon.*For the wages of sin is death. Romans 6

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*Then Philip went down to the city of Samaria, and preached Christ unto them. Acts 6 (A Glossary of Rhetorical Terms with Examples, Ross Scaife)

SYSTEMATIC

A set of orderly, structurally inter-related steps based on a network of concepts, principles and rules. (Benner 1997)

- T -

TANK VEHICLES

…means any vehicle, other than railroad tank cars and boats, with a cargo tank having a capacity of more than 450 L, mounted or built as an integral part of the vehicle, and used for the transportation of flammable or combustible liquids and includes tank trucks, trailers and semi-trailers. (Ontario Fire Code 1996)

TAUTOLOGY

/ repetition of an idea in a different word, phrase, or sentence.*With malice toward none, with charity for all. Lincoln, Second Inaugural (A Glossary of Rhetorical Terms with Examples, Ross Scaife)

TENT

…means a shelter or structure with a covering that is made of pliable material. (Ontario Fire Code 1996)

TEST

…means the operation of a device or system to ensure that it will perform in accordance with its intended operation or function. (Ontario Fire Code 1996)

THERMAL IGNITION

Spontaneous ignition that occurs as the! result of progressive heating by an external heat source. [Friedman 1989]

THERMITE REACTION

A highly exothermic reaction between a metal and the oxide of another metal; for example, the reaction of molten or powdered magnesium with iron oxide to form magnesium oxide and molten iron. [Friedman 1989]

TRACKING

Plastics Manufacturing, Insulators and Supporting Materials tracking*a,b,c OBS*The formation of a conducting path across the surface of an insulating material by current discharge or leakage.*a SOURCES: a*ISO-472*1979***, b*ISO-194*1981***, c*DORUB*1965***591 (Source : Termium 1996)

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TRANSLATION

Translation is a craft consisting in the attempt to replace a written message and / or statement in one language by the same message and / or statement in another language. (P. Newmark, Approaches to translation, in Stylistique différentielle 1, M.-N. Legoux & E. Valentine, Sodilis, Montréal, 1989)

TRAVEL DISTANCE

…means the distance from any point in a floor area to an exit measured along the path of exit travel, except that when floor areas are subdivided into rooms used singly or into suites of rooms and served by public corridors or exterior passageways, the distance shall be measured from the door of the rooms or suites to the nearest exit. (Ontario Fire Code 1996)

- U -

UNDERSTANDING FIRE

Fire is basically a chemical reaction between combustibles and oxygen. The fire products (smoke) consist of a complex mixture of chemicals that interact with humans trying to fight a fire or escape from a fire. Extinguishing agents and fire retardants are also chemicals. Clearly, an understanding of chemistry is a prerequisite to a thorough understanding of fire. [Friedman 1989]

UNIFORM CODING FOR FIRE PROTECTION

As the objectives of fire defense management have narrowed from the control of conflagrations early in this century toward the control of fires in rooms, the need for uniform information about fire incidents as well as for an effective method of collecting and using that information has become recognized. To this end, there must be a common international language for the description of fire incident information, and systematic methods must be available for the routine collection, processing, and use of significant local information. Those keeping their data using definitions and codes compatible with this standard will be able to share and compare information. THE ORIGINAL REPORT FROM THE OFFICER IN CHARGE SHOULD BE IN HIS OWN WORDS, ACCURATELY DESCRIBING THE SITUATION HE ACTUALLY FOUND. This standard may be used as an aid to word choice. NUMERIC CODES MAY BE ADDED BY THE OFFICER HIMSELF OR BY A CENTRAL CODING OFFICE. [NFPA 901-1981]

UNSTABLE LIQUID

…means a liquid, including flammable and combustible liquids, which is chemically reactive to the extent that it will vigorously react or decompose at or near normal temperature and pressure conditions or which is chemically unstable when subject to impact. (Ontario Fire Code 1996)

- V -

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VAPOUR PRESSURE

…means the pressure exerted by a liquid as determined by ASTM D 323, "Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products (Reid Method)". (Ontario Fire Code 1996)

VENT (TO)

Release enclosed smoke and heat from a structure by creating openings in it, as by hacking a hole in the roof, to allow for freer passage of air. [Fire Cause Determination, IFSTA 1986]

VERTICAL SERVICE SPACE

…means a shaft oriented essentially vertically that is provided in a building to facilitate the installation of building services including mechanical, electrical and plumbing installations and facilities such as elevators, refuse chutes and linen chutes. (Ontario Fire Code 1996)

VISCOSITY

…means the resistance that a liquid offers to flow. (Ontario Fire Code 1996)

- W -

WEIGHT

The force acting on an object due to gravitational field. [Friedman 1989]

WETTING AGENT

A chemical that, when added to water, reduces its surface tension and improves its ability to penetrate crevices. [Friedman 1989]

WHMIS

WHMIS is a national system to provide information on hazardous materials used in the workplace recognizing the interests of workers, employers, suppliers and regulators balancing the workers' right to know with industry's right to protect confidential business information. The objective of WHMIS is to ensure the protection of workers from the adverse effects of hazardous material through the provision of relevant information while minimizing the economic impact on industry and the disruption of trade. (Source: Termium 1994)

WICK

Suppose a high-flash-point bulk liquid has a wick projecting from it. The wick can be any nonmelting porous material that the liquid is capable of wetting. The wick can consist of a bit of cloth, paper, cardboard, etc., that is in contact with the pool of liquid. (A discarded cigarette might simultaneously serve as a wick and an ignition source.) The liquid is drawn up the wick by surface tension (capillarity), and the wick becomes covered with a thin film of the liquid. (For example, immerse one corner of a

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handkerchief in a glass of water and observe what happens.) If an ignition source is applied to the wick (such as a match to a candle wick), the thin film of liquid is heated rapidly to above its fire point and it ignites. As it burns, additional liquid is drawn up the wick and feeds the fire. Of course, such a fire is trivial in size. However, if this small fire is in contact with a large pool of high-flash-point liquid, its heat could eventually warm the liquid immediately adjacent to it so that the fire would spread from the wick to a portion of the liquid, and ultimately grow to a large fire. [Friedman 1989]

WITNESS PLATE

Something on which is implanted a partial or complete record of events to which it was exposed. (Benner 1997)

- XYZ -

ZEUGMA

/ two different words linked to a verb or an adjective which is strictly appropriate to only one of them.*Nor Mars his sword, nor war's quick fire shall burn The living record of your memory. (A Glossary of Rhetorical Terms with Examples, Ross Scaife)

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Documents

The Investigation Process Research Resource Site · Web view2007/04/26 · A flame in which the fuel vapors and oxygen diffuse into each other as they burn, such as candle flame. [Friedman