The Islamic World 600-1400. The Origins of Islam Arabian Peninsula ◦ Urban- artisans, merchants,...
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The Islamic World 600-1400. The Origins of Islam Arabian Peninsula ◦ Urban- artisans, merchants, religious leaders ◦ Rural- Bedouin nomadic tribes; political
The Origins of Islam Arabian Peninsula Urban- artisans,
merchants, religious leaders Rural- Bedouin nomadic tribes;
political and military sophistication Mecca- Kaba, commercial
center
Slide 3
Arabian Social and Economic Structure Social unit was the tribe
(loyalty-protection/support) Trade, caravan guards North/central-
warriors South- religious aristocracies
Slide 4
Muhammads Rise as a Religious Leader Muhammad (570-632)
Revelations from Gabriel: oneness of Allah and Judgment Day (651)
Quran Hadith Sunna, normative example
Slide 5
The Tenets of Islam Islam surrender to God Muslim one who
submits Muhammad last of prophets Not a new message Five Pillars of
Islam:
Slide 6
Islamic States and Their Expansion Hijra 622 (Beginning of
Muslim Era) To Medina 8 year conflict between Medina and Mecca
Muhammad was a military and political strategist Unified through
the umma not tribe Established Arab unity among Bedouin tribes
through the umma
Slide 7
Islams Spread Beyond Arabia Two powerful empires in 6 th
century Middle East Byzantine empire Sassanid empire Muslim
conquests Arabian peninsula, Egypt, N. Africa, Syria, Persia,
Iberian peninsula
Slide 8
Reasons for the Spread of Islam Jihad- Arab military advantages
and political weakness of opponents Christian and Jewish
perspectives-
Slide 9
The Caliphate and the Split Between Shia and Sunni Alliances
Sunni Umayyad Dynasty, Damascus (Syria), caliph court, political,
ulama Shia/Shiites Imam
Slide 10
The Abbasid Caliphate 750-1258 747 Abu Al Abbas led rebellion
against Umayyad Baghdad capital- center of trade, intellectual
achievements, medicine, astrology, Greek texts translated
Significance of Arabic language in Islam Persian elite class
Cosmopolitan Islamic center Divine right Slave soldiers
(Turks)
Slide 11
Administration of the Islamic Territories Adopted from
Byzantine and Persian Caliph Vizier Ulama Emirs Native officials
Diwan
Slide 12
Fragmentation and Military Challenges Pay taxes = some autonomy
Long distance = disobedience
Slide 13
Breakaway Territories and Shia Gains 755 independent state in
Cordoba, Spain 800 Tunisia, N. Africa 820 Khurasan kingdom 946 Shia
Iranian overran Baghdad 969 Shia Fatimids conquered N. Africa
Slide 14
The Ascendancy of the Turk The Turks were victims of slave
raids. Converted to not be captured 1020 and 1030s Seljuk Turks
conquered Persia, Iraq, and Syria to establish a Sunni state
950-1100 Turk expansion to Byzantines (Anatolia) Most Christians
converted to Islam
Slide 15
The Mongol Invasions 1206 Mongols united Mongol, Tartar, and
Turkish peoples under Chinggis (Ghengis) Khan and conquered North
China. 1219-1222 Mongols conquered Arabs from Persia to Central
Asia (Khwarazm). 1258 the last Abbasid caliph was assassinated in
Baghdad when Mongols led by Huleou took over Persia and created the
IL- KHAN 1260 Damascus Syrians withstood Mongols in Battle of Ayn
Jalut
Slide 16
Muslim Society The Life of the People Idea of social equality
was basic Muslim doctrine (among Muslims alone) Arabs regarded
themselves as superior
Slide 17
The Social Hierarchy 1. Caliphs household and ruling Arab
Muslims 2. Converts- required to subordination to Arab tribes 3.
Dhimmis (ZIH-MEEZ)- People of the Book Respect Islam, pay taxes
Appointed to high positions Status dropped after Crusades and
Mongol empires
Slide 18
Jews in Islam Marginalized in Christian social order, then
expelled from many European countries Marginalized in Islam,
however given commercial liberties and respect
Slide 19
Slavery Humane, moderate, no excessive work, opportunity for
manumission Not People of the Book Women: housekeeping, dancers,
concubines Men: soldiers, construction, mines, loading docks,
mines, and eunuchs
Slide 20
Islam vs. American slavery 1.Race not recognized 2.No
plantation system (Zanj revolt in Persia) 3.Not hereditary
Slide 21
Women in Classical Islamic Society Pre-Islam Arab tribes No
problem Sold into marriage Mostly domestic roles; some political
exceptions
Slide 22
Early Islamic view on women Quran: equals, political, economic
rights By Abbasid dynasty Patriarchal tendency absorbed from Persia
and Byzantine Veiling Quran has no specific rule about veiling
Purdah
Slide 23
Marriage Too important for romance Arranged at 12 years old
Raised children Polygamy tolerated (4) Divorce permitted
Slide 24
Trade and Commerce Favorable capitalism Looked down on
agricultural labor honest, truthful Muslim merchant will stand with
martyrs on the day of judgment.
Slide 25
Waterways main commercial route: Mediterranean, Black Sea,
Caspian Sea, Volga River (Russia), Aral Sea (China), Arabian Sea,
Indian Ocean, Indonesia, and Philippines Cairo, Egypt
Slide 26
Textiles, glass, gold, silver, copper exchanged for Asian
spices, dyes, and medicine Sakk Bill of exchange Joint Stock
Company By product-
Slide 27
Cultural Developments
Slide 28
The Cultural Centers of Baghdad and Cordoba Examples of
cosmopolitan Muslim civilization
Slide 29
Literature The Thousand and One Nights Aladdin and His Lamp
Sinbad the Sailor Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves
Slide 30
Cordoba One Million people, 1600 mosques, 213,000 houses,
60,000 mansions, 80,000 shops, 27 schools (400,000 volumes in
library) Contrast with Benedictine Abbey of Saint-Gall in
Switzerland
Slide 31
Education and Intellectual Life Valued education, especially
religious learning Quran basic text Reading, writing, study of
Quran Madrasa Arabic
Slide 32
Teachers role- Memorization Careers: Women in education
Slide 33
Compare/contrast Islamic schools to Chinese and European
Islamic European Chinese Arabic, Algebra, medicine, astrology
Slide 34
Them Mystical Tradition of Sufism Reaction to materialism of
Umayyad Dynasty Fasting, meditation, prayer Absence of materialism
and politics
Slide 35
Muslim-Christian Encounter Most significant encounter Exchange:
Positive until Crusades 1095 and Reconquista of Span 722-1492 Trade
contacts, especially Venetians
Slide 36
Andalusia, Spain Jewish, Christian, Muslim harmonious
coexistence Mozarabs- Eventually met with criticism and prejudice
Muslim converts sentenced to death 1250 Reconquista
Slide 37
Beyond Andalusian Spain Muslim attacks on Europeans in 8 th and
9 th centuries Doctrine controversies: