The Italian Peninsula was The Italian Peninsula was a natural crossroads for a natural crossroads for the following activities:the following activities:

1. Trade1. Trade

2. Cultural 2. Cultural exchangeexchange

3. Conquest3. Conquest

This mountain system to This mountain system to the north provided Italy the north provided Italy with a natural protection with a natural protection

from invaders:from invaders:

The The AlpsAlps

Additionally, the following three Additionally, the following three seas (to the East, South and seas (to the East, South and

West) surrounding the West) surrounding the peninsula gave protection:peninsula gave protection:

11. Adriatic. Adriatic

2. Mediterranean2. Mediterranean

3. Tyrrhenian3. Tyrrhenian

Integral to Ancient Rome’s Integral to Ancient Rome’s culture, politics and art was culture, politics and art was

this polytheistic religion:this polytheistic religion:

Roman Roman mythologymythology

While western culture adopted While western culture adopted many of the Roman symbols many of the Roman symbols

and images, the Romans and images, the Romans adopted THEIR religious ideas adopted THEIR religious ideas

from:from:

The ancient The ancient GreeksGreeks

While the Greek god of the While the Greek god of the sky was Zeus, the Roman sky was Zeus, the Roman

god was:god was:

JupiterJupiter

Juno may be defined as Juno may be defined as the equivalent of the the equivalent of the

Greek goddess (Queen of Greek goddess (Queen of the gods)the gods)

HeraHera

Roman god of the sea:Roman god of the sea:

NeptuneNeptune

Roman Sun god Roman Sun god

ApolloApollo

Roman goddess of light Roman goddess of light and huntingand hunting

DIANADIANA

Roman goddess of arts Roman goddess of arts and professions and professions

MINERVAMINERVA

Roman God of War and Roman God of War and the red planet:the red planet:

MarsMars

Goddess of beauty, another Goddess of beauty, another planetplanet

VenusVenus

The three social classes of The three social classes of the Roman Republic the Roman Republic

included:included:

1. Patricians1. Patricians

2. Plebeians2. Plebeians

3. Slaves3. Slaves

The Romans & Greeks made The Romans & Greeks made slaves out of captives. In slaves out of captives. In Athens, this percentage of Athens, this percentage of

people were slaves:people were slaves:

1/3!!!1/3!!!

The Roman nobility who The Roman nobility who were few in number were were few in number were

called:called:

PatriciansPatricians

The majority of the population The majority of the population consisting of landowners, consisting of landowners,

townspeople, merchants and townspeople, merchants and small farmers were called:small farmers were called:

PlebeianPlebeianss

Typically, in Ancient Rome, Typically, in Ancient Rome, one became a slave by:one became a slave by:

Being Being conqueredconquered

What classes have the What classes have the privilege of citizenship in the privilege of citizenship in the

Roman Republic?Roman Republic?

Patricians and plebeiansPatricians and plebeians

(An alien could be (An alien could be granted citizenship only granted citizenship only

with special with special authorization)authorization)

What were some of the What were some of the obligations of Roman obligations of Roman

citizenship?citizenship?

1. Voting1. Voting2. Paying taxes2. Paying taxes3. Serving in 3. Serving in the militarythe military

Two _______ were Two _______ were elected by the Assembly elected by the Assembly

to serve Rome for 1 to serve Rome for 1 year. They held the year. They held the

power of VETO.power of VETO.

ConsulsConsuls

Although relatively Although relatively powerless, the plebeians powerless, the plebeians

could be elected to be one could be elected to be one of 10 _________ with the of 10 _________ with the

ability to veto Senate bills.ability to veto Senate bills.

TribunesTribunes

The Twelve Tables The Twelve Tables improved this aspect of improved this aspect of Rome for the plebeians:Rome for the plebeians:

Laws were Laws were codified codified (written) (written)

and publicly and publicly displayeddisplayed

These wars were fought These wars were fought between Rome and between Rome and

Carthage:Carthage:

Punic Punic WarsWars

This Carthaginian This Carthaginian general led an invasion general led an invasion

of Italy with his of Italy with his elephants!elephants!

HannibalHannibal

What are 3 results of the What are 3 results of the wars with Carthage?wars with Carthage?

1. Carthage was devastated.1. Carthage was devastated.

2. Rome developed a powerful navy 2. Rome developed a powerful navy and rose to supremacy in the and rose to supremacy in the Mediterranean Sea.Mediterranean Sea.

3. Rome went on to conquer 3. Rome went on to conquer mainland Europe.mainland Europe.

As a result of this change by As a result of this change by the large landowners, many the large landowners, many

small farmers became small farmers became unemployed and moved to unemployed and moved to

cities for work:cities for work:

latifundialatifundia

Roman conquest made Roman conquest made possible cultural diffusion possible cultural diffusion

through:through:

1.1. Military Military

occupationoccupation

2. Trade2. Trade

This brilliant Roman This brilliant Roman general led the conquest general led the conquest

of Gaul (France) as well as of Gaul (France) as well as the British Isles:the British Isles:

Julius Julius CaesarCaesar

The result of the civil The result of the civil war between Caesar’s war between Caesar’s

forces and the Senate’s forces and the Senate’s forces was:forces was:

A victory for A victory for Caesar – he Caesar – he

became became dictator for life.dictator for life.

4 main causes for decline of 4 main causes for decline of the Roman the Roman RepublicRepublic were: were:

1. 1. Slavery spread.Slavery spread.

2. Small farmers became 2. Small farmers became unemployed and unemployed and moved to cities.moved to cities.

3. The civil war that led to 3. The civil war that led to Caesar’s rise in power.Caesar’s rise in power.

4. Inflation – Roman 4. Inflation – Roman coinage became less coinage became less valuable so prices of valuable so prices of goods went up.goods went up.

The first emperor of The first emperor of Rome after he defeated Rome after he defeated

Mark Anthony was:Mark Anthony was:

Augustus Augustus Caesar Caesar

(or (or Octavian)Octavian)

The end of the Roman Republic The end of the Roman Republic and the beginning of the and the beginning of the Roman Empire may be Roman Empire may be

attributed to these 2 causes:attributed to these 2 causes:

1.1. Civil war and the Civil war and the rise of Augustus rise of Augustus Caesar.Caesar.

2.2. The failure to The failure to provide for the provide for the succession of succession of emperors.emperors.

The basis for the power of The basis for the power of the Roman Empire was:the Roman Empire was:

The The army.army.

Inflation hit Rome because Inflation hit Rome because of:of:

1. Money 1. Money needed for needed for military military conquest.conquest.2. Money 2. Money needed for needed for defense.defense.

3 good economic impacts 3 good economic impacts of the Roman Empire:of the Roman Empire:

1.1. Uniform coinage to Uniform coinage to enhance trade.enhance trade.

2.2. Guaranteed safe Guaranteed safe travel on Roman travel on Roman roads.roads.

3.3. Prosperity and Prosperity and stability.stability.

a good social aspect of a good social aspect of the Roman Empire:the Roman Empire:

Social classes were stabilized Social classes were stabilized under central authority.under central authority.

2 good political aspects 2 good political aspects of the Roman Empire:of the Roman Empire:

1. A civil service was 1. A civil service was created.created.

2. A uniform rule of 2. A uniform rule of law was established.law was established.

T/F: The Roman law provided a T/F: The Roman law provided a foundation for law in nations foundation for law in nations that developed in Western that developed in Western

Europe.Europe.

True!True!

The Christian faith is The Christian faith is based on the teachings based on the teachings

of:of:

Jesus Jesus ChristChrist

5 major Christian beliefs 5 major Christian beliefs include:include:

One GodOne God Jesus as son of God.Jesus as son of God. Life after death.Life after death. Church recognition of Church recognition of

all who believe.all who believe. All people are equal All people are equal

before God.before God.

Christianity was spread by Christianity was spread by the writings and teachings the writings and teachings

of:of:

Apostles and Apostles and other other

missionariesmissionaries..

Christian doctrine was Christian doctrine was affirmed and clarified by affirmed and clarified by religious assemblies like religious assemblies like

the:the:

Council of Nicea Council of Nicea

One of the reasons the One of the reasons the Christians were persecuted Christians were persecuted in the Roman Empire was:in the Roman Empire was:

They were They were MONOTHEISTIC MONOTHEISTIC and refused to and refused to acknowledge acknowledge

the Emperor as the Emperor as god.god.

In 66 AD this fiddle playing In 66 AD this fiddle playing Roman Emperor blamed the Roman Emperor blamed the burning of Rome upon the burning of Rome upon the

Christians:Christians:

NERONERO

This Roman emperor ended the This Roman emperor ended the persecution of Christians when persecution of Christians when

he converted to Christianity he converted to Christianity and made it the official faith of and made it the official faith of

the Romanthe Roman Empire:Empire:

CONSTANTINECONSTANTINE

Christianity has its origins in Christianity has its origins in this earlier faith:this earlier faith:

JUDAISMJUDAISM

The leader of the Roman The leader of the Roman Catholic Church is the Catholic Church is the bishop of Rome or the:bishop of Rome or the:

POPEPOPE

Religious districts were Religious districts were directed by these directed by these church officials:church officials:

BISHOPSBISHOPS

The individuals who directly The individuals who directly served a particular parish served a particular parish

were called:were called:

PRIESTSPRIESTS

With the fall of the Roman With the fall of the Roman Empire in 476 AD, the Empire in 476 AD, the

people of western Europe people of western Europe turned to this institution for turned to this institution for

security:security:

THE THE CATHOLIC CATHOLIC CHURCHCHURCH

Major Roman architectural Major Roman architectural achievements included:achievements included:(1) The great arena (1) The great arena (2) the temple to all gods and (2) the temple to all gods and (3) the city center around which (3) the city center around which govt. offices were built:govt. offices were built:

•ColosseumColosseum•PantheonPantheon•ForumForum

Roman technological Roman technological improvements in improvements in

transportation and water transportation and water carrying included:carrying included:

RoadsRoads AqueductsAqueducts

Romance languages such Romance languages such as Italian, Spanish and as Italian, Spanish and French are based upon French are based upon

this root language:this root language:

LATINLATIN

Ptolemy was a scientist of Ptolemy was a scientist of the Roman Era who believed the Roman Era who believed

the universe was the universe was GEOCENTRIC, meaning?GEOCENTRIC, meaning?

EARTH EARTH CenteredCentered

Great Roman poet who, in Great Roman poet who, in the tradition of Homer, the tradition of Homer,

wrote the Aeneid?wrote the Aeneid?

VirgilVirgil

The Roman The Roman EmpireEmpire declined as a result of:declined as a result of:

Economic decline Economic decline and inflationand inflation

Military costs and Military costs and change in armychange in army

Moral decayMoral decay Political turmoil and Political turmoil and

civil warcivil war Invasions by Invasions by

Germanic tribesGermanic tribes

The last ROMAN The last ROMAN emperor reigned in this emperor reigned in this

year:year:

476 AD476 AD

The Roman Emperor who The Roman Emperor who divided the Roman Empire divided the Roman Empire

into East and West was:into East and West was:

DiocletianDiocletian

Constantine founded a Constantine founded a new capital at new capital at

Byzantium and named Byzantium and named it:it:

CONSTANTINOPLECONSTANTINOPLE

Advantages of the new Advantages of the new capital included:capital included:

Closer to Silk Closer to Silk Road and more Road and more financially financially stablestable

Easier to defend Easier to defend b/c of military b/c of military and and fortificationsfortifications