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Russian Influence Bolshevik revolution –Private ownership banned –Collective planning instead Unions became more radical Government clamped down on unions, some were banned First “Red Scare” in Canada
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The Labour Movement
Soldiers Come Home• During the WWI,
labour shortages were constant
• bargaining power of workers = high
• Soldiers return
Russian Influence
• Bolshevik revolution – Private ownership banned– Collective planning instead
• Unions became more radical
• Government clamped down on unions, some were banned
• First “Red Scare” in Canada
Why Unions?• In 1919 workers did not have
– Unemployment insurance– Workers compensation– Pensions
• Workers formed trade unions to gain– Improved housing– Job training– Higher pay
Unions in Winnipeg• By 1911, Winnipeg
was the 3rd largest city in Canada
• Also the most unionized
• 1917 – talk of a city wide strike over conscription
Unions in Winnipeg• 1918 – Winnipeg City council outlaws
the right to strike– Municipal workers striked in protest,
joined by others– City backs down
in defeat– Lesson = strength
in numbers, victory through militancy
Winnipeg General Strike• 1919 a General Strike was called
– Massive Unemployment– Social Unrest– Rising Inflation
• Union leaders saw it as straightforward fight for collective bargaining
• Government saw it as an attempt to launch a full scale Bolshevik Revolution
What Did They Want?• Decent wages (85
cents/hour)
• Eight hour work day
• Right to collective bargaining
Winnipeg General Strike (cont)• Opposition to the strike
came from the Citizen’s Committee of 100
• Police strikebreakers were deployed – at one point the numbers were at 272– Machine guns were mounted on trucks– Full operational assault tank armed with
a crew of 11 men– Army standing by– Mounties were ready
• CC 1000 called for the arrest of strike organizers
• This was against the law so the law changed– Revised to allow the government to arrest,
detain and deport naturalized citizens on the suspicion of advocating revolution.
• June 21, riot broke out– Strikers overturned a trolley– Police started hitting and
firing• Two killed - 20 injured - 80 arrested
Strike Continues…
Ending the Strike• By dusk the army ruled the streets• This day was called Bloody Saturday• Was over by June 25 (lasted 6 weeks)• Many families never recovered from
the financial loss• Some strikers did not have
jobs to go back to• Some strike leaders got
involved in politics
Your Task:On the sheet provided to you, you
must:sum up the events
beforeduring
and after the Winnipeg General Strike in
the six boxes through illustration and (short) captions.
The Women’s Movement
Getting the Vote• Western Canada was the poop
disturber
• Nellie McClung led the fight– Known as the “Holy Terror”
• Clashed with Manitoba MP over the issue of women getting the vote– MP dismissed her as a “hyena in a
petticoat”
Mamma Bear Gets Mad• McClung stages a female
parliament– Addressing the question
“Should men get the vote?”
“Man is made for something higher and better than voting. Men were made to support families…why if men start to vote, they will vote too much. Politics unsettles men, and unsettled men mean unsettled bills, broken furniture, broken vows, and divorce” – McClung in her play
Victory…sort of• MP Roblin was
defeated in next election
• New liberal leaders give women in Manitoba the provincial vote in 1916 (federal vote not given until 1918)
First Female MP - 1921• Agnes MacPhail won her
riding in rural Ontario
• She called for prison reform
• 1954 she was going to be appointed to the senate, but died before the appointment
The Person’s Case• Emily Murphy (from Alberta) wanted a
separate women’s court
• Alberta attorney general agreed – Emily first female magistrate in 1916
• Nellie McClung appointed in Edmonton 1921
• Oh wait…we forgot to tell you that…
Women Aren’t Persons• According to the BNA Act,
only qualified “persons” could hold such positions (like a magistrate)
• British common law, held that women were not considered persons in matters of “rights or privileges”
You’re Not The Boss of Me!!• Cases heard by women were
immediately challenged.
• The women made note of the issue and continued…but they continued doing their job illegally
**the men weren’t arguing that women weren’t human beings – just that under the legal definitions, women were not eligible to hold public office **
Lizzie Cyr• 1917, female prostitute Lizzie Cyr
brought before Allie Jamieson for charges of vagrancy
• Sentenced to 6 months hard labour
• Cyr’s lawyer petitioned the court on the basis that women aren’t persons
• Alberta Supreme Court said “yes they are!” (June14, 1917)
Famous Five• The issue was settled in Alberta, but
not nationally.
• Emily Murphy noted that under section 24 of the BNA Act, only “qualified persons” could be appointed to the Senate, so she issued a challenge to Ottawa
• Ottawa tried to avoid it but…
• she also discovered something during this time
– A rule stated that any five concerned citizens could request a hearing from the supreme court of Canada on any point in the BNA Act. So in 1927 she got four other leading suffragists, all from Alberta, to launch a challenge. They are the “Famous Five”
The Famous FiveEmily Murphy police
magistrateHenrietta Edwards
co founder of the National Council of Women
Nellie McClung former Alberta MLA
Louise McKinney
former Alberta MLA
Irene Parlby Alberta MLA and provincial cabinet minister
How can I get to the Senate?• 1. Is power vested in the Governor General
of Canada, or the Parliament of Canada, or either of them, to appoint a female to the Senate of Canada?
• 2. Is it constitutionally possible for the Parliament of Canada, under the provisions of the BNA Act, or otherwise, to make provision for the appointment of a female to the Senate of Canada?
Justice Minister decided to frame their questions like this:
Does the word ‘Persons’ in section 24 of the British North America Act, 1867, include female persons?
Emily wrote to the Minister of Justice proposing a third question for referral to the Supreme Court aimed at establishing how women could be appointed to the Senate:
“If any statute be necessary to qualify a female to sit in the Senate of Canada, must this statute be enacted by the Imperial Parliament (the Parliament of England) or does power lie with the Parliament of Canada, or the Senate of Canada?”
• But he ignored it, so we remember the question asked as being the ‘revised’ one:
Does the word ‘Persons’ in section 24 of the British North America Act, 1867, include female persons?
The Challenge• On April 24, 1928 the SCC announced
that womenwere NOT legally persons.
• The Famous Five convinced the Canadian government to take this to the British Privy Council in London.
• On October 18, 1929, Britain ruled for Canada and reversed the verdict.
“The exclusion of women from all public offices is a relic of days more barbarous than ours.”
– Lord Chancellor Sankey of the Privy Council
Bittersweet for CanadaUnderlying issue:
Canada still not completely independent
. Britain had overruled the decision made by Canada’s highest court.
It was a victory for women, but a blow to Canada’s sovereignty.
• 3 things you learned• 2 things you already knew• 1 thing you still wonder about
Today we learned about women’s struggle to become ‘persons’. What other contemporary struggles do women have today?
Agenda• Hand in any assignments• Move for Independence
Move for Independence
King-Byng Crisis• In 1926 = scandal
– kickbacks and bootlegged liquor in the customs department
• King asks Julian Byng (GG) to :– dissolve the House and call an
election
• Byng refused (sort of). Invites Meighan to form a new government – lasts 4 days
King-Byng Crisis• In the election that followed, King made
this a crisis of sovereignty and about the GG.
• King won a majority
• The man of principle. Meighan, had been
humiliated
King-Byng Crisis• And Lord Byng, who was a war
hero, was vilified
• Canadian political independence had been reasserted
• Message was clear – royals were to be ornaments – they were not to interfere
Paris Peace Conference - 1919• Canada has own seat
• Canada had an independent signature
• This upset the USA.
Chanak Crisis - 1922• British troops were
sent to Turkey – Turkey might occupy
the port of Chanak,– control of waterway
from Black Sea to the Mediterranean.
• Britain tried to force Canada into getting involved in an overseas conflict
Chanak
• King - Canada would not automatically send troops
• 1st time Canada refused to supply unconditional support for British– Only the Canadian Parliament would
decide if Canada would send troops– Sent volunteer force that never saw
action
Halibut Treaty - 1923• Canada signed its very
own first international treaty with the USA
• The Halibut Treaty with the U.S. helped protect Canada’s Pacific Fisheries
Balfour Declaration - 1926• Imperial Conference, the Balfour
Declaration recognized Canada and other dominions as
“autonomous communities within the British Empire, equal in status [and] in no way subordinate.”
• Acknowledged that GG was only a rep of the British monarch (like today)
Statute of Westminster - 1931• Created the British
Commonwealth
• These dominions were free to make their own laws
• Canada became a sovereign state as part of the British Commonwealth of Nations
BUT…wait! There’s more…• 1931, sort of marked Canada’s
political independence – we just couldn’t change our constitution
• Canada couldn’t agree on an amending formula so…
• any future changes would have to be passed by the British Parliament first– (this changed in the 1980s – yes, that’s
Justin’s Dad).
Economy Basics
Supply and Demand• Supply – how much is
available
• Demand – how badly people want the product
Supply and Demand• Cost of product is HIGH when
– Demand is high, supply is low
• Cost of product is LOW when– Demand is low, supply is high
Business Cycle• It is normal for economies to
go through cycles of
– Prosperity (extreme = boom)– Recession (extreme =
depression)
Boom (prosperity)
recession
depression
recovery
prosperity
recession
depression
recovery
Combat Mode: ON• Americans and Canadians
– Different views on helping the poor
• Americans are afraid of government involvement
• Canadians welcomed it
• Welfare State emerges
• Relief Camps
• Situation is worse for women– First fired, last hired
• Canada’s Prime Ministers– Different views on how to help
• King:– “temporary seasonal
blackness”– “I wouldn’t give _______________
a 5 cent piece”
– Bennett elected in 1930
Poor Law 101• BNA Act
– Municipality are responsible for poor– municipality has no power of taxation
• Municipality appeals to Prov. Gov’t
• Prov. Gov’t appeals to Fed. Gov’t– Feds say it’s not their problem
• Bennett:– Conservative Govn’t
• Doesn’t like spending money– The depression was “a
psychological problem”– Escapism– A little bit of poverty would
make you stronger– Raised tariffs– Gave relief
New Political Parties
Communism – The Red Menace
• Founded June 1921
• August 1931, 9 of its leaders were arrested– For having the wrong ideas
• Party Leader Tim Buck sent to jail
• Guards try to kill him, but fail
Cooperative Commonwealth Federation• Later became the NDP in 1961
• Founded 1932 in Calgary, Alberta
• Advocated for “democratic socialism”
• Leader: J.S. Woodsworth, Tommy Douglas 1944
Cooperative Commonwealth Federation• Regina Manifesto (party platform)
– Nationalize key industries– Provide guaranteed minimum income– Free health care– Children’s allowances– Unemployment insurance
Social Credit• Founded by Radio evangelist
William “Bible Bill” Aberhart
• Advertised a new theory– Problem = people don’t have
enough purchasing power
Social Credit• Solution:
– Provide cash dividends
• Bible Bill vowed that he would give every adult $25
• Tried to back out of it – prints his own money
• Against the law…
Union Nationale• Organized 1937
• Leader: Maurice Duplessis (until 1959)
• Appealed to Quebec nationalists
• 1937 – Padlock Law
Padlock Law• Allowed the Quebec government to:
– Lock up and evict anyone from any location if they are suspected of being used by communists
– Anyone printing communist material = jail for 1 year
• No definition of what communism was
• Duplessis argues that communism was something “that can be felt”
KKK• Flourished in the 1920s
• Posed as the “defender of Britishness against the alien hordes”
• Opposed to liberal government
• Popular in Saskatchewan
KKK
A White Canada• 1923 – Chinese Immigration
Act
• 1920 , Duncan Campbell Scott – wanted to eliminate Indians through assimilation– One way of doing this =
residential schools
• “Our object is to continue until there is not a single Indian in Canada that has not been absorbed into the body politic, and there is no Indian question, and no Indian Department
King or Chaos• Bennett is PM during depression
• Isn’t doing enough
• King wants to make a comeback
• 1935 election – King or Chaos – King won
Our prime ministers so far:
Robert BordenWLM KingMeighanWLM KingBennettWLM King