THE LANZAROTE UNDERGROUND LABORA TORY

•R. Vieira; M. Van Ruymbeke ; J.Fernández; J.Arnoso and C. Toro

Instituto de Astronom(a y Geodesia

Facultad de Ciencias Hatemátlcas

Ciudad Universitaria

28040-HADRID

• Observatolre Royale de Relglque

Avenue Clrculalre, 3

1180 Bruxelles

ABSTRACT

Slnce 1987 and as a past of the research project that

I s carrylng out the Lns t l tut,o de Astronomfa y Geodesia of

Hadr I d In Canary Islands, a geodynamlc permanent statlon

Is worklng InLanzarote Island, themost northerlyand

easter l y of the maln Islands of Canarlan Archlplelago.

The statlon has two fundamental objetlves: (a) to test

di fferent Instruments developed In the context of the

tlde research and to apply them to other ar-ee s of earth

research; arid (b ) to Investlgale lhe posslble eorrelat.lons

of earth responses to lIdal forees and other phenomena,

such as crust stucture and t.b t ckne s s , vo l can t sm, qeolher-

mlc anomalles and heal flow, selsmlclty, mass dlsplaee-

ments Inslde lhe crusl, ocean and almospherlc lides,

melereo logleal Influenees, deformallons, ete ...

In thls paper, we present the Instrumenlatlon worklng

In lhe lhree modules o( lhe Lanzarole Geodynamles Slatlon

aelually, and lhe maln resulls oblalned so faro

1NTRODUCTION

The st.udy of the earth tides has been one of the maininvestlgation lines of the Instituto de Astronomía y Geodesia(1. A.G.) since 1972, when these lnvestigations started to becarried out. In this 18 years a great effort has be en made, witha total of 21 stations for gravimetrlc tides almost completely

1

covering the Iberian Peninsula, moving in an important wayfordwards the resolution of the very many problems we outlined atthe begining and some others which arose as a consecuence of therunning of the investigations (F. Lambas et al., 1981; M. Orejanaet al., 1983(a); M. Orejana et al., 1983(b); R. Vieira et al.,1986(a); R. Vieira et al., 1986(b); R. Vieira et al., 1986(c); R.Vieira et al., 1988(a); C.Toro et al., 1988; R. Vieira et al.,1988(b); C. Toro, 1989).

The collaboration with the group of scientists of theConsejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas dedicated to thestudy of volcanism in the Canary Islands, in the geodesy speciflcflelds, started in 1984, and as a consequence of thiscollaboration we are offered the opportunlty to install alaboratory for a permanent geodynamic lnvestlgation in Lanzarote,more exactly at the nort of the island and inside of the volcanictunnel of the La Corona volcano; a really spectacular tunnel withmore than 6 km length fram the volcano to the coast line whichcontinues in the ocean, underwater, for at least two morekilometers.

Fr om the very beginning we gave us scientific objetivescoherent with our invesligations and so absolutely cIear that wecan resume them in t.he following points (R. Vieira et al.,1989(a); R. Víe í ra et al., 1989(b); R. Vieira et al., 1989(c); R.Vleira et al., 1989(d)):

1~ Those objetives related with investigations ongravimetr'ic and clinometric tldes, mainly in thoseaspect.s in whieh and Is1and wlth the characterlsticsof Lanzarote has a greater interest: study of theeffects from oceanie origln, correlation of the earthtide with the earth shell thickness (shell in LanzarQte has a thickness of about 12 km (E. Banda et al.,1981; A.G.Camacho et al. ,1990)) possible correlationsbetween tidal parameters and the anomalies withther maI origin (in Lanzarote there are lmpo rtan tgeothermlc anomalies, mainly in the area of the greateruption of the XVIII century, with places where thetemperature reaches 600°C at only 14 m depth);temparary variations and possible modulations onamplitude factors and phase af lhe tldal harmonics,validlty or not of the Schwiderskl charts in the areaof Canary Islands, etc.

2~ Those aspects of geodynamic interest, conse-quence of the continuous auscultation with highaccuracy instruments not only gravimetric ones but oninclination and deformation in general. These sensors

have been developed to register phenomena of a verysmall magnltude, such as earth tides, and beinginstalled in a place llke Lanzarote, wich can offerus information of a great interest from the volcanicpoint of view and its associated seismicity offersnow a days a moderated activity, but a futurepotentlal totally unexpected. For this reason, weinted this laboraty to be a place to test instrumentsdeveloped for different aplications which adapted, inevery case, to the conditions of geodynamic activityof the area would provide us with an informationabout such activity additlonal to the one obtainedthrough the usual methods.

Obviously, it is a geodynamic laboratoryopened to the international collaboration, as lt canbe seen from the instruments installed as a consequence of the collaboration with the European Center forGeodynamic and Seismology ( E.C.G.S ) from Luxemburgand the Observatoire Royale de Belgique (O.R.B.).

DESCRIPTION OF THE STATIONOn Figure 1 we can see a sketch of the volcanic tunnel as

well as the geodynam í c staUon located inside the tunnel. We mustreally differenciate three modules in t.his laboratory. The matnmodule í s , Figure IIa ), the one located in the interior of thetunnel, at around 1 km from the coastal line and at about S km,from the volcano t.hat gives origin t.o the tunnel. In t.his moduleare most of t.he sensors presently installed which can be seenIn Table 1 (FernAndez et al., 1990(a)).

Another observational module is placed in the intersectionof the tunnel with the ocean, Figure l(b), where a lake ofincredible transparence is formed. This lake being directlyconnected with the ocean shows the corresponding tides, althoughas it ls normal, with the difference originated by the form,dimensions and oceanic connection of the tunnel; we ha veinstalled sensors in t.his module to continuosly regist.er t.he sealevel as well as the air temperature, presure and humidlt.y.

Finnally, the t h í rd module, Figure 1 (e), is locat.ed in theso named Casa de los Volcanes, a cult.ural, sclentific andturistic center that the Cabi ldo de Lanzarote í s finish1ng tomake in the existing bulldlngs in the place known as Jameos delAgua in the lake area. In this third module 1s located thecentral computer, which is d1rectly linked with t.he observat.ionalmodules and allows to collect all t.he information registered insuch modules. We have foreseen the connect1on via telephonlcmodem between this comput.er and another one located in theoffices of the I.A.G. in Madrid.

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1NSTRUHENTS

On Table 1 we relat.e the maln characterlcs of theinstruments working in t.he geodynamic station. A data acquisitionsystem designed in cooperation with the company Geonlca S. A.(Fernández et al., 1989) allows a data collection, for the 16sensors connected, every second; provlding arate every tenminutes, and this is the datum which goes to the memory system.

RESULTS

Apart from the results, periodically or continuosly made inthe laboratory and near surroundings, of tempe ra t ure and highaccuracy measurements from wich we are informing in a differentwork published as well in this volume (J. Fernández et al.,1990(b)), the main results obtained up to the moment are resumedin the following sections:

1°) Gravimeters: The analysis of the series of more than 3 years(R. Vieira et al., 1988(d); R. Vieira et al., 1988(e); R. Vieiraet al., 1989(b )) obtained with the LaCoste Romberg nO 434gravimeter wi th a feedback system incorporated (M.V. Ruymbeke,1985) are shown on Table 2. We must point out the high quality ofthese resul ts ref lected by the low ra te of quadra tic errors Indiurnal and semi-diurnal bands.

The strong oceanic effect observed in semi-diurnalfrecuencies must be lately studied, as the station offerspeculiaritles that make it very interesting (C. Toro, 1989). Wecan advance as an hypothesis that the laboratory located in theground gained to the ocean in the eruption of the La Coronavolcano, which we suppose ocurred two o three thousand years ago(T. Bravo, 1964; F. Macau, 1965), 1s floating, or even better,sustained over a sea of lavas of a very low density and that theocean itself enters beneath thls laval surface, known involcanologlcal terms as "malpaís", up till 1t reaches the oldcoastal llne located at more than 3 km in the direction of thevolcano ltself, Figure 2.

Because of the tidal effect, the sea level suffersvariations of more than one and a half meters; the se levelflucluations are as well verifled under this sur f'ace of lavasgiving place to several phenomena such as the strong oceaniceffect observed In the analysis of the gravimetric records.Likewise we have observed lhat the sea level osclllationsregistered in lhe mareograph located In the module number two ofthe laboratory, with periods between the range of 10 to 12minutes whose cause we are investigating, are perfectlyreglstered in both, the gravlmeters and the lnstruments lnstalledin the laboratory, and very speclally in the two components of

4

the long base clinometers (WT 1 and WT 2) and in the threecomponents of the vertical pendulum. In agreement with thishypothesis the thermal variations of the semi-diurnal frecuenciesand the humidi ty variations registered in the Cueva would be aswell related wi th these phreatic level fluctuations induced bythe oceanic tide.

20

) A vertical pendulum of 6 m length was installed in thestation in 1989. This pendulum allows to register not only tiltsin the directions north/south and east/west but the verticaldeflections; afterwards, on February 1990, two cllnometers of along base, of 24.3 and 12 meters, were installed (M. Van Ruymbekeet al., 1990) to measure tllts between lts ends which wereoriented according to the tunnel direction and in a perpendicularway to such direction. The output of these instruments remainsregistered in a continuous way over an analogical support andwi th a per iodici ty of ten minutes over digi tal support. Theseobservations have allow us to reglster phenomena which may ha ve agreat scientific interest.

Taking on account the high accuracy of these instruments,the clinometric tide can be clearly seen in the records,obviously influenced by the strong oceanic effect which we havealready commented. The two instruments designed, built andinstalled in collaboration with the E.C.G.S. and the O.R.B.offer, in the perlod of common register, clear samples ofabsolute coincidences pointing out the two of them distorsionphenomena, always of small amplitude, which have been taken placein the area of the tunnel where they are located.

From the geodynamic point of view, there are some evidencesof a very special interest in the records obtaines up to thismomento In this way, we could observe that important tilts havetaken place and have been registered in both instruments in thosedays previous to the two seismlc perceived, which have takenplace during 1990 in the area of the Canary Islands, both of thembetween the islands of Tenerife and Gran Canaria on January the8 and May the 20. Obviusly it is not a very significative sample,but we beleave it is a interesting to point it out speciallybecause it Is indicating us something that, if we could confirmit in a future happenings of the same kind, it would be of thegreatest importance. On Figure 3 we can see an aspect of thedigital register of several sensors, and on Figure 4 the recordof the vertical pendulum preclsely correspondlng to the perlod ofthe selsm of January the elght.

30

) Finally, in more than three years of continuous sea levelrecord with the mareograh installed in the lake, severalphenomena have be en detected: period oscillations with a range ofsome minutes which could be related to other phenomena, may beatmospheric ones. We must point out that these oscillations have

5

been likewise registered in the gravimeters, pendulum and longbase clinometers installed in the same tunnel at something lessthan 1 km distance. The harmonic analysis of the mareographicseries can be seen on Table 3. at present we are studing somelong period modulations which affect to the amplitude of the mainharmonics (C. Toro, 1989) and which possible are from astronomicorigino In the same manner, the desphases existing with respectto the mareograph located in the Arrecife port, at around 15 kmdistance, are a very clear sample of the peculiar hydrodinamicregime of the volcanic tube, whose connection with the ocean hasnot been clearly shown by the speleological investigations whichhave taken place, reaching the last of them up to almost twokilometers without finding a clear comunication with the ocean.

Taking on account our philosophy on what we conslder alaboratory ·of experiences, the installation of new sensors isplanned for a near future, as well as the transfer of agravimeter beloglng to the O.R.B. to the south of the Island, andmore exactly to the National Par k of T.imanfaya, where the mostimportant geothermal anomalies take place (V. Araña et al. ~ 1973;V. Araña et al., 1984), in this way we could investigate the morethan probable difference In the answer of the shell to the forcesderived from the astronomical potential and obtain interestingconclusions about possible correlations already indicated by someworks published (A. L. Yanshin et al., 1986; E. S. Robinson,1989).

ACKNO\lLEDGHENTS

These investigations take place wi thin the frame of theproject PB80-0022 presently financed by the D.G. I.C.Y.T. as wellas with the important collaboration of the E.C.G.S., the O.R.B.and the Cabildo Insular de Lanzarote.

The authors wlsh to acknowledge their generous personalcontrlbution to Joaquín Naverán, Jesús Soto and Orlando Hernándezwho, fron the la Casa de los Volcanes, have collaborated day byday to the success of these investlgatlons.

REFERENCES

Araña, V.; Diez, J.L.; Or t í.z , R. and Yuguero, J.: "ConvecUon ofGeothermal Fluids in the Timanfaya Volcanic Area(Lanzarote Canary Islands)". Bull. Volcanologique,Vol. 47, pp. 667-677 (1984).

6

Araña, V.; Or t í.z , R. and Yuguero, J.: "Thermal Anomalles inLanzarote (Canary Inslands)" . Geothermics,. Vol. 2, pp.13- 75 (1973).

Banda, E.; Dafiobeltia, J.J.; Surifiach, E. and Ansorge, J.:"Features of Crustal Structure Under the Canary IsIands"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., Vol. 55, pp. 11-24 (1981).

Bravo, T.: "El volcán y el malpaís de la Corona. La 'Cueva de losVerdes' y los 'Jameos'''. Publicaciones del CabildoInsular de Lanzarote. Arrecife (1964).

Camacho, A.G. and Vieira, R.: "Structural Gravlmetric Model ofLanzarote Island". (Thls issue) (1990).

Fernández, J. and Arnoso, J.: "Informe Sobre la InstrumentaciónInstalada en el Complejo Geodlnámico Cueva de losVerdes-Jameos del Agua-Casa de los Volcanes. Lanzarote,Islas Canarias (15-04-1990)". Instituto de Astronomía yGeodesia; internal repport; (1990(a».

Fernández, J.; Van Ruymbeke, M. and Vieira, R.: "High PrecisionThermal Measurements in the Volcanic Tube of 'La Corona'(Lanzarote)". (Th í s í asue ) (1990(b».

Fernández, J.; Vieira, R.; Lambas, F.; and Toro, C.: "Dataacquisltlon systems in the "Valle de los Caldos" and"Cueva de los verdes" stations."Proc. of the XI Int. Symp. on Earth Tides. Helsinki, 12pp. (In press) (1989).

Lambas, F.; Vieira, R. and Gimenez, E.: "Automatic Control Moduleof Tilts, Calibrations and Data Acquisltion for LaCosteRomberg Gravimeters, Models G and D".Proc. of the IX Int.Symp. on Earth Tides. New York City,1981; pp. 293-297. Edit. J.T.Kuo. E. Schweizerbart'scheVerlagsbuchhandhung; (1983).

Macau, F.: "Tubos Volcánicos en Lanzarote 'La Cueva de losVerdes'''. Anuario de Estudios Atlanticos, n.11 (1965)

Orejana, M. and Vieira, R.: "Transforming an Askania GS-15Gravimeter into a Zero-Gravimeter".Proc. of the IX Int.Symp. on Earth Tides. New York City,1981; pp. 311-314. Edit. J.T.Kuo. E. Schweizerbart'scheVerlagsbuchhandhung; (1983).

Orejana, M.; Vieira, R. and Toro, C.: "Development of anElectronic Pendulum for Microinclination Recordings".Proc. of the IX Int.Symp. on Earth Tides. New York City,1981; pp. 293-297. Edit. J.T.Kuo. E. Schwelzerbart'scheVerlagsbuchhandhung; (1983).

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Robinson, E.S.: "Tidal Gravity, Heat Flow, and the Upper Crust".Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, Vol. 56,pp. 181-185 (1989).

Toro, C. : "Determinación y Evaluación de las VariacionesPeriódicas de la Gravedad y de las Desviaciones de laVertical en la Península Ibérica Producidas por lasMareas Oceánicas". Ph. D.; Universidad Complutense deMadr id (1989).

Toro, C. and Vieira, R.:Observadas enOviedo". Publ.7-9 (1988).

"Variaciones Periódicas de la Gravedadla Facultad de Ciencias Físicas de

del Inst. de Astr. y Geod., n.166, pp.

Van Ruymbe~e, M.: "Transformation of nine LaCoste RombergGravimeters in Feedback Systems". Marees TerrestresBulletin Dinformations, n.93, pp. 6202-6228 (1985).

Van Ruymbeke, M. and D'Oreye, N.: "Design and Construction ofInstruments Adapted to Volcanic Zones". (This í asue )(1990) .

Vieira, R.; Araña, V.; Ortiz, R. and Sevilla, M. J.: "Métodos yTécnicas de Auscultación en Zonas Volcánicas.Investigaciones en las Islas Canarias". InternationalMeeting 'Catastrophes and Society' .Lectures and papers.Pp. 265-285. Fundación MAPFRE. ITSEMAP. (1989(a».

Vieira, R.; Fernández, J.; Toro, C.; and Camacho A.G.:"EstaciónGeodinámica del complejo Jameos de Agua-Cueva de losVerdes (Lanzarote). Objetivos científicos y estadoactual de las instalaciones."Publicaciones del Inst.ituto de Astronomía y Geodesia,n °164, pp. 1-6, (1988(c».

Vieira, R.; Fernández, J.; and Toro, C.: La estación de laCueva de los Verdes (Lanzarote): primeros resultados delas experiencias realizadas."Revista de la Real academia de Ciencias Exactas, Físicasy Naturales de Madrid. Tomo LXXXII, cuaderno 2. pp309-312 (1988(d».

Vieira, R.; Fernández, J. ; and Toro, C. :"Las variacionesperiódicas de la gravedad observadas en el tunelvolcánico de La Cueva de los Verdes (Lanzarote)."Publicaciones del Insti tuto de Astronomía y Geodesia,n0164, pp. 15-19, (1988(e».

Vieira, R.; Fernández, J.; Toro, C.; and Camacho, A.G.:"Stuctural and oceanic effects in the gravimetric tidesobservations in Lanzarote.". Proc. of the XI lnt. Symp.on Earth Tides. He Ls Ink i , 10 pp. (In press) (1989(b)).

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Vieira, R.; Fernández, J.; Toro, C.; Camacho, A.G. :and VanRuymbeke, M.: "Dos años de observaciones en la estacióngeodinámica de Lanzarote"ESF meeting on Canarian Volcanism. Edit. E.S.F.-C.S.I.C,pp. 278-280. Lanzarote (1989(d)).

Vieira, R.; Camacho, A.G. and Toro, C.: "Deformaciones de OrigenTérmico del Edificio de la Facultad de CienciasGeológicas de Oviedo a partir de las Observaciones deMarea Gravimétrica". Pub L. Inst. Astr. y Geod. n. 166,pp. 9-18 (1988(a)).

Vieira, R. and Toro, C.: "Modificaciones en el gravimetro AskaniaGS-15 n~ 212 y Resultados Comparativos de las SeriesObservadas ". Pub l. Inst. Astr. y Geod. n , 166, pp. 1-6;(1988(b) i.

Vieira, R.; Toro, C. and Fernández, J.: "Ocean Tides in theNearby of the Iberian Peninsula. Part II:S2 Iberian Map".Proceed. of the X Int. Symp. on Earth Tides; pp. 697-706.Madrid, 1985. Sc. Edit. R. Vieira. C.S.I.C. (1986(a)).

Vieira, R.; Toro, C. and Megias, E. "Ocean Tides in theNearby of the Iberian Peninsula. Part 1: M2 Iberian Map".Proceed. of the X Int. Symp. on Earth Tides; pp. 679-696.Madrid, 1985. Sc. Edit. R. Vieira. C.S.I.C. (1986(b)).

Vieira, R.; TorroJa, J. M. and Toro, C.: "A general DiscussionAbout the Normalization of Gravimeters in the IberianGravity Tide Profile".Proceed. of the X Int. Symp. on Earth Tides; pp. 165-176.Madrid, 1985. Sc. Edit. R. Vieira. C.S.I.C. (1986(a)).

Yanshin, A.L.; Melchior, P.; Kellls-Borok, V. l.; Becker, M.;Ducarme, B. and Sadovsky, A.M.: "Global Distribution ofTidal Anomalies arid an Attempt of its Geotectonic Inter-pretation" .Proceed. of the X Int. Symp. on Earth Tldes; pp. 731-755.Madrid, 1985. Sc. Edit. R. Vieira. C.S.l.C. (1986(a)).

9

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