The Last Great Nomadic The Last Great Nomadic Changes: Chinggis Khan to Changes: Chinggis Khan to

Timur-i LangTimur-i LangChapter 14Chapter 14

EQs: How was Mongol culture organized? EQs: How was Mongol culture organized? What effects did Mongol conquest have on What effects did Mongol conquest have on

the world?the world?

The StormThe Storm The Mongols were the most The Mongols were the most

formidable nomadic challenge to formidable nomadic challenge to sedentary life since the nomadic sedentary life since the nomadic invasion of Europe in the early invasion of Europe in the early BCE eraBCE era

The Mongols are often portrayed The Mongols are often portrayed as savage barbarians and as savage barbarians and destructive conquerors who destructive conquerors who thirsted for blood and power…thirsted for blood and power…NOT TRUE…the Mongols were NOT TRUE…the Mongols were quite peaceful, had organized quite peaceful, had organized government, were tolerant of government, were tolerant of other cultures…they just other cultures…they just conquered to control territoryconquered to control territory

The Mongols would represent in The Mongols would represent in world history a bridge between world history a bridge between east and west, opening the east and west, opening the exchange of trade and culture exchange of trade and culture from previously isolated/limited from previously isolated/limited contactcontact

Mongol Society/PoliticsMongol Society/Politics Mongol people were nomads who lived Mongol people were nomads who lived

off of sheep/goatsoff of sheep/goats They were a horse based society, they They were a horse based society, they

learned to ride the minute they could learned to ride the minute they could walkwalk

Mongols were tribal, mostly related kin Mongols were tribal, mostly related kin and were organized into and were organized into groups/confederations who supported groups/confederations who supported each other (factions)…men dominated each other (factions)…men dominated though women had rightsthough women had rights

To gain power, a man had to win battles, To gain power, a man had to win battles, show courage, and demonstrate great show courage, and demonstrate great diplomacy for an extended period of timediplomacy for an extended period of time

Mongols had established kingdoms in Mongols had established kingdoms in north China between the 4north China between the 4thth and 10 and 10thth centuries and succeeded in many raids centuries and succeeded in many raids of northern China during this period…of northern China during this period…when their leader Kabul Khan died in the when their leader Kabul Khan died in the late 12late 12thth C, alliances amongst the C, alliances amongst the Mongols crumbledMongols crumbled

His grandson Temujin His grandson Temujin (Chinggis/Genghis) gained strength and (Chinggis/Genghis) gained strength and was elected ruler in 1206…he took the was elected ruler in 1206…he took the title title khankhan which means supreme ruler which means supreme ruler and changed his name to Chinggis and changed his name to Chinggis

The Mongol War MachineThe Mongol War Machine Males were trained instantly from Males were trained instantly from

youth to ride horse, hunt and fightyouth to ride horse, hunt and fight Mongols had powerful short bowsMongols had powerful short bows Speed and mobility were their Speed and mobility were their

greatest assetsgreatest assets Armies were divided into units of Armies were divided into units of

10,000 (tumens) that included both 10,000 (tumens) that included both light and heavy cavalrylight and heavy cavalry

The army had a harsh code of The army had a harsh code of discipline, with both punishments discipline, with both punishments for failure and rewards for successfor failure and rewards for success

The army had a unit of spies that The army had a unit of spies that secured information for future secured information for future attackattack

The Mongols also had new The Mongols also had new weapons unlike ever seen in the weapons unlike ever seen in the west…called GUNS and west…called GUNS and CANNONSCANNONS

The Mongols under Chinggis (Genghis) The Mongols under Chinggis (Genghis) KhanKhan

The greatest pleasure of Temujin (Chinggis Khan) was making warThe greatest pleasure of Temujin (Chinggis Khan) was making war Conquest was the primary goal Conquest was the primary goal Any city that resisted was leveled…Any person who resisted was killed or Any city that resisted was leveled…Any person who resisted was killed or

sold into slavery…if you complied, you paid tribute!sold into slavery…if you complied, you paid tribute! TOLERANCE…live together in peace…Khan took interest in the arts and TOLERANCE…live together in peace…Khan took interest in the arts and

culture of those he conqueredculture of those he conquered He refused to stay in places he conquered, so he built his capital of He refused to stay in places he conquered, so he built his capital of

Karakorum and brought everyone to himKarakorum and brought everyone to him Trade was re-established from west to east and a new exchange of ideas Trade was re-established from west to east and a new exchange of ideas

and innovations flourished…and an exchange of DISEASES too! and innovations flourished…and an exchange of DISEASES too!

Death and DivisionDeath and Division

By 1226, Genghis had directed his By 1226, Genghis had directed his wrath on China, defeating the Xia wrath on China, defeating the Xia Xia and Tangut Kingdoms…Xia and Tangut Kingdoms…however, he was injured in battle however, he was injured in battle and fell ill…on his deathbed, he and fell ill…on his deathbed, he reminded his sons not to quarrel reminded his sons not to quarrel over territoryover territory

The Mongol Imperium was thus The Mongol Imperium was thus divided 4 ways (3 sons –Ogedei, divided 4 ways (3 sons –Ogedei, Tolui and Chagatai and one Tolui and Chagatai and one grandson - Batu)grandson - Batu)

Ogedei was eventually elected as Ogedei was eventually elected as the khan…though not a great the khan…though not a great military leader, he was a skilled military leader, he was a skilled diplomat and manipulator, keeping diplomat and manipulator, keeping the Mongol Imperium togetherthe Mongol Imperium together

The Mongols in RussiaThe Mongols in Russia Batu led the Golden Horde west, Batu led the Golden Horde west,

ravaging Russia from 1236-1240…ravaging Russia from 1236-1240…very few towns survived (only very few towns survived (only Novgorod and Moscow because they Novgorod and Moscow because they submitted)submitted)

RussiaRussia– Became vassals of the Golden Horde…Became vassals of the Golden Horde…

paid tribute…peasants took orders from paid tribute…peasants took orders from their own princes AND the Mongols…their own princes AND the Mongols…many resorted to serfdom for protectionmany resorted to serfdom for protection

– Moscow benefited from Mongol rule…Moscow benefited from Mongol rule…tribute money helped the city grow tribute money helped the city grow powerful…Moscow eventually grew so powerful…Moscow eventually grew so powerful, it defeated the Golden Horde powerful, it defeated the Golden Horde (1380 Battle of Kulikova) and became (1380 Battle of Kulikova) and became the new center of Russian political the new center of Russian political powerpower

– The Mongol influence brought military The Mongol influence brought military advancements and political advancements and political organization to Russiaorganization to Russia

– However, Russia was isolated from However, Russia was isolated from Europe because of the Mongols and Europe because of the Mongols and did not experience the Renaissance or did not experience the Renaissance or ReformationReformation

Mongols in the Middle EastMongols in the Middle East Hulegu, another of Chinggis Hulegu, another of Chinggis

grandsons, led expeditions into grandsons, led expeditions into Islamic kingdoms…his assaults Islamic kingdoms…his assaults led to the complete end of led to the complete end of Abbasid caliphate (1258)Abbasid caliphate (1258)

The honeymoon was short lived, The honeymoon was short lived, as the Mamluks of Egypt, under as the Mamluks of Egypt, under the leadership of Baibars with the leadership of Baibars with Christian help( wow, really?), Christian help( wow, really?), rose in rebellion against rose in rebellion against Hulegu’s forces in 1260Hulegu’s forces in 1260

These events, however, would These events, however, would leave the door open for the leave the door open for the cousins of the Mongols, the cousins of the Mongols, the Turks of central Asia, to come Turks of central Asia, to come and invade the Middle East over and invade the Middle East over the next 2 centuries (more on the next 2 centuries (more on this later)this later)

Mongols in ChinaMongols in China Conquest of China was begun by Conquest of China was begun by

Chinggis, but not finished by him…his Chinggis, but not finished by him…his grandson Kublai Khan finished off grandson Kublai Khan finished off Chinese invasions of the Song Chinese invasions of the Song

On the recommendation of his On the recommendation of his Chinese advisor, Kublai took a Chinese advisor, Kublai took a Chinese dynastic name (Yuan)Chinese dynastic name (Yuan)

Kublai preserved the distinctions Kublai preserved the distinctions between Mongol and Chinese (did between Mongol and Chinese (did not let his people get assimilated)…not let his people get assimilated)…Chinese were forbidden to learn Chinese were forbidden to learn Mongol writing and forbidden to Mongol writing and forbidden to intermarry…the civil service exams intermarry…the civil service exams were suspendedwere suspended

A distinct social order emergedA distinct social order emerged– Mongols first, then their Mongols first, then their

nomad/Muslim allies, then northern nomad/Muslim allies, then northern Chinese and lastly southern ChineseChinese and lastly southern Chinese

Mongols in ChinaMongols in China Mongol women remained culturally Mongol women remained culturally

separate from Chinese women…separate from Chinese women…Kublai’s wife made sure the differences Kublai’s wife made sure the differences were maintained.were maintained.

Mongol tolerance brought outside Mongol tolerance brought outside influences back into China…Kublai influences back into China…Kublai was fascinated by all…Marco Polo was fascinated by all…Marco Polo made his famed voyagemade his famed voyage

The scholar gentry regarded the The scholar gentry regarded the Mongols as uncouth barbarians and Mongols as uncouth barbarians and resented the termination of the resented the termination of the examination system…they also hated examination system…they also hated that the Mongols elevated the status of that the Mongols elevated the status of lower class people (favor of the lower class people (favor of the peasantry) …taxes and labor burdens peasantry) …taxes and labor burdens on peasants were reducedon peasants were reduced

The Mongols improved Chinese The Mongols improved Chinese transportation, expanded paper transportation, expanded paper money, built a large navy, built many money, built a large navy, built many cities…arts flourished…elementary cities…arts flourished…elementary school created in villagesschool created in villages

Mongols in ChinaMongols in China Kublai Khan was pretty much the only Kublai Khan was pretty much the only

strong ruler of the Yuan…after his strong ruler of the Yuan…after his death, the Mongol hold on China death, the Mongol hold on China declineddeclined

One series of events that severely One series of events that severely weakened the Mongols in China were weakened the Mongols in China were the expeditions to Japan between 1274 the expeditions to Japan between 1274 and 1280…they weren’t defeated by an and 1280…they weren’t defeated by an army, just the weather!army, just the weather!

The Chinese scholar-gentry, seeing the The Chinese scholar-gentry, seeing the Mongol military might at its weakest, Mongol military might at its weakest, called up the peasants to “rise up” and called up the peasants to “rise up” and drive out the “barbarians”drive out the “barbarians”

•By 1350, the signs of decline were all too evident…By 1350, the signs of decline were all too evident…bandits and pirates terrorized people all too easily…bandits and pirates terrorized people all too easily…famines occurred causing uprisings…secret societies famines occurred causing uprisings…secret societies such as the White Lotus Society emerged from religious such as the White Lotus Society emerged from religious factions (Daoist)factions (Daoist)•The Mongols retreated from China in 1368 and a new The Mongols retreated from China in 1368 and a new dynasty, founded by not a military leader, not a member dynasty, founded by not a military leader, not a member of the scholar-gentry, not a religious leader…BUT a of the scholar-gentry, not a religious leader…BUT a peasant farmer named Ju Yuanzhang (Hong Wu) took peasant farmer named Ju Yuanzhang (Hong Wu) took shapeshape

Timur-i Lang (Timur the Lame) (Tamerlane)Timur-i Lang (Timur the Lame) (Tamerlane) Just as the world was recovering from Just as the world was recovering from

the Mongols, another group of invaders, the Mongols, another group of invaders, the Turks of Central Asia, under the the Turks of Central Asia, under the leadership of Timur- Lang, began raids leadership of Timur- Lang, began raids on the Middle East, India and southern on the Middle East, India and southern RussiaRussia

Unlike the Mongols, Timur’s invasions Unlike the Mongols, Timur’s invasions represented ABSOLUTE represented ABSOLUTE BARBARISM…little tolerance for BARBARISM…little tolerance for anything in his pathanything in his path– Pyramids of skulls, wanton slaughter of Pyramids of skulls, wanton slaughter of

innocent people…he did spare artisans innocent people…he did spare artisans and scientists from Muslim lands though and scientists from Muslim lands though and took them back to his capital at and took them back to his capital at SamarkandSamarkand

For a brief period there was no increase For a brief period there was no increase in commercial trade…a halt to cultural in commercial trade…a halt to cultural exchange…internal peace subsidedexchange…internal peace subsided

His death in 1405 signified the end of His death in 1405 signified the end of the great nomadic challenges to the great nomadic challenges to Eurasian civilizations as the Turks Eurasian civilizations as the Turks under future leaders (Mehmed II) under future leaders (Mehmed II) sought a sedentary empiresought a sedentary empire

THIS WEEKTHIS WEEK

Tuesday: Document Analysis Pg. Tuesday: Document Analysis Pg. 317317

Wednesday: Video on Genghis Wednesday: Video on Genghis Khan –w/Leader AnalysisKhan –w/Leader Analysis

Thursday: I/O on Mongols (topic on Thursday: I/O on Mongols (topic on next slide)next slide)

Friday: C14 Test…NOTES DUE.Friday: C14 Test…NOTES DUE.

I/O - Debate ThursdayI/O - Debate Thursday

Topic Questions: How did the Mongols Change the World? Topic Questions: How did the Mongols Change the World? How were they able to control the largest empire in World How were they able to control the largest empire in World History? Were they the world’s greatest empire? Did they History? Were they the world’s greatest empire? Did they institute the greatest changes in World History to date?institute the greatest changes in World History to date?

Be prepared to debate/argue these concepts.Be prepared to debate/argue these concepts.

Breakdown your points by reading through chapter 14…Breakdown your points by reading through chapter 14…also, read and take notes on page 321, also, read and take notes on page 321, The Mongol The Mongol Empire as a Bridge Between CivilizationsEmpire as a Bridge Between Civilizations and pages 330- and pages 330-331 “In Depth” 331 “In Depth” Eclipse of the Nomadic War Machine…Eclipse of the Nomadic War Machine…useuse the QUESTIONS at the end of each passage to guide your the QUESTIONS at the end of each passage to guide your notes.notes.