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The Later Middle AgesTurn to page 538 in SS Textbook
England
• Began to get organized under William the Conqueror, in 1066
• Finally, after 600-700 years, trials return• Trial by jury now
• King John signs the Magna Carta• This document takes away some of the powers of the kings• Gives citizens, specifically nobles more rights• Written guarantee of a trial by jury
France
• Charlemagne’s empire broken up
• Nobles and various factions are in control
• Phillip II takes control and unifies the Kingdom of France in the late 1100’s
• The French took some of their land back from England
• French set up a representative government from different classes
Holy Roman Empire
• Not really Roman, not really an empire
• Made of Germany and northern Italy
• Were united under Otto I for a brief period of time
• Quickly fell apart into separate kingdoms all the way to the 1800’s
Trade and Cities
• After the fall of Rome trade and large cities collapsed
• Roads and villages fell apart
• No system of money
• For all of its negatives, feudalism made life in Europe safer
• In the 1100’s trade between manors and towns began to resume
• Towns turned into cities
• As trade between cities increased, a money system became necessary
• The use of gold and silver coins came back