The Lattice Boltzmann Method - Computational Fluid Dynamics

The LatticeBoltzmannMethod

Lindsay Crowl

Introduction

Motivation

NS Equations

Blood Flow

ModelApproaches

Origin

Lattice Gas

BoltzmannEquation

Conservation

Algorithm

Streaming Step

Collision Step

BCs

Results

Simulations

Coolersimulations

FutureDirections

The Lattice Boltzmann MethodComputational Fluid Dynamics

Lindsay Crowl

GSAC Talk

November 7, 2006

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20


Lindsay Crowl

Introduction

Motivation

NS Equations

Blood Flow

ModelApproaches

Origin

Lattice Gas

BoltzmannEquation

Conservation

Algorithm

Streaming Step

Collision Step

BCs

Results

Simulations

Coolersimulations

FutureDirections

How do you model fluid?

Most complex fluid dynamics problems cannot be solvedanalytically

We want to know how the fluid moves

One way to describe the fluids motion by its velocityprofile

Typically we use the Incompressible Navier Stokes equationsto solve for the flow dynamics.


Lindsay Crowl

Introduction

Motivation

NS Equations

Blood Flow

ModelApproaches

Origin

Lattice Gas

BoltzmannEquation

Conservation

Algorithm

Streaming Step

Collision Step

BCs

Results

Simulations

Coolersimulations

FutureDirections

Navier Stokes Equations

The vector u(x, t) represents the fluid velocity at a space timepoint (x, t).

Conservation of mass equation:

u(x, t) = 0.

Momentum Equations:

[u(x, t)

t+ u(x, t) u(x, t)

]= p + 2u(x, t).


Lindsay Crowl

Introduction

Motivation

NS Equations

Blood Flow

ModelApproaches

Origin

Lattice Gas

BoltzmannEquation

Conservation

Algorithm

Streaming Step

Collision Step

BCs

Results

Simulations

Coolersimulations

FutureDirections

Navier Stokes Equations

is the density of the fluid, p is the pressure gradient, and is the fluid viscosity.

Conservation of mass equation:

u(x, t) = 0.

Momentum Equations:

[u(x, t)

t+ u(x, t) u(x, t)

]= p + 2u(x, t).


Lindsay Crowl

Introduction

Motivation

NS Equations

Blood Flow

ModelApproaches

Origin

Lattice Gas

BoltzmannEquation

Conservation

Algorithm

Streaming Step

Collision Step

BCs

Results

Simulations

Coolersimulations

FutureDirections

Example: Using the Navier Stokes Equations

We can use the Incompressible Navier Stokes equations to solvea simple flow problem. Consider flow through a 2-dimensionalpipe, driven by a pressure gradient in the x-direction.

u(x, t) =

[u(x , y)v(x , y)

]=

[u(x , y)

0

]p(x, t) = p(x)


Lindsay Crowl

Introduction

Motivation

NS Equations

Blood Flow

ModelApproaches

Origin

Lattice Gas

BoltzmannEquation

Conservation

Algorithm

Streaming Step

Collision Step

BCs

Results

Simulations

Coolersimulations

FutureDirections


In 2D, the conservation of mass equation,

u(x, t) = 0can be written as

u(x , y , t)

x+

v(x , y , t)

y= 0.

Since we know that

v(x , y , t) = 0 (no flow in the vertical direction) and

u(x , y , t) = u(x , y),

the conservation equation is satisfied when u(x , y) isindependent of x .


Lindsay Crowl

Introduction

Motivation

NS Equations

Blood Flow

ModelApproaches

Origin

Lattice Gas

BoltzmannEquation

Conservation

Algorithm

Streaming Step

Collision Step

BCs

Results

Simulations

Coolersimulations

FutureDirections


Since the pressure gradient is independent of time, so is theflow. Thus ut = 0. The momentum equations

[u(x, t)

t+ u(x, t) u(x, t)

]= p + 2u(x, t)

simplifies to:

p(x) = p(x)x

= 2u = 2u(y)

y2.


Lindsay Crowl

Introduction

Motivation

NS Equations

Blood Flow

ModelApproaches

Origin

Lattice Gas

BoltzmannEquation

Conservation

Algorithm

Streaming Step

Collision Step

BCs

Results

Simulations

Coolersimulations

FutureDirections


Given that the pressure is independent of y and the velocity isindependent of x , we can argue that

p(x)

x=

2u(y)

y2= C .

Thus, solving the quadratic in u(y), we get parabolic flow!

... Unfortunately most fluid dynamic problems arent thissimple.


Lindsay Crowl

Introduction

Motivation

NS Equations

Blood Flow

ModelApproaches

Origin

Lattice Gas

BoltzmannEquation

Conservation

Algorithm

Streaming Step

Collision Step

BCs

Results

Simulations

Coolersimulations

FutureDirections

Why do we care?

Biological Applications:

Blood flow in large and small vessels

Angiogenesis

Clot Formation

These are complex problems because

Vessel boundaries are notperfect cylinders

Blood is a non-Newtonian fluid.

RBCs and platlets make it acollidal particle suspension


Lindsay Crowl

Introduction

Motivation

NS Equations

Blood Flow

ModelApproaches

Origin

Lattice Gas

BoltzmannEquation

Conservation

Algorithm

Streaming Step

Collision Step

BCs

Results

Simulations

Coolersimulations

FutureDirections

Modeling Methods

Macroscopic

Continuum assumptionNavier Stokes equationsScale is too large

Microscopic

Models the molecular worldComputationally expensiveScale is too small

Mesoscopic

Lattice Boltzmann MethodScale is juuuust right.


Lindsay Crowl

Introduction

Motivation

NS Equations

Blood Flow

ModelApproaches

Origin

Lattice Gas

BoltzmannEquation

Conservation

Algorithm

Streaming Step

Collision Step

BCs

Results

Simulations

Coolersimulations

FutureDirections

Origin of LBM: Lattice Gas Automata

Particle collisions of the 2D-6 Velocitymicroscopic lattice-gas model.

Particles exist on lattice grid

Discrete Velocity field

Exclusion Principle

Symmetric Particle Collisions

Its so noisy! Quiet that stochastic stuff down! Its too loud!


Lindsay Crowl

Introduction

Motivation

NS Equations

Blood Flow

ModelApproaches

Origin

Lattice Gas

BoltzmannEquation

Conservation

Algorithm

Streaming Step

Collision Step

BCs

Results

Simulations

Coolersimulations

FutureDirections

Origin of LBM: Lattice Gas Automata

Indroduce the Boolean variable,

ni (x, t) = (1, 0) i.e. (yes/no),

which describes whether or not there is a particle in a certainvelocity direction (ei ) at a space-time point (x, t).


Lindsay Crowl

Introduction

Motivation

NS Equations

Blood Flow

ModelApproaches

Origin

Lattice Gas

BoltzmannEquation

Conservation

Algorithm

Streaming Step

Collision Step

BCs

Results

Simulations

Coolersimulations

FutureDirections

Deriving LBM from LGA

We can derive the Lattice Boltzmann Method fromLattice Gas Automata by determining the probability that thereis a particle moving in the ith direction at (x, t):

fi (x, t) = ni (x, t) [0, 1],

where the index i represents thevelocity (ei ) at a particular node.

fi (x, t) is the particle distribution function.


Lindsay Crowl

Introduction

Motivation

NS Equations

Blood Flow

ModelApproaches

Origin

Lattice Gas

BoltzmannEquation

Conservation

Algorithm

Streaming Step

Collision Step

BCs

Results

Simulations

Coolersimulations

FutureDirections

Deriving LBM from LGA

Typical LBM geometries (in 2-dimensions):

Hexagonal: 7 Velocities

Square: 9 Velocities


Lindsay Crowl

Introduction

Motivation

NS Equations

Blood Flow

ModelApproaches

Origin

Lattice Gas

BoltzmannEquation

Conservation

Algorithm

Streaming Step

Collision Step

BCs

Results

Simulations

Coolersimulations

FutureDirections

Alternative Derivation

LBM can also be derived by discretizing theBoltzmann Equation:

Df (x, e, t)

Dt Material Derivative

=f (x, e, t)

t+ e f (x, e, t)

Advection

= (f(x, e, t)) Collision

(derivation was proposed after LBM was created from LGA!)


Lindsay Crowl

Introduction

Motivation

NS Equations

Blood Flow

ModelApproaches

Origin

Lattice Gas

BoltzmannEquation

Conservation

Algorithm

Streaming Step

Collision Step

BCs

Results

Simulations

Coolersimulations

FutureDirections

Conservation Equations

The conserved macroscopic quantities of the Lattice BoltzmannEquation can be obtained by evaluating the hydrodynamicmoments of f (x, t).Fluid Density

(x, t) =

f (x, e, t)de

i

fi (x, t)

Momentum Density

(x, t)u(x, t) =

f (x, e, t)ede

i

fi (x, t)ei

Momentum Flux

(x, t) =

f (x, e, t)eeTde

i

fi (x, t)eieTi


Lindsay Crowl

Introduction

Motivation

NS Equations

Blood Flow

ModelApproaches

Origin

Lattice Gas

BoltzmannEquation

Conservation

Algorithm

Streaming Step

Collision Step

BCs

Results

Simulations

Coolersimulations

FutureDirections

Stream and Collide Algorithm

Particle distribution functionslive on a lattice grid.

Velocity is discretized, but nolonger dealing with discreteparticles.

The PDFs fi (x , t) follows theLBM governing equation

fi (x+ tei , t + t) fi (x, t) Advection

= i (f0, f1, f2, . . . ) Collision

.


Lindsay Crowl

Introduction

Motivation

NS Equations

Blood Flow

ModelApproaches

Origin

Lattice Gas

BoltzmannEquation

Conservation

Algorithm

Streaming Step

Collision Step

BCs

Results

Simulations

Coolersimulations

FutureDirections

Derivation Recap


Lindsay Crowl

Introduction

Motivation

NS Equations

Blood Flow

ModelApproaches

Origin

Lattice Gas

BoltzmannEquation

Conservation

Algorithm

Streaming Step

Collision Step

BCs

Results

Simulations

Coolersimulations

FutureDirections

Streaming Step

Move along the velocity direction to the next lattice grid node.


Lindsay Crowl

Introduction

Motivation

NS Equations

Blood Flow

ModelApproaches

Origin

Lattice Gas

BoltzmannEquation

Conservation

Algorithm

Streaming Step

Collision Step

BCs

Results

Simulations

Coolersimulations

FutureDirections

Collision Step

For the LGA model:

Collisions must be symmetric

Probability of various equivalent outcomes


Lindsay Crowl

Introduction

Motivation

NS Equations

Blood Flow

ModelApproaches

Origin

Lattice Gas

BoltzmannEquation

Conservation

Algorithm

Streaming Step

Collision Step

BCs

Results

Simulations

Coolersimulations

FutureDirections

Collision Step

What about for particle distributions in the LMB?

Collision operator must also be symmetric

There exists an equilibrium distribution, for which thecollision operator does not change anything.


Lindsay Crowl

Introduction

Motivation

NS Equations

Blood Flow

ModelApproaches

Origin

Lattice Gas

BoltzmannEquation

Conservation

Algorithm

Streaming Step

Collision Step

BCs

Results

Simulations

Coolersimulations

FutureDirections

The Collision Operator

Given that i (feq) = 0 for all i , we can linearize about the

equilibrium particle distribution,

i (f) i (feq) + ifj

(fj f eqj ) = Lij(fj f eqj ),

where Lij is the collision matrix.


Lindsay Crowl

Introduction

Motivation

NS Equations

Blood Flow

ModelApproaches

Origin

Lattice Gas

BoltzmannEquation

Conservation

Algorithm

Streaming Step

Collision Step

BCs

Results

Simulations

Coolersimulations

FutureDirections

The Collision Operator

The simpliest version of the collision matrix Lij is

fi (x+ tei , t + t) fi (x, t) = 1

(fi (x, t) f eqi (x, t)

),

where is the relaxation time for all modes (determines fluidviscosity). This is called the single-relaxation time model.However, we can only use it in our algorithm if we know f eqi .


Lindsay Crowl

Introduction

Motivation

NS Equations

Blood Flow

ModelApproaches

Origin

Lattice Gas

BoltzmannEquation

Conservation

Algorithm

Streaming Step

Collision Step

BCs

Results

Simulations

Coolersimulations

FutureDirections

Equilibrium Distribution

The exact form of f eqi depends on lattice geometry. For 2D9Vmodel it is:

f eqi ((x, t)u(x, t)) = wi(x, t)

[1 +

3(ei u)c2

+9(ei u)2

2c4 3u

2

2c2

],

where c = dxdt , is the lattice grid spacing over the time step andwi are the weights at each discrete velocity.

Need to find u(x, t) and (x, t) in order to use the equilibriumdistribution in the linearized collision operator.


Lindsay Crowl

Introduction

Motivation

NS Equations

Blood Flow

ModelApproaches

Origin

Lattice Gas

BoltzmannEquation

Conservation

Algorithm

Streaming Step

Collision Step

BCs

Results

Simulations

Coolersimulations

FutureDirections

Conservation Equations

The conserved macroscopic quantities of the Lattice BoltzmannEquation can be obtained by evaluating the hydrodynamicmoments of fi (x, t).Fluid Density

(x, t) =i

fi (x, t)

Momentum Density

(x, t)u(x, t) =i

fi (x, t)ei


Lindsay Crowl

Introduction

Motivation

NS Equations

Blood Flow

ModelApproaches

Origin

Lattice Gas

BoltzmannEquation

Conservation

Algorithm

Streaming Step

Collision Step

BCs

Results

Simulations

Coolersimulations

FutureDirections

Algorithm Recap:

1 Streaming Step: move PDFs to next lattice node

2 Calculate the macroscopic parameters and u bysumming over lattice velocities at each node

3 Determine f eqi from and u

4 Collision Step

5 Rinse and Repeat.


Lindsay Crowl

Introduction

Motivation

NS Equations

Blood Flow

ModelApproaches

Origin

Lattice Gas

BoltzmannEquation

Conservation

Algorithm

Streaming Step

Collision Step

BCs

Results

Simulations

Coolersimulations

FutureDirections

Bounce-back Boundary Conditions

What happens when the fluid is near a solid boundary?

What if the boundary is curved?

What if the boundary is also moving?


Lindsay Crowl

Introduction

Motivation

NS Equations

Blood Flow

ModelApproaches

Origin

Lattice Gas

BoltzmannEquation

Conservation

Algorithm

Streaming Step

Collision Step

BCs

Results

Simulations

Coolersimulations

FutureDirections

Simulation Results

Flow through a contracting vessel wall. Ugly stair-steppingboundaries.

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 400

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22


Lindsay Crowl

Introduction

Motivation

NS Equations

Blood Flow

ModelApproaches

Origin

Lattice Gas

BoltzmannEquation

Conservation

Algorithm

Streaming Step

Collision Step

BCs

Results

Simulations

Coolersimulations

FutureDirections

Complex Boundary Conditions

Curved boundaries, such as the boundary of a circular particlein the flow, complicate the bounce-back rule.


Lindsay Crowl

Introduction

Motivation

NS Equations

Blood Flow

ModelApproaches

Origin

Lattice Gas

BoltzmannEquation

Conservation

Algorithm

Streaming Step

Collision Step

BCs

Results

Simulations

Coolersimulations

FutureDirections

Simulation Results

Flow around a macroscopic particle in a 2D cylinder.The top and bottom walls have no-slip (bounce-back) boundaryconditions.The left side is an inlet, and the right side is an outlet.

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

Particle in Flow with Inlet/Outlet Boundaries


Lindsay Crowl

Introduction

Motivation

NS Equations

Blood Flow

ModelApproaches

Origin

Lattice Gas

BoltzmannEquation

Conservation

Algorithm

Streaming Step

Collision Step

BCs

Results

Simulations

Coolersimulations

FutureDirections

Moving Particles in Flow

In order to have moving particles in flow:

Bounce-back BCs must be altered (momentum exchange)

Particle velocity and angular velocity updated

Particles position in lattice changes as it moves with theflow


Lindsay Crowl

Introduction

Motivation

NS Equations

Blood Flow

ModelApproaches

Origin

Lattice Gas

BoltzmannEquation

Conservation

Algorithm

Streaming Step

Collision Step

BCs

Results

Simulations

Coolersimulations

FutureDirections

Simulation Results

Flow around stationary particles:

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

Flow around particles moving in flow:

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20


Lindsay Crowl

Introduction

Motivation

NS Equations

Blood Flow

ModelApproaches

Origin

Lattice Gas

BoltzmannEquation

Conservation

Algorithm

Streaming Step

Collision Step

BCs

Results

Simulations

Coolersimulations

FutureDirections

Large Scale Simulation


Lindsay Crowl

Introduction

Motivation

NS Equations

Blood Flow

ModelApproaches

Origin

Lattice Gas

BoltzmannEquation

Conservation

Algorithm

Streaming Step

Collision Step

BCs

Results

Simulations

Coolersimulations

FutureDirections

Future Directions

Model solid particles moving in the fluid

Add external forces to flow

Incorporate Immersed Boundary Method into LBM

Fluid Filled ParticlesDeformable Boundary


Lindsay Crowl

Introduction

Motivation

NS Equations

Blood Flow

ModelApproaches

Origin

Lattice Gas

BoltzmannEquation

Conservation

Algorithm

Streaming Step

Collision Step

BCs

Results

Simulations

Coolersimulations

FutureDirections

Future Directions

Model moving solid particles in flow

Add external forces to flow

Incorporate Immersed Boundary Method into LBM

Fluid Filled ParticlesDeformable Boundary

IntroductionMotivationNS EquationsBlood FlowModel Approaches

OriginLattice GasBoltzmann EquationConservation

AlgorithmStreaming StepCollision StepBCs

ResultsSimulationsCooler simulations

Future Directions

Documents

The Lattice Boltzmann Method - Computational Fluid Dynamics