The lectureThe lecture

Classification of factors of labor Classification of factors of labor process and production environment process and production environment after weight, tension and harmfulness. after weight, tension and harmfulness. Features of hygiene of labor in Features of hygiene of labor in separate industrial and agricultural separate industrial and agricultural production. Scientific organization of production. Scientific organization of labor.labor.

THE PLAN

1. THE SUBJESCT OF OCCUPATION HYGIENE2.PHYSIOLOGICAL DISPLACEMENTS ARISING IN

ORGANISM UNDER WORK TIME3.TIREDNESS AND PROPHYLAXY ARRANGEMENTS4.WOMEN’S WORK HYGIENE 5.HYGIENE AND WORKINGPROTECTION OF

TEENAGERS6.PROFESSIONAL INJURIES AND PROFESSIONAL

DISEASES 

OccupationOccupation Hygiene Hygiene is a branch of hygiene, which studies influence of industrial environment on workers' activity and develops arrangements, directed on improving working conditions and the increase of men capacity.

The subject of Occupation Hygiene is: 1. To study working processes and physiological disorders in an

organism, caused by these processes; 2. To study man's workability and to develop physiological bases of

rational working mode and rest;3. To study the factors (meteorological, chemical, physical) of

working environment with the aim of development a hygienic rate;

4. To study the peculiarities of production processes, equipment and materials, raw materials and other products of production; with the purpose of removal of the influence on the working organism.

5. To study worker's state of health (professional and non-specific diseases);

6. To study the state and the effectiveness of sanitary-technical (ventilation, illumination) and sanitary-domestic devices and equipment, methods of individual defence etc.

Occupation Hygiene develops:

·  Hygienic demands to the rational use of equipment , 

·  Hygienic norms and regulations in working conditions,

· Building and upkeeps of industrial enterprises;

· Measures of personal hygiene; 

· Suggestions for the rational working conditions organization and rest.

Occupation hygiene uses many various research methods:

     - Physical and chemical methods are used for the research of working conditions on production and the estimation of effectiveness of sanitation measures;

- Physiological methods are used for the research of changes in organism, which arise under conditions influence and working disposition;

- Statistic and sanitary-statistic methods are used for the study of health state and morbidity of workers.

Experimental researches are also applied with the use of physical, chemical, biochemical, and psychological, toxic and other methods.

PHYSIOLOGICAL DISPLACEMENTS ARISING IN

ORGANISMUNDER WORK TIME

Muscle work executed by human causes the changes of functional organism state. Distinguish a dynamic muscle work which takes place when the removing of weight is made in the direction opposite to the action of weight force (e.g. weight lifting is a positive dynamic work) and also in the direction, which coincides with the action of weight force (e.g. sinking of weight is a negative dynamic work), and static muscle work which takes place when the removing of weight is not made, and muscle effort is directed on her supporting.

In humans body each АТP molecule splits and then is made again and so 2400 times per day, so that medium lifetime of  one molecule is less than 1 min.   A man with a weight of 70 kg produces from carbohydrates with a calorie content of 3000 calories 75kg of АТP per day.  The living organisms produce a lot more energy on a unit the masses, than the Sun.

Energy, obtained in act of carbohydrates decomposition is used for the mechanical muscles work not directly, but through the phosphoric combinations which are rich by energy, for account of which a loss of creatin-phosphate and АТP is restored.

All types of muscular work, which man is doing in an act of working activity, can be divided into light, middle heaviness and hard work. To light physical works (category I) belong the types of work with energy loss to 172 Joule/Sec (150 cal/h); to physical works of middle heaviness (ІІ A and ІІ B categories) belong the types of work with energy expense 172-232 Joule/Sec (150-200 cal/h) and 232-293 Joule/Sec (200-250 cal/h); hard works (III category) are characterized by the energy loss over 293 Joule/Sec .

TIREDNESS

AND

PROPHYLAXY

MEASURES

Tiredness is a reduction of working ability, which is caused by the fulfilment of certain work. Objectively, the process of tiredness expresses in reduction of working

capacity and subjectively into feeling tired. 

Distinguish tiredness, which quickly develops (by reason of unusual or very hard physical work),

and tiredness, which develops slowly (secondary) and is accompanied by some changes in organism, conditioned though and usual, but by the long work.

Tiredness, that develops quickly,

can appear by reason of big physical efforts or execution of work task, which is not suitable for functional organism possibilities. 

Such tiredness characterizes by:

• violation of functions coordination of central nervous system and

• beginnings of hearths of special disorders.

The difference of tiredness, that quickly develops, is a fast organism functions renewing after suppression of work.

Tiredness, which develops slowly, characterizes by gradual capacity reduction by reason of usual, but extremely long or monotonous work. Under this braking develops slowly, it is unsteady, superficial and gradually acquires disposition stage.

There is observed:

•some weakening of reception functions, specially of visual and auditory analysers, and

•some violations of motion coordination

Secondary tiredness can gradually congest and cause an

overstrain (a pathological state)

The main overstraining process signs are:

-    Headache,

-    Sleeplessness (insomnia) , 

-     Appetite loss, 

-     Raised irritation,

-     Weakness of memory,

-      Lowering of organism immunity.

An OVERSTRAIN is a typical working conditions peculiarity. The main arrangement against overstraining is a rational combinations of working period and rest. A break must be long enough for full renewing of physiological functions. Positive influences have physical exercises during the break time, automatism and production mechanization. The problems of working capacity and the prevention of tiredness can be solved by different ways, specifically by the use of wide mechanization of hard intensive works, automatism of production processes, rationalization of technological equipment etc. The most effective tiredness prophylaxis arrangements are 1)organization of rational laboured process, 2)working mode and rest, 3)creation of conditions for fast capturing of working habits.

WOMEN’S

OCCUPATION

HYGIENE

All professional injuries for the influence disposition on women's organism can be divided on three groups:          A) Those, that simply influence an organism, irrespective of sex;            B) Inauspicious for women's organism, but not dangerous for delivery  function;            C) Those which are dangerous for women’s regeneration function.

Hard physical work does not pass without trace for delivery function. Among women, who do the hard physical work, pretty big percentage of spontaneous abortions, increasing premature labor (delivery ). In a connection with mechanization of production processes fall down specific gravity of hard physical work, that played a part in health improvement.

            By Legislation provided a row of arrangements for guard and women working hygiene.  Thus, inhibits from the use of women's labour on row of hard physical work & risky work (with liquid metal, on works stokers and etc.). Inhibited from a physical labour on underground works, in mining building industry, on building and underground buildings.

            A Legislation admits loading and unloading of loads by women by weight no more 20 kg (two together on burdens - 50 kg, taking into account burdens weight), on three-wheeled barrow - 100 kg, in trolleys on rails - 100 kg.

HYGIENE AND WORKING

PROTECTION OF TEENAGERS

By official legislation teenagers are considerate young people in age from 15 to 18 years old. A basic peculiarities of this age are:

•a high level of basic functions,

• fast growth and physical development of organism,

• alteration of endocrine vegetative system,

• nervously psychic sphere

•and interchange of matters. 

Traumatism among teenagers is much higher. The reasons are the  non-observance of accident prevention regulations,  ignoring the methods of individual defence, violation of order and carelessness in

work tracks.  It's prohibited to take on work an under-age, to use the work of

teenagers on difficult and insalubrious productions, to admit them to night works. For teenagers by age of 16-18 years is set a 6-hours workday and summer vacations by duration of 1 calendar month. Teenagers to 18-years of age, who work on enterprises and founding, are forbidden to entice to prolonged work, work during night-shift, and also to participation in works that need the transference or shift of loads.            For young boys of 16-18 years luggage weight removed by hand not ought to exceed 16 kg, and for girls - 10 kg. During the transportation by one wheel barrows total load weight is not ought to exceed 50 kg, and two wheels - 57 kg. For girls the transportation of loads is prohibited.

PROFESSIONAL INJURIES AND

PROFESSIONAL DISEASES

         Professional injuries are the factors of production environment and laboured process, which can have harmful influence on organism of a worker.

Distinguish such production injuries:•physical•chemical•biological•psycho-physiological

         A Group of physical factors includes:

•Machines and mechanisms which run,•Increased pollination and gas pollution, •Raised or very low temperature of air of work zone, •Increase of noise levels in work area, •Vibration, infrasound oscillations, to ultrasound, •Electromagnetic radiation.

         A Group of chemical production factors subdivides on two parts: 2)         by character of influence on people:•toxic, •sensebilization ,•carcinogenic,•  mutagenic2)  by the way of entrance in people: •breathing organs,•digestive tract,•skin and mucous membrane.

         Biological production factors   are:

•pathogenic micro organisms and products of their vital functions, •poisonous plants •sick animals .

The Professional diseases can be:

•Specific•Non-specific

Non-specific diseases are the diseases which are conditioned not only by the other inauspicious professional factors, and, for example, bronchial asthma in pharmaceutics; chronic bronchitis in persons, working activity of which takes place for presence of production dust; radiculitis in persons, who do hard physical work.

PROFESSIONAL ILLNESSES KNITTED WITH ENFORCED

BODY REGULATION AND EFFORT of SEPARATE ORGANS

To such diseases group belong a diseases conditioned by long upright work, when seated and by effort in result of labour of certain muscles groups.  From professional diseases caused by causes, which are stated above, one can be borne away flat-footedness, warp of spine, varicose veins expansion and others.

The Specific diseases arise by reason of influence on worker organism of inauspicious factors of condition no the working place. To them related are pneumoconiosis, professional dyskinesia (general coordination discords name of impellent acts), decompression and vibration illness,  production intoxications, which cannot be met during the way of life. Consequently, Working in industrial poisons (by lead, mercury, arsenic) can start beginning of specific professional poisoning.

WORK TRAUMATISM

Under production traumatism understands the damages, which happened to a worker while performing of work on territory of production enterprise or finding pathology of organ function or organism as whole.

         Types of worker’s trauma:

• Mechanical - from mobile parts of engines, hand instrument, falling objects and others;

• Thermal - from straight contact with steam, hot liquid, flame, melted metal;

• Chemical - from concentrated chemical matters (acids, meadows);

•  Electric - from short circuit

There are three groups of causes of production traumatism:

1. technical,

2. organizational,

3. sanitary-hygienic

   To technical causes belong:

1.     Engines constructions imperfection and equipment,

2.    Imperfection of very technological process,3.    Machine-tools not repaired, engines, hand

instrument,4. An absence or imperfection of protective

engineering, equipment.

Organizational causes of worker’s trauma :

1. Incorrect organization of working process, 2.  Application of dangerous labour methods,  3.  Non-observance of accident prevention regulations,  4. A lack of individual defence methods

Sanitary-hygienic causes of worker’s trauma 1. Violation of sanitary-hygienic mode on production,2. Bad illumination, 3. High temperature and air humidity or superfluously low

temperature,4. Production dust, 5. High concentration of toxic matters in air, 6. Workplace pollution,  7. Considerable noise and others

Production traumatism can be divided conditionally on two groups: industrial and agricultural, because for beginnings conditions, disposition and localization, and basic, assignment of medical care and arrangements preventing to traumatism.

            An industrial traumatism are traumas having different characters but are developed on the place of working.

Basic arrangements for the preventing of traumatism are:

 Control over equipment, and running instruments;

 Improvement of natural and electrical illumination;

 Systematic supervision for execution of accident prevention regulations;

 Equipment of all of the workers by methods of individual defence and control of their use during the work time;

 Improving arrangements against tiredness, taking out of external production environment,

  Working mode rationalization and rest.