The Legacy of The Legacy of RomeRome

The Legacy of The Legacy of RomeRome Republic GovernmentRepublic Government

Roman Law (basis for West. Civilization Roman Law (basis for West. Civilization law & govt)law & govt)

Latin LanguageLatin Language Christianity (facilitates its spread / & Christianity (facilitates its spread / &

the Roman Catholic Church)the Roman Catholic Church) Becomes largest empire, most Becomes largest empire, most

powerful military power, many powerful military power, many cultures, many peoplescultures, many peoples

Dominates Mediterranean trade; great Dominates Mediterranean trade; great wealth / attractionswealth / attractions

Romanesque Architectural StyleRomanesque Architectural Style Roman Engineering (Aqueducts, Roman Engineering (Aqueducts,

Sewage systems, Dams, The “Roman Sewage systems, Dams, The “Roman Road”, Arches)Road”, Arches)

The “fall” of Rome – 476 C.E. and the The “fall” of Rome – 476 C.E. and the eastern Byzantine Empire “carrying” eastern Byzantine Empire “carrying” on Roman traditions for the next 1000 on Roman traditions for the next 1000 yearsyears

The Geography of The Geography of RomeRome

The Geography of The Geography of RomeRome

Italy in 750 BCEItaly in 750 BCEItaly in 750 BCEItaly in 750 BCE

The Etruscans’ The Etruscans’ InfluenceInfluence

The Etruscans’ The Etruscans’ InfluenceInfluence WritingWriting

ReligionReligion The ArchThe Arch

The Mythical Founding The Mythical Founding of Rome:of Rome:

Romulus & RemusRomulus & Remus

The Mythical Founding The Mythical Founding of Rome:of Rome:

Romulus & RemusRomulus & Remus

Roman GovernmentRoman Government• PatricianPatrician – Wealthy aristocrats / held most – Wealthy aristocrats / held most

political powerpolitical power• PlebeiansPlebeians – Common people – Common people• ConsulsConsuls – 2 consuls at a time served as – 2 consuls at a time served as

“rulers” or “executives” for Rome (very “rulers” or “executives” for Rome (very limited power – one year term, veto power)limited power – one year term, veto power)

• The SenateThe Senate – Aristocratic body that served – Aristocratic body that served Rome’s legislative/admin functions. 300 Rome’s legislative/admin functions. 300 members, life term, only patriciansmembers, life term, only patricians

• Office of TribuneOffice of Tribune – Representative body for – Representative body for Plebeians. Power to intervene and VETOPlebeians. Power to intervene and VETO

• DictatorDictator – When civil/military crises arose, a – When civil/military crises arose, a dictator was appointed. He held dictator was appointed. He held absolute absolute powerpower for 6 months. Provided strong for 6 months. Provided strong leadership during tough times.leadership during tough times.

Republican Republican GovernmentGovernmentRepublican Republican GovernmentGovernment

2 Consuls (Rulers of Rome)

Senate (Representative body for patricians)

The Tribunes (Representative body for plebeians) – remember the “veto” power

Rome: From Republic to EmpireRome: From Republic to Empire

• Many enemies lived just Many enemies lived just beyond Rome beyond Rome (Etruscans/Gauls)(Etruscans/Gauls)

• By 1By 1stst and 2 and 2ndnd Centuries Centuries BCE, Rome began BCE, Rome began expandingexpanding

• Established military Established military coloniescolonies

• Had Had generousgenerous policy policy toward conquered people toward conquered people (exempt from tax, govern (exempt from tax, govern own affairs, some own affairs, some citizenship – all provided citizenship – all provided they gave mil. support to they gave mil. support to Rome)Rome)

Carthaginian Carthaginian EmpireEmpire

Carthaginian Carthaginian EmpireEmpire

Biggest Rival: CarthageBiggest Rival: Carthage

• Major trading power in Major trading power in MediterraneanMediterranean

• Rome’s biggest rivalRome’s biggest rival• Rivalry leads to Punic Rivalry leads to Punic

Wars (3 altogether)Wars (3 altogether)– 264-146 BCE264-146 BCE– Fought over economic Fought over economic

competition in Med. Seacompetition in Med. Sea– Rome’s win means they’re Rome’s win means they’re

the dominant Med. Force – the dominant Med. Force – and now an and now an EmpireEmpire

Hannibal’s RouteHannibal’s RouteHannibal’s RouteHannibal’s Route

Reform LeadersReform LeadersReform LeadersReform Leaders Tiberius and Gaius

Gracchus

• the poor should be given grain and small plots of free land.Military ReformerMilitary ReformerMilitary ReformerMilitary Reformer

Gaius Marius

• recruited an army from the poorand homeless.

• professional standing army.

PompeyPompeyPompeyPompey

Civil War & Civil War & DictatorsDictators

Civil War & Civil War & DictatorsDictators

Julius CaesarJulius CaesarJulius CaesarJulius Caesar

Julius CaesarJulius Caesar

• Sought social reforms in RomeSought social reforms in Rome• Won elections into gov’t, became very popular with the Won elections into gov’t, became very popular with the

poor classes (offered free grain, public spectacles, poor classes (offered free grain, public spectacles, building projects)building projects)

• Conquered Gaul, other surrounding regions, as generalConquered Gaul, other surrounding regions, as general• Named dictator for lifeNamed dictator for life• Gave land to armies and poor, extended Roman Gave land to armies and poor, extended Roman

citizenship to conquered peoplescitizenship to conquered peoples• Elites thought he was becoming tyrannical, and Elites thought he was becoming tyrannical, and

assassinated himassassinated him

Beware the Ides of Beware the Ides of March!March!44 BCE44 BCE

Beware the Ides of Beware the Ides of March!March!44 BCE44 BCE

Et tu, Brutus?Et tu, Brutus?

Octavian Augustus:Octavian Augustus:Rome’s First Rome’s First

EmperorEmperor

Octavian Augustus:Octavian Augustus:Rome’s First Rome’s First

EmperorEmperor

Pax RomanaPax Romana: : 27 BCE – 27 BCE – 180 CE180 CE

The “Roman Peace”The “Roman Peace”

Pax RomanaPax Romana: : 27 BCE – 27 BCE – 180 CE180 CE

The “Roman Peace”The “Roman Peace”

• Emp. Augustus provided Emp. Augustus provided relative stability/peace to relative stability/peace to RomeRome

• Rome became great Rome became great facilitator of trade and facilitator of trade and communicationcommunication

Rome’s Early Road Rome’s Early Road SystemSystem

Rome’s Early Road Rome’s Early Road SystemSystem

Roman Roads: Roman Roads: The The Appian WayAppian WayRoman Roads: Roman Roads:

The The Appian WayAppian Way

Imperial Roman Road Imperial Roman Road SystemSystem

Imperial Roman Road Imperial Roman Road SystemSystem

The Twelve Tables, 450 The Twelve Tables, 450 BCEBCE

The Twelve Tables, 450 The Twelve Tables, 450 BCEBCE

Providing political and socialrights for the plebeians.

Roman LawRoman Law

• Provides great political stability during Provides great political stability during Pax RomanaPax Romana

• Laws applied evenly throughout empireLaws applied evenly throughout empire• Major principles adopted throughout Major principles adopted throughout

Western CivilizationWestern Civilization– Innocent until proven guiltyInnocent until proven guilty– Right to face/challenge accusers in courtRight to face/challenge accusers in court– Judges can set aside unfair lawsJudges can set aside unfair laws

The Roman ForumThe Roman ForumThe Roman ForumThe Roman Forum

Roman AqueductsRoman AqueductsRoman AqueductsRoman Aqueducts

The Roman The Roman ColiseumColiseum

The Roman The Roman ColiseumColiseum

The Coliseum The Coliseum InteriorInterior

The Coliseum The Coliseum InteriorInterior

Circus MaximusCircus MaximusCircus MaximusCircus Maximus

The Greatest Extent The Greatest Extent of the Roman Empire of the Roman Empire

– 14 CE– 14 CE

The Greatest Extent The Greatest Extent of the Roman Empire of the Roman Empire

– 14 CE– 14 CE

The Rise of The Rise of ChristianityChristianityThe Rise of The Rise of ChristianityChristianity

Jesus of NazarethJesus of Nazareth

• Jewish teacher from Nazareth, born c. 3 Jewish teacher from Nazareth, born c. 3 CECE

• Peaceful, teaching about devotion to Peaceful, teaching about devotion to God, love for one anotherGod, love for one another

• Drew crowds for devotion and Drew crowds for devotion and performance of miracles – preached performance of miracles – preached “Kingdom of God is at hand”“Kingdom of God is at hand”

• Seen as a threat to Roman authoritiesSeen as a threat to Roman authorities• Executed by crucifixion – rising 3 days Executed by crucifixion – rising 3 days

laterlater• Account of his life written in the four Account of his life written in the four

Gospels of the New TestamentGospels of the New Testament

Spread/Appeal of Spread/Appeal of ChristianityChristianity

• Early years: Christians persecuted Early years: Christians persecuted by Romansby Romans

• Appealed to masses by preaching Appealed to masses by preaching dignity of all – including low classes dignity of all – including low classes and both gendersand both genders

• Promise of eternal lifePromise of eternal life

• Grows to become official religion of Grows to become official religion of Roman Emp. by c. 300 CERoman Emp. by c. 300 CE

St. Paul: St. Paul: Apostle to the Apostle to the

GentilesGentiles

St. Paul: St. Paul: Apostle to the Apostle to the

GentilesGentiles

The Spread of The Spread of ChristianityChristianity

The Spread of The Spread of ChristianityChristianity

Imperial Roman Road Imperial Roman Road SystemSystem

Imperial Roman Road Imperial Roman Road SystemSystem

The Empire in Crisis: The Empire in Crisis: 3c3c

The Empire in Crisis: The Empire in Crisis: 3c3c

Diocletian Splits the Diocletian Splits the Empire in Two: Empire in Two: 294 294

CECE

Diocletian Splits the Diocletian Splits the Empire in Two: Empire in Two: 294 294

CECE

Constantine: 312 - Constantine: 312 - 337337

Constantine: 312 - Constantine: 312 - 337337

Constantinople: “The 2Constantinople: “The 2ndnd Rome” (Founded in 330)Rome” (Founded in 330)Constantinople: “The 2Constantinople: “The 2ndnd Rome” (Founded in 330)Rome” (Founded in 330)

Barbarian Invasions: Barbarian Invasions: 4c-5c4c-5c

Barbarian Invasions: Barbarian Invasions: 4c-5c4c-5c

Attila the Hun:Attila the Hun:“The Scourge of “The Scourge of

God”God”

Attila the Hun:Attila the Hun:“The Scourge of “The Scourge of

God”God”

Byzantium:Byzantium:The Eastern Roman The Eastern Roman

EmpireEmpire

Byzantium:Byzantium:The Eastern Roman The Eastern Roman

EmpireEmpire

The Byzantine EmpireThe Byzantine EmpireDuring the Reign of During the Reign of

JustinianJustinian

The Byzantine EmpireThe Byzantine EmpireDuring the Reign of During the Reign of

JustinianJustinian

The Byzantine The Byzantine Emperor JustinianEmperor Justinian

The Byzantine The Byzantine Emperor JustinianEmperor Justinian

The Legacy of The Legacy of RomeRome

The Legacy of The Legacy of RomeRome Republic GovernmentRepublic Government

Roman LawRoman Law Latin LanguageLatin Language Christianity (Roman Catholic Christianity (Roman Catholic

Church)Church) TradeTrade City PlanningCity Planning Romanesque Architectural StyleRomanesque Architectural Style Roman Engineering (Aqueducts, Roman Engineering (Aqueducts,

Sewage systems, Dams, The Sewage systems, Dams, The “Roman Road”, Arches)“Roman Road”, Arches)

The “fall” of Rome – 476 C.E. The “fall” of Rome – 476 C.E. and the eastern Byzantine and the eastern Byzantine Empire “carrying” on Roman Empire “carrying” on Roman traditions for the next 1000 traditions for the next 1000 yearsyears