The Life World of Elderly Prisonersyh-shakai.com/Life_Wold_E_P.pdf1 •This paper is an introduction to a research project on the life world of elderly prisoners (aged 65+) and their

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A Comparative study between Japan and New Zealand

Yoko Hosoi (Toyo University, Japan)John Pratt (Victoria University, New Zealand)

The Life World of Elderly Prisoners

XVIII ISA WORLD CONGRESS OF SOCIOLOGY 13-19 July 2014 PACIFICO Yokohama, Yokohama, Japan

1

• This paper is an introduction to a research project on the life world of elderly prisoners (aged 65+) and their prospects for reintegration and resettlement.

• In Western society, it is not only that the general population is aging, the prison population is as well. The latter is a phenomenon taking place, it would appear, across all western societies, with the usual level being that they constitute between 3 to 5 % of the total prison population of a particular society. New Zealand’s rate of about 3.5% is well within this norm; however, that for Japan is fundamentally different at 12.3%- above the expectations.

2

Outline of research

• What we are trying to do in this research on elderly prisoners in both Japan and New Zealand are two things:

1 find out about both the backgrounds of these prisoners – what it is that has led them into prison at this stage of their lives; how they then adapt to prison life; and what the future hold in store for them – we want to do this for both sets of prisoners in our respective societies.

2 understand why it is that Japan should be so different from the rest of Western society and have so many more elderly prisoners.

3

• There are 2 stages to this research. The first stage, now completed, consisted of a self administered questionnaire for all elderly prisoners who agreed to be involved with this research. Some questions, because of cultural differences, were not asked of the New Zealand prisoners (and vice versa). For example, were they worried about having ‘no grave’ as a result of their imprisonment?But, by and large, the questions seemed to fit both populations pretty well.

• In the questionnaire, we asked them questions about their backgrounds before they went to prison; family and household circumstances; relationships; income; health; worries about what they would do when they left prison; what sort of person they saw themselves as being before they went to prison; educational background; what their crimes were; what sort of criminal background they had.

• Some important and significant differences emerged between the characteristics of the 2 elderly prison populations.

4

• The Survey was completed by 62 New Zealand prisoners, representing a return of something like 35% of this particular cohort – which, under the circumstances is a pretty good return. In Japan, there were 635 returns which represents an even more impressive response rate of some 90.7% - obviously indicative of a much higher level of compliance within Japanese prisoners and maybe within Japanese society as well.

• The second stage of this research is currently in the proceeding stages and it is intended that this will take the form of in-depth interviews with smaller sub-samples from those who completed the questionnaire – where they can talk at much greater lengths about their lives before prison, during prison, and what the future has in store for them – and we also want to take the opportunity to talk to prison officials about how they see the ‘graying’ of the prisons and its implications for their work.

5

Main points from the survey• In both societies, respondents overwhelmingly male, aged

between 65-69.

• New Zealand: 68% European, 16% Maori.38.7% of the New Zealand prisoners completed high school, compared to 24.4% of the Japanese prisoners.

• The New Zealand prisoners are serving much longer sentences, 7.34 years on average compared to 2.37 years in Japan.

• Although Japanese prisoners have had much more experience in prison with 4.57 previous prison sentences on average compared to 2.53 previous prison sentences in New Zealand.

• Major differences in crimes that led to current sentence:

New Zealand: sex crimes 77.4%

Japan: theft 49.1 %. Virtually no sex criminals in the Japanese survey group.

6

• This also explains why the New Zealanders were much more likely to know their victims: 37.1% compared to 3.9% in Japan.

• In Japan, the crimes of the survey group were much more likely to be committed against strangers, 36.4% compared to 3.2% inNew Zealand.

• In New Zealand, 47% of crimes were against family members, friends and or acquaintances compared to 12% in Japan.

• Another striking difference was that the Japanese group were continuing to commit crime when much older, 66-73 years being the average age for their last offence compared with New Zealand at 56.87 years.

7

Their backgrounds before prison

• More New Zealanders in full time employment, 27.4% compared to 19% in Japan – although more Japanese prisoners seem to have had white collar jobs.

• Of those who were not working, a much higher number of New Zealand prisoners (50%) said that this was because of health issues, compared with only 29.5% in Japan. Many more Japanese (41.3%) said it was because of difficulties in finding a job.

• The New Zealanders were more likely to own their house; the Japanese were more likely to be living in a rented apartment – and they were also much more likely to be living alone – 50.5% compared to 25.8% in New Zealand.

• In both, high numbers were not married or were no longer married at the start of their sentence, 71% in New Zealand, 65% in Japan.

• In both, there had usually been marriages or de facto relationships in the past, but the majority had now broken down.

8

• Health: Overall, the Japanese prisoners were in better shape –67.5% replied positively to question that they were in ‘very good health’, or that ‘its’ not perfect, but I am not often ill’. Many more New Zealanders reported that they had a particular illness or health condition (33.9% compared to 14.7%)

• In contrast, a much higher level of Japanese prisoners reporting financial problems.

• More New Zealanders are in receipt of a pension to pay for living costs (48.4% compared to 30.9%).

• 87.3% of the New Zealand prisoners will rely on their pension to support themselves on release, compared to 40.6% of the Japanese prisoners.

• 37.9% of Japanese prisoners will rely on the unemployment benefit compared with 8.1% of New Zealanders.

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• However, a good many more New Zealanders reported an extensive range of personal problems before prison:

• health: 54.8% compared to 30.4% Japanese prisoners

• family relationships : 27.4% compared to 16.2%

• debt: 22.6% compared to 7.9%

• loneliness: 32.3% compared to 17%

• For Japanese prisoners, the biggest reported problem before prison had been employment, or lack of it – which is a probably a reflection of differential availability of old age pensions in these societies

10

What sort of people had they been before prison?

• New Zealand prisoners seem to have been much more isolated and distanced from others, or felt alone.

• Although 54.8% said that they tendered to be trusted by others and 69.4% were reliable.

• For Japanese prisoners, the most important scores were their motivation to work (55.3%); trust in others (46.8%); taking care of health(48.5%).

11

As regards their life after prison

• Both sets wanted to avoid causing trouble to others; many more New Zealanders – 69.4% to 42.7% - were looking forward to ‘being happy’.

• 71% of New Zealanders to 11% of Japanese said they wanted to avoid disappointing those who had helped them since their conviction – prison officers, social workers and staff.

12

What were they looking forward to after their sentence?

• New Zealanders – more interested in watching TV; sports; shopping; meeting friends (despite the reports of loneliness and isolation before prison. Perhaps some of this was wishful thinking?)

• Many more Japanese were simply looking forward to drinking alcohol again.

13

What were they worried about on leaving prison?

• New Zealanders

More concerned about health – 61% to 44% Japanese

Cost of living 48% to 35% (while most of New Zealanders would have a pension that took care of basic needs, there were clearly limits as to how far it could stretch)

family relationships

friendships

debt

being alone

• For Japanese, whether or not they would be employed was their main concern for their post prison life

14

The reasons for this were really reflections of the crimes they had committed.• For Japanese prisoners, who were most likely to have been

imprisoned for theft

36.2% had committed their crime(s) ‘to get money’

• For New Zealanders, consisting of such a high number of sex offenders,

30.6% said it was because of their lack of patience/or that they were unable to control themselves

25.8% of them blame ‘poor family relationships’

46.8% said it was because of their ‘sex drive’(none of Japanese prisoners gave this as their answer)

Why did they turn to crime?

15While they were in prison• 50% of New Zealand prisoners said it was very important to receive the

support of their family compared to 28.2% of Japanese prisoners (although many more of these had been living alone anyway before sentence).

• Similarly, 45.2% of New Zealand prisoners said that receiving forgiveness from victims was very important, compared to 25% of Japanese prisoners.

• This again is a reflection of the different level of crimes that they had compared: sexual offences were of a much more grave nature than theft, which the victims might anyway be able to receive redress for through their insurance policies.

• Making an apology was thus considered very important to 32 % of New Zealand prisoners, compared to 17% of Japanese prisoners.

• As was ‘having people understand their regret over the past’; 46.8% of New Zealand prisoners, compared to 25.5% of Japanese prisoners.

• Similarly, reparation to victims: 30.6% of New Zealand prisoners, compared to 14.3% of Japanese prisoners.

16

More generally, what is this telling us about elderly people in prison in these two societies?

• In New Zealand, those who completed the questionnaire at least were atypical of the prison population as a whole, where in December 2013, 39% were sent to prison for violence and only 25% for sexual offending.

• New Zealanders sample, though, was made up overwhelmingly of sex offenders most of whom would be serving very long sentences for their crimes, some of which would be cases of recently discovered ‘historical abuse’. They tended to be a better educated than the prison population as a whole.

• By the same token, however, these almost exclusively male offenders were probably much more aware than most of the gravity of their crimes and the resettlement difficulties they faced on release.

17

• In Japan, the convictions for theft – primarily shoplifting, particularly amongst the female elderly prisoners (81.7% of them against 47.4% of the male elderly prisoners) was a much higher percentage than that for shoplifting in the overall criminal population of Japan(32.4%). Sex crimes barely feature at all in either the Japanese criminal statistics of among the elderly prisoner population. What the concentration of this fairly small scale thieving is likely to represent is a commitment to such crimes among the country’s elderly population brought about by economic pressures in the absence of welfare and extended family support. At the same time, their age and criminal records are likely to restrict employment opportunities for them.

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• Their criminality contradicts much of the criminological literature which strongly argues that as people age they grow out of crime. This is manifestly not so in Japan. Many of these elderly prisoners are also recidivist offenders and we can surmise that they reoffend and are prepared to take their chances on receiving short prison sentences if caught, or are perhaps forced to take their chances out of economic necessity.

19

Standing on statistical analyses, as for the Life Worlds, what are the characteristics of the elderly prisoners in the two countries?

More generally, before sent to prison, how they have acknowledged themselves?

・More New Zealanders felt isolated from people than Japanese(24.2 % to 3.5%) ・More New Zealanders have acknowledged themselves “reliable” than Japanese(69.4% to 36.5%)・More New Zealanders have had keen interest for their future lives than Japanese (37.1% to 15.3%)・More New Zealanders felt anxiety to be harmed by others than Japanese(24.2% to 5.7%)

q19Section 19　Before being sent to prison, what kind of person

were you? Please tick all the items below that apply to you.

Test of

independence

(MA) Total Total (N=635) Total (N=62)

1 I had too many things to do for my family. 21.4 21.4 16.1 16.1

2 I felt isolated from people. 3.5 3.5 24.2 24.2 P<0.01

3 I distanced myself from others. 16.7 16.7 25.8 25.8

4 I felt alone. 26.6 26.6 37.1 37.1

5 I tended to trust others. 46.5 46.5 48.4 48.4

6 I tended to be trusted by others. 31.8 31.8 54.8 54.8 P<0.05

7 I talked any matters over with my family. 14.3 14.3 25.8 25.8 P<0.05

8 I communicated with coworkers and friends well. 20.8 20.8 37.1 37.1 P<0.05

9 I was worried about being harmed by others. 5.7 5.7 24.2 24.2 P<0.01

10 I tended to depend on others. 18.7 18.7 9.7 9.7

11 I was reliable. 36.5 36.5 69.4 69.4 P<0.01

12 I had a feeling that people thought me odd. 6.5 6.5 17.7 17.7 P<0.01

13 I tended to guard myself against others. 11.0 11.0 40.3 40.3 P<0.01

14 I had zest for life. 15.3 15.3 37.1 37.1 P<0.01

15 I found meaning in life. 17.5 17.5 29.0 29.0

16 (JP) I had a regular life. (NZ) I had an average life. 15.7 15.7 45.2 45.2 P<0.01

17 I had the motivation to work. 48.2 48.2 53.2 53.2

18 I was interested in politics. 18.3 18.3 17.7 17.7

19 I was dissatisfied with politics and the social system. 20.3 20.3 19.4 19.4

20 I took care of my health. 55.3 55.3 64.5 64.5

21 There is no motivation. 7.6 7.6 ＊

22 I was generally optimistic. 49.8 49.8 61.3 61.3

23 I was generally pessimistic. 11.8 11.8 8.1 8.1

24 None of the above. 0.2 0.2 -

25 Other 2.2 2.2 8.1 8.1

26 NA 2.8 2.8 1.6 1.6

JAPAN NEW ZEALAND

20

More generally, what have do they see themselves as prisoners ?

• Based on the multiple statistics analysis (principal component analysis, cluster analysis etc.), in Japan there would be found the 2 axis, relationship(strength vs weakness) and trust in others and society(presence vs absence),to 4 groups ; we call them respectively as “steady”, ”self-directed”, ”dependent”, and “unstable”.

• In New Zealand 2 axis, loneliness(presence vs absence) and stability(strength vs weakness), to 2 groups, called as “lonely” and “stable”.

21

4 Japanese groups (data 1～5）

“steady”(15%): the means of living such as marriage, family, employment, and residence are relatively stable, and similar to those of ordinary people. Therefore, they feel much more worries after release.

“self-directed”(30%): slight similar to ”steady”, but they have to make more effort to retain their steady lives.

“dependence”(21%): most are female, before prison they lived with families, after release they want to live with families, but conflicts and stress with families are strong, therefore how to reconciliate with other members of the family.

“unstable”(31%): with several problems and difficulties, before prison they relied on welfare and public benefits, after release they would get help from social welfare.

22

2 New Zealanders groups (data 6～9）

“lonely”(50%): relations with family and friends are weak, and feel solitude in their daily lives, being lack of aspiration and positive thinking, therefore necessary for multiple support.

“stable”(49%): opposite to “lonely”, positive dream in the future.

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23

I had too many things to do for my famil

I felt isolated from people.

I distanced myself from others.

I felt alone.

I tended to trust others.

I tended to be trusted by others.

I talked any matters over with my family

I communicated with coworkers and friend

I was worried about being harmed by othe

I tended to depend on others.

I was reliable.

I had a feeling that people thought me o

I tended to guard myself against others.

I had zest for life.

I had a regular life．

I had the motivation to work.

I was interested in politics.

I was dissatisfied with politics and the

I took care of my health.

There is no motivation.

I was generally optimistic.

I was generally pessimistic.

-0.6

-0.4

-0.2

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

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-0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

load

ing

3

loading 1

principal component loading１× loading3

Principal component loading　3I was generally optimistic. 0.6278285

I was worried about being harmed by others. 0.5021942

I tended to trust others. 0.4348144

I had the motivation to work. 0.3418284

I distanced myself from others. 0.2007517

I was interested in politics. 0.1888936

I had a feeling that people thought me odd. 0.1293495

There is no motivation. 0.0947654

I was dissatisfied with politics and the social system. 0.0856704

I communicated with coworkers and friends well. 0.0491690

I tended to be trusted by others. 0.0061663

I took care of my health. -0.0188968

I tended to depend on others. -0.0427253

I felt alone. -0.0591941

I felt isolated from people. -0.0780089

I had too many things to do for my family. -0.0973266

I tended to guard myself against others. -0.1169193

I was reliable. -0.1839196

I was generally pessimistic. -0.2215375

I talked any matters over with my family. -0.2404668

I had a regular life． -0.2459566

I had zest for life. -0.3791141

-0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0

Principal component loading 3

Principal component loading　１I tended to be trusted by others. 0.6317432

I tended to depend on others. 0.6257734

I tended to guard myself against others. 0.5623891

I talked any matters over with my family. 0.5523375

I communicated with coworkers and friends well. 0.5321289

I had zest for life. 0.4797140

I had the motivation to work. 0.4566885

I tended to trust others. 0.4218974

I had a regular life． 0.4206047

I had too many things to do for my family. 0.3658192

I was interested in politics. 0.3252228

I took care of my health. 0.2963618

I was generally optimistic. 0.2319693

I was dissatisfied with politics and the social system. 0.2200342

I felt isolated from people. -0.1063924

I was worried about being harmed by others. -0.1205274

I had a feeling that people thought me odd. -0.1667803

I was generally pessimistic. -0.2046511

I was reliable. -0.2241588

There is no motivation. -0.2521628

I distanced myself from others. -0.2795363

I felt alone. -0.3977564

Section 19　Before being sent to prison, what kind of person were you? Pleasetick all the items below that apply to you.

-0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0


Japanese data 1

Section 19 Before being sent to prison, what kind of person were you? Please tick all the items below that apply to you.

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principal component loading１

principal component loading１ × loading3personal position

Plot of samples

"steady”

“unstable”

“dependent”

“self-directed”

data 2

Plot of samples

25data 3

Group

N (%) N (%) χ2 N (%) χ2 N (%) χ2 N (%) χ2

Group

Group　composition 635 100.0 93 14.6 193 30.4 133 20.9 198 31.2

q19 Section 19　Before being sent to prison, what kind of person were you? Please tick all the items below that apply to you.

(MA) Total 635 100.0 93 100.0 193 100.0 133 100.0 198 100.0

1 I had too many things to do for my family. 136 21.4 43 46.2 A 32 16.6 45 33.8 A 16 8.1 H

2 I felt isolated from people. 22 3.5 2 2.2 3 1.6 3 2.3 14 7.1 A

3 I distanced myself from others. 106 16.7 6 6.5 H 43 22.3 B 8 6.0 H 49 24.7 A

4 I felt alone. 169 26.6 6 6.5 H 40 20.7 F 21 15.8 H 102 51.5 A

5 I tended to trust others. 295 46.5 77 82.8 A 136 70.5 A 52 39.1 F 30 15.2 A

6 I tended to be trusted by others. 202 31.8 80 86.0 A 55 28.5 60 45.1 A 7 3.5 H

7 I talked any matters over with my family. 91 14.3 49 52.7 A 8 4.1 H 34 25.6 A 0 - H

8 I communicated with coworkers and friends well. 132 20.8 58 62.4 A 38 19.7 29 21.8 7 3.5 H

9 I was worried about being harmed by others. 36 5.7 1 1.1 13 6.7 8 6.0 14 7.1

10 I tended to depend on others. 119 18.7 14 15.1 69 35.8 A 7 5.3 H 29 14.6

11 I was reliable. 232 36.5 81 87.1 A 64 33.2 76 57.1 A 11 5.6 H

12 I had a feeling that people thought me odd. 41 6.5 1 1.1 G 4 2.1 G 9 6.8 27 13.6 A

13 I tended to guard myself against others. 70 11.0 7 7.5 A 26 13.5 7 5.3 30 15.2

14 I had zest for life. 97 15.3 57 61.3 A 10 5.2 H 27 20.3 3 1.5 H

15 I found meaning in life. 111 17.5 54 58.1 A 2 1.0 H 45 33.8 A 10 5.1 H

16 I had a regular life． 100 15.7 44 47.3 A 10 5.2 H 35 26.3 A 11 5.6 H

17 I had the motivation to work. 306 48.2 78 83.9 A 125 64.8 A 66 49.6 37 18.7 H

18 I was interested in politics. 116 18.3 43 46.2 A 41 21.2 18 13.5 14 7.1 H

19 I was dissatisfied with politics and the social system. 129 20.3 34 36.6 A 41 21.2 31 23.3 23 11.6 H

20 I took care of my health. 351 55.3 74 79.6 A 107 55.4 88 66.2 B 82 41.4 H

21 There is no motivation. 48 7.6 3 3.2 14 7.3 2 1.5 H 29 14.6 A

22 I was generally optimistic. 316 49.8 67 72.0 A 163 84.5 A 33 24.8 H 53 26.8 H

23 I was generally pessimistic. 75 11.8 4 4.3 G 5 2.6 H 23 17.3 C 43 21.7 A

24 None of the above. 1 0.2 0 - 0 - 0 - 1 0.5

25 Other 14 2.2 0 - 0 - G 0 - 14 7.1 A

26 NA 18 2.8 0 - 0 - G 0 - 0 -

Total "steady” “self-directed” “dependent” "ununstable"

26data 4

Group

N (%) N (%) χ2 N (%) χ2 N (%) χ2 N (%) χ2

f1 face 1 Gender(SA) Total 635 100.0 93 100.0 193 100.0 133 100.0 198 100.0

1 Male 495 78.0 79 84.9 159 82.4 95 71.4 F 156 78.8 2 Female 87 13.7 12 12.9 25 13.0 27 20.3 B 23 11.6

3 NA 53 8.3 2 2.2 G 9 4.7 F 11 8.3 19 9.6

f2 face 2 ageAverage 397 69.6 90 70.7 178 69.6 119 69.1 177 69.4

f2ageface 2 age Category(SA) Total 635 100.0 93 100.0 193 100.0 133 100.0 198 100.0

1 65 under the age 14 2.2 0 - 2 1.0 6 4.5 C 6 3.0 2 65～69age 314 49.4 46 49.5 98 50.8 64 48.1 104 52.5 3 70～74age 160 25.2 26 28.0 52 26.9 37 27.8 41 20.7 4 75～79age 62 9.8 11 11.8 24 12.4 8 6.0 19 9.6 5 80 old or older 20 3.1 7 7.5 B 2 1.0 4 3.0 7 3.5

6 NA 65 10.2 3 3.2 G 15 7.8 14 10.5 21 10.6

q1ctgSection 1 Whether you’re job

(SA) Total 635 100.0 93 100.0 193 100.0 133 100.0 198 100.0

1 employment 235 37.0 58 62.4 A 77 39.9 52 39.1 42 21.2 H

2 not employment 310 48.8 19 20.4 H 93 48.2 58 43.6 134 67.7 A

3 NA 90 14.2 16 17.2 23 11.9 23 17.3 22 11.1

q2 Section 2 Where were you living before you were sent to prison?

(SA) Total 635 100.0 93 100.0 193 100.0 133 100.0 198 100.0

1 Own house 162 25.5 52 55.9 A 33 17.1 H 33 24.8 39 19.7 F2 Own apartment 19 3.0 2 2.2 4 2.1 6 4.5 7 3.5 3 Rented apartment 90 14.2 10 10.8 39 20.2 B 24 18.0 17 8.6 G4 (Japanese)　Apartment 136 21.4 5 5.4 H 45 23.3 31 23.3 52 26.3 C5 Rented house 64 10.1 12 12.9 14 7.3 16 12.0 19 9.6 6 My friend or acquaintance’s home (flatting) 34 5.4 2 2.2 16 8.3 C 7 5.3 7 3.5 7 Offender rehabilitation facilities (halfway house) 12 1.9 1 1.1 3 1.6 4 3.0 4 2.0 8 Had no home to live in 34 5.4 1 1.1 F 7 3.6 2 1.5 G 23 11.6 A9 Other 68 10.7 7 7.5 27 14.0 8 6.0 F 25 12.6

10 NA 16 2.5 1 1.1 5 2.6 2 1.5 5 2.5


27data 5

Group

N (%) N (%) χ2 N (%) χ2 N (%) χ2 N (%) χ2

q3 With whom did you live at that time? Please tick all that apply to you.

(MA) Total 635 100.0 93 100.0 193 100.0 133 100.0 198 100.0

1 Lived by myself 333 52.4 22 23.7 H 118 61.1 B 53 39.8 H 134 67.7 A

2Partner (including married, de facto and any kind of common-law

marriage)185 29.1 60 64.5 A 43 22.3 G 56 42.1 A 21 10.6 H

6 Children 67 10.6 19 20.4 A 17 8.8 17 12.8 12 6.1 G

q3ctgSection 3 Whether there are housemate

(SA) Total 635 100.0 93 100.0 193 100.0 133 100.0 198 100.0

1 No 333 52.4 22 23.7 H 118 61.1 B 53 39.8 H 134 67.7 A

2 Yes 284 44.7 70 75.3 A 71 36.8 G 79 59.4 A 56 28.3 G

3 NA 18 2.8 1 1.1 4 2.1 1 0.8 8 4.0

q4 Section 4 Are you currently married? 0 0 0 0 0

(SA) Total 635 100.0 93 100.0 193 100.0 133 100.0 198 100.0

1 Yes 189 29.8 55 59.1 A 41 21.2 H 56 42.1 A 32 16.2 H

2 No 420 66.1 37 39.8 H 145 75.1 A 73 54.9 H 156 78.8 A

NA 26 4.1 1 1.1 7 3.6 4 3.0 10 5.1

q6 Section 6 Please tick one of the items below that matches your current health status.

(SA) Total 635 100.0 93 100.0 193 100.0 133 100.0 198 100.0

1 It’s very good 220 34.6 48 51.6 A 66 34.2 51 38.3 50 25.3 H

2 It’s not perfect but I am not often ill 215 33.9 19 20.4 H 78 40.4 C 40 30.1 72 36.4

3 I am often ill 102 16.1 11 11.8 24 12.4 25 18.8 40 20.2

4 I have a particular illness or condition 92 14.5 14 15.1 23 11.9 16 12.0 36 18.2

5 NA 6 0.9 1 1.1 2 1.0 1 0.8 0 -

q12 Section 12 After being discharged from prison, what are you looking forward to doing? Please tick all the items below that apply to you.

(MA) Total 635 100.0 93 100.0 193 100.0 133 100.0 198 100.0

1 Eating whatever I want 257 40.5 42 45.2 74 38.3 66 49.6 B 68 34.3

2 Watching TV whenever I want 158 24.9 22 23.7 56 29.0 28 21.1 50 25.3 F

3 Drinking alcohol 107 16.9 21 22.6 34 17.6 12 9.0 G 35 17.7

4 Going on a trip 195 30.7 45 48.4 A 68 35.2 42 31.6 38 19.2 H

5 Watching sports 79 12.4 12 12.9 29 15.0 14 10.5 24 12.1

6 Going shopping 91 14.3 20 21.5 B 25 13.0 21 15.8 25 12.6

7 Meeting friends 177 27.9 43 46.2 A 62 32.1 30 22.6 39 19.7 G

8 Other 146 23.0 29 31.2 C 48 24.9 27 20.3 41 20.7

9 NA 24 3.8 1 1.1 5 2.6 3 2.3 9 4.5


28

New Zealand

I had too many things to do for my famil



I felt alone.



I talked any matters over with my family

I communicated with coworkers and friend

I was worried about being harmed by othe


I was reliable.

I had a feeling that people thought me o



I found meaning in life.

I had an average life.



I was dissatisfied with politics and the




-0.2

-0.1

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

-0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

pri

nci

pal

co

mp

on

en

t lo

adin

g2

principal component loading １

principal component loading １× principal component loading 2

Category principal component loading　2 Principal component loading　2

0.6678

0.6409

0.5719

0.5321

0.5306

0.4855

0.3909

0.3540

0.2799

0.2453

0.2451

0.2210

0.1380

0.1163

0.1005

0.0968

0.0548

0.0427

0.0055

-0.0698

-0.1073

-0.1278

I had a feeling that people thought me odd.





I had too many things to do for my family.


I was dissatisfied with politics and the social system.






I was worried about being harmed by others.

I felt alone.


I was reliable.


I communicated with coworkers and friends well.


I talked any matters over with my family.


-0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0

Category Principal component loading　１ Principal component loading　1

0.6881

0.6373

0.6106

0.5672

0.5582

0.5191

0.5113

0.5033

0.4779

0.3973

0.3895

0.3017

0.1303

0.0469

0.0395

-0.0601

-0.0993

-0.2964

-0.3122

-0.4720

-0.5618

-0.5659

I communicated with coworkers and friends well.


I was dissatisfied with politics and the social system.





I talked any matters over with my family.




I was reliable.





I felt alone.

I had a feeling that people thought me odd.

I had too many things to do for my family.


I was worried about being harmed by others.


-1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0

data 6Section 19 Before being sent to prison, what kind of person were you? Please tick all the items below that apply to you.

29

Plot of samples

1

1

1

1

11

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1 2

2

222

2

2

2

22

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

22

2

2

2

22

-3.00

-2.00

-1.00

0.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

6.00

-5.00 -4.00 -3.00 -2.00 -1.00 0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00

Pri

nci

pal

co

mp

on

en

t lo

adin

g2


Principal component loading 1 × Principal component loading 2

“stable”

“lonely”

personal position

data 7

Plot of samples

30data 8

Group

N (%) N (%) χ2 N (%) χ2

q19

(MA) Total 62 100.0 31 100.0 30 f

1 I had too many things to do for my family. 10 16.1 2 6.5 8 26.7

2 I felt isolated from people. 15 24.2 13 41.9 B 2 6.7 G

3 I distanced myself from others. 16 25.8 13 41.9 B 3 10.0 G

4 I felt alone. 23 37.1 18 58.1 C 5 16.7 G

5 I tended to trust others. 30 48.4 10 32.3 F 20 66.7 B

6 I tended to be trusted by others. 34 54.8 13 41.9 21 70.0 C

7 I talked any matters over with my family. 16 25.8 2 6.5 G 14 46.7 A

8 I communicated with coworkers and friends well. 23 37.1 2 6.5 H 21 70.0 A

9 I was worried about being harmed by others. 15 24.2 7 22.6 8 26.7

10 I tended to depend on others. 6 9.7 3 9.7 3 10.0

11 I was reliable. 43 69.4 16 51.6 G 27 90.0 A

12 I had a feeling that people thought me odd. 11 17.7 11 35.5 A - - G

13 I tended to guard myself against others. 25 40.3 17 54.8 C 8 26.7

14 I had zest for life. 23 37.1 5 16.1 G 18 60.0 A

15 I found meaning in life. 18 29.0 3 9.7 G 15 50.0 B

16 I had an average life. 28 45.2 13 41.9 15 50.0

17 I had the motivation to work. 33 53.2 13 41.9 20 66.7

18 I was interested in politics. 11 17.7 - - H 11 36.7 A

19 I was dissatisfied with politics and the social system. 12 19.4 9 29.0 3 10.0

20 I took care of my health. 40 64.5 14 45.2 G 26 86.7 B

21 I was generally optimistic. 38 61.3 11 35.5 H 27 90.0 A

22 I was generally pessimistic. 5 8.1 4 12.9 1 3.3

23 None of the above. - - - - - -

24 Other 5 8.1 4 12.9 1 3.3

25 NA 1 1.6 - - - -

Section 19　Before being sent to prison, what kind of person were you? Please tick all the items below that

apply to you.

Total "lonely” “stable”

31data 9

Group

N (%) N (%) χ2 N (%) χ2

Group 62 100.0 31 50.0 30 48.4

f1 face 1 Gender

(SA) Total 62 100.0 31 100.0 30 100.0

1 Male 56 90.3 28 90.3 28 93.3

2 Female 4 6.5 3 9.7 1 3.3

3 NA 2 3.2 - - 1 3.3

q1s2 Section 1　Why were you not employed at the time? Please tick all the items below that apply to you.

(MA) Total 34 100.0 19 100.0 15 100.0

1 Health issues 17 50.0 12 63.2 5 33.3

2 Difficulty finding a job 4 11.8 3 15.8 1 6.7

3 Lack of motivation to work 1 2.9 - - 1 6.7

4 Lack of necessity due to own savings 2 5.9 - - 2 13.3

5 NA 20 58.8 9 47.4 11 73.3

q3 With whom did you live at that time? Please tick all that apply to you.

(MA) Total 62 100.0 31 100.0 30 100.0

1 Lived by myself 16 25.8 13 41.9 B 3 10.0 G

2 Partner (including married, de facto and any kind of common-law marriage) 23 37.1 7 22.6 F 16 53.3 C

3 Parents 4 6.5 3 9.7 1 3.3

4 Father 1 1.6 - - 1 3.3

5 Mother - - - - - -

6 Children 13 21.0 6 19.4 7 23.3

7 Other relatives 1 1.6 - - 1 3.3

8 Other people in a halfway house / hostel 1 1.6 1 3.2 - -

9 Other 9 14.5 4 12.9 5 16.7

10 NA 3 4.8 1 3.2 1 3.3

q11 Section 11 After being discharged from prison, how do you plan to live your life? Please tick all the items below that apply to you.

(MA) Total 62 100.0 31 100.0 30 100.0

1 Work hard 20 32.3 8 25.8 12 40.0

2 Live a more relaxing life 34 54.8 14 45.2 19 63.3

3 Carry out special interest activities (hobbies, etc.) 38 61.3 14 45.2 F 23 76.7 B

4 Avoid causing trouble to others 41 66.1 18 58.1 22 73.3

5 Live with family 17 27.4 3 9.7 G 14 46.7 B

6 Avoid committing a crime again 51 82.3 23 74.2 27 90.0

7 Live in a home for elderly people 7 11.3 5 16.1 2 6.7

8 Get married (again) 3 4.8 1 3.2 2 6.7

9 Be happy 43 69.4 17 54.8 F 25 83.3 C

10 Do as I please 11 17.7 5 16.1 6 20.0

11 Follow a religion 27 43.5 14 45.2 12 40.0

12Avoid disappointing those who have helped me since my

conviction (e.g. probation officer, social worker, prison staff44 71.0 20 64.5 23 76.7

13 Undertake a better moral existence 38 61.3 17 54.8 20 66.7

14 Leave it up to fate 2 3.2 1 3.2 1 3.3

15 Other 3 4.8 1 3.2 2 6.7

16 Nothing in particular - - - - - -

17 I haven’t thought about it 1 1.6 1 3.2 - -

NA

Total "lonely” “stable”

Documents

The Life World of Elderly Prisonersyh-shakai.com/Life_Wold_E_P.pdf1 •This paper is an introduction to a research project on the life world of elderly prisoners (aged 65+) and their