Nelle, SolangeMaubecin, MairaMontoya Cuestas, LilianaVillalba, Constanza

LINGUISTICS

Microlinguistics&

Macrolinguistics

Framework

Levels Categories

Models

Contrastive Analysis

Goal

Means

Contrastive Analysis

GOAL MEANS

Explanation of L2 learning

Psychology

Description of the language

Linguistic

MACROLINGUISTICS:

MICROLINGUISTICS: It is a branch of linguistics that concerns itself with the study of language systems in the abstract, without regard to the meaning of expressions. The language is reduced to the abstract elements of syntax and phonology. Thus the language is analyzed for their own sake and without reference to their social function.

It is a field of study concerned with the language in its broadest sense and including cultural and behavioural features associated with language. It embraces different aspects of language.

Semantics: the study of meaning, changes in meaning and the principles that govern the relation ship between sentences or words and their meanings.

Sociolinguistics: a descriptive study of the effects of any and all aspects of society on the way language is used and the effects of language used on society.

Ethnomethodology: It refers to the analysis and interpretation of every spoken interaction.

Macrolinguistics

Discourse Analysis: It is concerned with how we build up “meaning” in the larger communicative rather than grammatical units, meaning in a text, paragraph, conversation, etc rather than a single sentence.

Speech-act Theory: an approach to the meaning of language which stresses the use made of language, rather than the literal meaning of the combined words. Emphasis what we do with language rather than what we say.

Macrolinguistics

FRAMEWORK

Levels Categories ModelsPhonology

Grammar

Lexis

Unit

StructureClass

System

Structural or TaxonomicTransformationalGenerativeContrastiveGenerative

Case

LEVELS OF LANGUAGE

Level of phonologyLevel of lexisLevel of morphology Level of syntax

Procedural Orientation:

Synta

x

Phonology Morphology

Mixing Levels:Nowadays mixing is sometimes necessary to account for some fact of language.

TWO STEPS

The stage of description

The stage of juxtaposition for comparison

Crossing levels: Examples

We knew where it was: Sabíamos donde estaba

We found out where it was: Supimos donde estaba

From lexis to

grammar

I don´t lend my books to anyone: Je ne prete pas mes livres

á

n´importe qui

I don´t lend my books to anyone: Je ne prete pas mes livres á

Personne

From phonology to lexis

Lo conoces You know him

Lo conoces? Do you know him?

From phonology to grammar

All these are examples of: Interlingual level shift

CATEGORIES OF GRAMMAR

There are four categories : unit, structure, class and system.

They are universal , that is they are necessary and sufficient as a basis for the description of any

language.

Category: UNIT

The Units of grammar are:

Sentence – Clause – Phrase – Word - Morpheme

Rank Scale

UNIT

In CA a single sentence in L1 correspond on a one-to-one basis with a single sentence in L2.Example:

1)- Ix povitaskal (R): I've finished dragging them out in all directions one at a time (E)

2)- Salimos anoche (S): Nous sommes sortis heir soir (F)

3)- Dash: caminar con prisa Gaze: mirar fijamente y por un largo tiempo Peer: mirar algo con atencion, detenidamente Mutter: hablar bajo, entre dientes

CA is concerned with the possibilities of maintaining 1:1 correspondence of units at ranks below sentence.Example:

UNIT

The pupil (who has fallen asleep) is Peter. (E)Der eingeschlafene Schuler ist Peter. (G)

Interlingual Rank Shift

(R)Ona docitala etu knigu

(E) She has finished reading the book

St. Cl. Phr. Wd. Morph.1

1

1

1

2

2

4

6

1

0

8 on/a/do/cita/l/a/et/u/knig/u= 10

She/has/finish/ed/read/ing/this/book=8

Category: STRUCTURE

“A structure is an arrangement of elements ordered in “places”

(Halliday)

Example: Tom (S) took (P) the keys(C) from the

table (A)

STRUCTURE

CA have traditionally focused on the category structure: linear arrangement of clauses, phrases and words

Examples:

1)- My father, who plays chess, is very patient.Mein Vater, der Schach spielt, ist sehr geduldig.Clause

2)- La porte étroite / La casa blanca The white house Phrase

3)- Past participle: gespielt / played Nouns plurals: Apfel-Apfel: / Apple-Apples Word

Category: CLASS

There are restrictions on which units can operate at given places in structures.

Example:

V Londone tumano (R) : * In London is foggy (E)

London is foggy

…eine unter meinem Wagen schelafende Katze… : * a sleeping under my car cat…

…A cat sleeping under my car…

Category: SYSTEM

Each language allows its speaker choices from sets of elements which are not determined by the place which the element occupies in the structure.

CHOICE: “The selection of one particular term at one particular place on the chain in preference to another term or other terms which are also possible at that place”

Systems operate over the domains of units: systems of sentences, of clauses, of groups, of words and of morphemes.

Example: systems at clause rank: “mood”

Indicative Imperative

Declarative Interrogative

Language may differ, not in demanding different structural exponents, but in offering different ranges of options.

System number

Singular vs. Plural (E)

Singular,Plural,Dual (A)

System of case

Common andGenitive (E)

Nominative, accusative, genitive, instrumental, prepositional and dative (R)