The liquid part of blood is called 1.A) water. 2.B) plasma. 3.C) serum. 4.D) extrastitial fluid. 5.E) anionic fluid

The liquid part of blood is called

1. A) water. 2. B) plasma. 3. C) serum. 4. D) extrastitial fluid. 5. E) anionic fluid.

Circulatory & respiratory systems

Chs 12 & 14

Lecture outline• Review of blood- functions & parts• Ch. 12: Circulation- The path of blood– Arteries, veins & capillaries– The circulatory pathway

• The heart- structure & function– Blood pressure

• Cardiovascular disease• The lymphatic system• The respiratory system-– Structure & function– Respiratory disorders

Announcements

• Blood lab- Due today!• Ch 12 online- Due Wednesday!

Blood review

• Parts of blood • Function of blood

Blood is a mixture of cells and plasma

• ~55% Plasma• ~45% Red blood cells• <1% White blood cells and

platelets (“buffy coat”)

Human Blood after centrifugation

Blood plasma

• Water• Nutrients• Solutes- Na+, Cl-,

wastes, CO2, etc.• Functions:– Carry nutrients to cells– Dissolve wastes in cells– Osmotic equilibrium– Factors to fight infection– Clotting factors also

All blood cells are part of the hematopoetic stem cell lineage

Red blood cells carry oxygen and CO2

• Lose nucleus in development

• Short-lived, no repair• Packed solid with

hemoglobin• Membranes designed to

maximize surface area• Facilitate gas transfer

Hemoglobin is the oxygen-binding protein in red blood cells

• The oxygen-carrying protein

• Heterotetrameric protein• 2 alpha subunits, 2 beta• Each subunit holds a

Heme group• Each heme holds an Fe++

ion• Each Fe++ can bind an O2

Hemoglobin binding curve

• In areas of High O2 (e.g., lungs)- binds O2 very well (picks up O2)

• In areas of Low O2 (e.g., muscles) binds O2 poorly (drops off O2)

• Myoglobin binds O2 in muscle & organ tissues

Sickle Cell Anemia is a genetic disorder caused by a mutation in hemoglobin

• )

Platelets assist with blood clotting

• Recruit plasma protein fibrinogen to a cut

• They release clotting factors

• Clotting factors convert fibrinogen to fibrin

• Fibrin net prevents blood loss

White blood cells fight infection• B cells make antibodies• T cells kill cancerous cells

and invaders• Macrophages swallow

bacteria• Granulocytes

(eosinophils, neutrophils, basophils) secrete histamines & other toxins against allergens, worms, and bacteria

The Immune system is the body’s defense system

• Against:– Bacteria– Viruses– Protists– Other living invaders– Toxins– Foreign debris– Cancerous cells

• The immune system is complex

• Defends against threats known and unknown

The circulatory system

The Cardiovascular System

• The cardiovascular system is composed of – Blood– Blood vessels– Heart

The Cardiovascular System

Figure 12.1 (1 of 2)

Veins• Carry blood back to theheart

Jugular veins• Carry blood from headto the heart

Renal vein• Carries blood from thekidney to the heart

Pulmonary veins• Carry oxygenated bloodfrom the lungs to theheart

Inferior vena cava• Carries blood from thelower body back to theheart

Superior vena cava• Carries blood from theupper body back to theheart

Iliac vein• Carries blood from thepelvic organs andabdominal wallback to the heart

Radial vein• Carries blood from thehand back to the heart

Femoral vein• Carries blood from thethigh and inner kneeback to the heart

The Blood Vessels Conduct Blood in 2 Continuous Loops

• Blood passes through the following loop of vessels moving away from the heart– Arteries– Arterioles– Capillaries– Venules– Veins

• Blood returns to the heart from the veins

Veins and arteries travel in parallel

Figure 12.1 (2 of 2)

Arteries• Carry blood away fromheart

Carotid arteries• Deliver blood to the headand the brain

Aorta• Delivers blood to thebody tissues

Pulmonary arteries• Deliver oxygen-poorblood to the lungs

Coronary arteries• Deliver blood to theheart muscle cells

Renal artery• Delivers blood to thekidney

Iliac artery• Delivers blood topelvic organs andabdominal wall

Radial artery• Delivers blood tothe hand

Femoral artery• Delivers blood tothigh and inner knee

The Blood Vessels Conduct Blood in Continuous Loops

Figure 12.2

Capillaries facilitate gas, nutrient & waste transfer

Figure 12.3b

Capillaries are made of epithelial tissue

Figure 12.3c


Figure 12.3a

Capillary cell

To tissue cells

Slit between cells

Nucleus

Red blood cell

(a) Substances are exchanged between the blood and tissuefluid across the plasma membrane of the capillary or throughslits between capillary cells.


Figure 12.3

Blood Vessels

• The hollow interior of all blood vessels is called the lumen

Blood Vessels

• Arteries – Thick, muscular vessels that carry blood away

from the heart – “A= away”– Are able to withstand high blood pressure– Thick walls make arteries pliable and durable

Blood Vessels

• The elasticity of the arteries maintains pressure on the blood between heartbeats to keep it flowing through the vessels

Blood Vessels

• As the heart pumps blood into the arteries, they expand such that one is able to feel a pulse

• The pulse rate is the same as the heart rate

Blood Vessels

• Vasoconstriction– When muscle contracts and the diameter of the

lumen narrows, reducing blood flow

• Vasodilation– When muscle relaxes and the diameter of the

lumen increases, increasing blood flow

Blood Vessels

• Arterioles are the prime controllers of blood pressure

• Arterioles serve as gatekeepers to the capillary networks keeping them open or closed

Blood Vessels

Figure 12.4b

Blood Vessels

• An aneurysm occurs when the wall of an artery is weakened and swells

• The primary risk is that it will burst, causing blood loss

• If it does not burst it can form life-threatening clots

Blood Vessels

• Capillaries have walls that are one cell thick and connect arterioles and venules

Blood Vessels

Figure 12.4a

Arterioles have sphincter muscles

Figure 12.4b (1 of 2)

Blood Vessels

Blood Vessels

• Capillaries form branching networks that allow for the exchange of materials between the blood and tissues

• Blood flows more slowly due to the large surface area – Provides more time for the exchange of materials

Blood Vessels

• Capillaries merge to form the smallest kind of vein, a venule– Venules join to form larger veins

• Veins – Carry blood back to the heart – Serve as reservoirs for blood volume

Blood Vessels

• Veins– Blood is moved against gravity toward the heart

by• Contracting skeletal muscles • Pressure differences caused by the movement of the

thoracic cavity during breathing • Valves

– Prevent blood flowing backwards

Vein walls are thinner and weaker than arteries

Figure 12.6a

Veins have valves for one-way bloodflow

Figure 12.6b

Valveclosed

Valveopen

Relaxed calfmuscles

Skeletal musclesrelax, and bloodfills the valvesand closes them.

Muscle contractionsqueezes the vein,pushing bloodthrough the openvalve toward theheart.

Valveclosed

Contracted calfmuscles

(b)

• Which of the following are found in veins that help direct blood flow in one direction only toward the heart?

• A) Valves • B) Lymph nodes • C) Myocardium • D) Pericardium

The pathway of blood

Area vs. blood velocity in the circulatory system

Figure 12.5

Blood Vessels

• Most materials simply diffuse across the capillary cell wall into the cells by the force of both blood pressure and osmotic pressure

The heart pumps the blood through two circulatory pathways

Figure 12.7c

Oxygen-richblood

(to body)

Oxygen-poorblood(to lungs)

Oxygen-richblood(from lungs)

Oxygen-poorblood

(from body cells)(c)

The Heart

The Heart is a Muscular Pump

• The heart is made of cardiac muscle tissue called myocardium


Figure 12.7a


Figure 12.7b


• The interior of the heart is lined by endocardium

• A fibrous sac, the pericardium, encloses the heart and holds the heart in the center of the thoracic cavity


• The two halves of the heart are separated by a septum

• Each half has two chambers– One smaller and thin-walled atrium – One larger, more muscular ventricle


Figure 12.7d

Superior venacava Aorta

Rightpulmonary

arteries

Pulmonarysemilunar valve

Right atrium

Rightpulmonary

veins

Rightatrioventricular

valve(tricuspid valve)

Chordae tendineae

Rightventricle

Inferior vena cava

Left pulmonaryarteries

Pulmonary trunk

Left pulmonary veins

Left atrium

Aortic semilunar valve(hidden from view)

Leftatrioventricularvalve (mitral valve)

Left ventricle

Myocardium

Endocardium

Pericardium

Septum(d)


• The right side of the heart– Contains blood rich in carbon dioxide • Returns from the tissues • Flows out to the lungs

• The left side of the heart – Contains blood rich in oxygen • Returns from the lungs • Flows out to the tissues

The Heart has valves for one-way bloodflow

• Valves – Atrioventricular (AV) valves • Separate the atria from ventricles

– Semilunar valves • Separate the ventricles from the exit vessels • Keep blood from flowing backwards

– Give rise to the typical “lub-dup” sounds of the heartbeat


• The AV valve on the right – Called the tricuspid valve – Has three flaps

• The AV valve on the left – Called the bicuspid or mitral valve – Has two flaps


Figure 12.8


• Pulmonary Circuit– The right side of the heart pumps blood to and

from the lungs

• Systemic Circuit– The left side of the heart pumps blood to and

from the tissues


Figure 12.9

Superiorvena cava

Pulmonaryartery

Pulmonarycircuit• Gas exchangein lungs

Systemic circuit• Gas exchangein capillarybeds throughoutbody tissues

Pulmonary veins

Pulmonaryveins

Inferior vena cava

Right side

Aorta

Pulmonaryartery

Left side

Oxygen-rich blood(to body)

Oxygen-poor blood(from body cells)

Oxygen-poor blood(to lungs)

Oxygen-richblood(from lungs)

Aorta


• The heart muscle is nourished by coronary circulation


Figure 12.10a

Inferiorvenacava

Superiorvena cava

Pulmonarytrunk

Aorta

Rightcoronary

vein

Rightcoronary

artery

Left coronaryartery

Leftcoronaryvein

(a)

Pulmonaryveins


Figure 12.10b


• The cardiac cycle – Contraction of the atria – Followed by contraction of the ventricles – Followed by a rest when neither chamber is

contracting

• Contraction is called systole• Relaxation is called diastole


Figure 12.11


• The sinoatrial (SA) node – Generates an electrical signal that sets the tempo – Called the pacemaker


• The SA node – Causes contraction of the atria and sends a signal

to the atrioventricular (AV) node, which relays information to the atrioventricular bundle and out through the Purkinje fibers, causing the ventricles to contract


Figure 12.12 (1 of 5)


Figure 12.12 (2 of 5)


Figure 12.12 (3 of 5)


Figure 12.12 (4 of 5)


Figure 12.12 (5 of 5)


• A combination of nervous and endocrine signals control the strength and rate of contraction of the heart


• An electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG)– Recording of the electrical events associated with

the heartbeat – A powerful diagnostic tool• Abnormal patterns can indicate heart problems


Figure 12.13a


• A typical ECG/EKG consists of three distinguishable deflection waves– P wave– QRS wave – T wave


Figure 12.13b

• Blood vessels that serve as gateways to capillary beds are:

• A) venules. • B) arteries. • C) arterioles. • D) veins.

• Which of these is the portion of the heartbeat that involves contraction of the heart?

• A) Cardiac cycle • B) Pacemaker • C) Diastole • D) Systole

Cardiovascular disease


• Blood pressure – Highest (systolic) when the ventricles contract,

sending blood into the arteries – Lowest (diastolic) when the heart relaxes

between beats

Cardiovascular Disease Is a Major Killer in the United States

• Sphygmomanometer – Measures blood pressure – Can provide early identification of hypertension,

or high blood pressure, the silent killer


Figure 12.14 (1 of 2)


Figure 12.14 (2 of 2)

Cardiovascular Disease

• Atheroscloerosis– A narrowing of the arteries due to fatty deposits

and thickening of the wall– Can lead to heart attack or stroke • When this occurs in the arteries of the heart muscle, it

is called coronary artery disease


Figure 12.16a


Figure 12.16b


Figure 12.16c


• Angiography – Can show coronary artery blockage, which can

then be treated with medicines or surgical operations such as angioplasty or coronary bypass surgery


Figure 12.17


Figure 12.18


• Heart muscle dies because of an insufficient blood supply during a heart attack (myocardial infarction) and is gradually replaced by scar tissue

• Scar tissue cannot contract, so part of the heart permanently loses its pumping ability

PLAY | Lawsuit over Vioxx


Figure 12.19


• Heart failure – Condition in which the heart becomes an

inefficient pump– Leads to shortness of breath, fatigue, and fluid

accumulation

The Lymphatic System

• Lymphatic system functions – Return interstitial fluid to the blood stream– Transport products of fat digestion – Defend the body against disease-causing

organisms and abnormal cells


Figure 12.22a

Tonsils• Protect the throatagainst bacteria andforeign agents

Right lymphatic duct• Returns the lymph fromthe upper part of bodyto the blood Thymus

• Site where Tlymphocytes mature,enabling them to fightspecific disease-causingorganisms Thoracic duct

• Returns lymph frommost of the body tothe blood Spleen

• Site of lymphocyteproduction• Removes old redblood cells, foreigndebris, andmicroorganisms fromthe blood

Lymph vessels• Return excess interstitialfluid to the blood• Some transport products offat digestion to the blood

Lymph nodes• Filter lymph beforereturning it to the blood• Contain lymphocytesand macrophages thatdefend againstdisease-causingorganisms

(a) The lymphatic system returns the fluid tothe bloodstream that previously left thecapillaries to bathe the cells, protectsagainst disease-causing organisms, andtransports products of fat digestion fromthe small intestine to the bloodstream.


Figure 12.22b


• Elephantiasis – A condition in which parasites block the passage

of lymphatic fluid returning to blood – Results in massive swelling, darkening, and

thickening of the skin in the affected area


Figure 12.20


• Lymph– Interstitial fluid that builds up around the cells– Enters the lymph capillaries, then passes through

a series of vessels and is returned to the circulatory system


Figure 12.21


Figure 12.21 (1 of 2)

Anchoringfilaments

Interstitialfluid

enters

Endothelium

Flaplikeminivalve

Tissue cells


Figure 12.21 (2 of 2)

Arteriole

Tissuecells

Lymphcapillaries

Bloodcapillaries

Venule


• Lymph nodes – Bean–shaped structures – Filter lymph – Contain macrophages and lymphocytes that

actively defend against disease-causing organisms


Figure 12.22b


• Lymphoid organs include – Tonsils– Thymus gland– Spleen– Peyer’s patches


Figure 12.22a

Tonsils• Protect the throatagainst bacteria andforeign agents

Right lymphatic duct• Returns the lymph fromthe upper part of bodyto the blood Thymus

• Site where Tlymphocytes mature,enabling them to fightspecific disease-causingorganisms Thoracic duct

• Returns lymph frommost of the body tothe blood Spleen

• Site of lymphocyteproduction• Removes old redblood cells, foreigndebris, andmicroorganisms fromthe blood

Lymph vessels• Return excess interstitialfluid to the blood• Some transport products offat digestion to the blood

Lymph nodes• Filter lymph beforereturning it to the blood• Contain lymphocytesand macrophages thatdefend againstdisease-causingorganisms

(a) The lymphatic system returns the fluid tothe bloodstream that previously left thecapillaries to bathe the cells, protectsagainst disease-causing organisms, andtransports products of fat digestion fromthe small intestine to the bloodstream.

Documents

The liquid part of blood is called 1.A) water. 2.B) plasma. 3.C) serum. 4.D) extrastitial fluid. 5.E) anionic fluid