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7/28/2019 The Machine of the Mind WorkshopSession 11FINAL
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The Machine of the Mind
Workshop
Professor Mary Cotter
Dr Steve Tucker
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Working in Pods in Groups of3
Introduce yourselves to each other. Try and geta mix of disciplines in a group
The tasks for today are to look at some material
on the Machine of the Mind and discuss itamongst yourselves and then well talk aboutthings in the class and see what everyone isthinking.
You will also have a group task to complete andhand in, answering a number of questions.
Choose Class representatives
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Figure 9-9ab (1 of 5)
The surface of the human brain (the cerebralcortex or cerebrum) is made up of different
lobes
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Figure 9-13
The limbic system is an old part of the brain
The limbic system is involved in emotion, learning and
memory, very strong connections with temporal and
frontal lobes.
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Figure 9-16
Different sides (hemispheres) play roles indifferent tasks
Reasoning and data,
linguistic andnumerical analysis
Spatial perception and
artistic tasks
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Question 1: Comparing Joe and Susan what
would you deduce about normal function?
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Question 2: Discuss what aspects of mind areaffected by the frontal damage?
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Personality?
What do we mean by personality?Interaction of our experiences and genetic
inheritance.
Creates a unique pattern of neuronalconnections that is our personality.
Diseases such as schizophrenia(fragmenting of the mind) cause major
changes in personality. Affects ~1% of
people.
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Schizophrenia?
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Gerry has a very extreme case of schizophrenia.
Question 3: What effect does schizophrenia have on
the mind?
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Treatments?
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Schizophrenia not primarily a structural
defect:
Unlike the cases that we have considered so far,
Schizophrenia does not seem to have an anatomical/
structural basis, at least initially, but rather relates to an
imbalance in neurotransmitters in the brain.
Excess of dopamine (and insufficient Glutamate)
particularly in the hippocampus have been shown to be
important.
A number of patients respond well to drugs which
reduce the effect of dopamine.
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Advent of medication
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Remembering
Remember the musician CliveWearing?
Worst recorded case of anterograde amnesia
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Jeanne Calment, 1875-1997
Arles, France
The oldest person in the
world
Rode a bike until 100, stopped
smoking at 117.Remembered Vincent van
Gogh in her uncles shop in
1888.
Ive only got one wrinkle and Iam sitting on it
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Repetitive motor tasks
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What happened to his musicalskills?
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The evolution of the forebrainand cortex
The human brain
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Question 4:
Look at the structures in the birdbrain, rat brain and human brain.
Think about what you have just seenin the last two videos.
Where do you think Clive Wearingsmusical skills are stored?
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A lot of what we know about basic brain
mechanisms comes from studying much simpler
creatures, which give us an understanding of howthings work.
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Question 5:What part of our brains is being manipulated by
magicians?
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Figure 8-24, step 1
(wheretransmitteris stored)
Synapses are where nerves talk toeach other
Nerve cell 1
Nerve cell 2
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The drugs that worked so well for Valerie, block
the message getting through because they
prevent the receptors on the second nerve fromreceiving the information coming from the
previous nerve.
Many drugs work in this way.
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Figure 8-24, step 1
.Nerve transmission is very quick.so needmechanisms to get rid of neurotransmitters
1.
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Question 6:
The Neurotransmitter Serotonin is taken back up
into the nerve that released it.
If a drug was given which prevented the reuptake of
serotonin, what would be the effect on the second
nerve?
Would serotonin have a bigger or smaller effect
than normal?
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Figure 8-24, step 2
Another way is to destroy the neurotransmitterwith enzymes
2.
(they break thechemicalstructure)
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Question 7:
Dreaming is associated with increased release
within the brain of the neurotransmitter
acetylcholine.
Acetylcholine is rapidly broken down at synapses
by the enzyme acetylcholine esterase.
If individuals are given a drug which reduces theaction of acetylcholine esterase, would those
individuals experience more or less dream sleep?
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Figure 9-17
Question 8:What areas are primarily activated in the tasks
shown?
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Scientific Method
The unique human cases that we have consideredgive invaluable insight into what parts of the brain
might be doing, but need to have much more robust
evidence.
Observation and experimentation are key elementsof scientific enquiry.
An investigator observes an event, and using prior
knowledge, generates a hypothesis.
Need to test the hypothesis by designing an
experiment which manipulates some aspect of the
event.
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Collect data/ results and see whether they support
hypothesis.
If not reject hypothesis and change it.Need replication.
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Many human studies are observational.
In 1951 Hill and Doll studied what happened to30,000 doctors who were either smokers or non-
smokers in terms of the likelihood of getting lung
cancer.
By 1954, 37 doctors had died of lung cancer, all of
them smokers. None of the non-smokers had died of
lung cancer.
43% of smokers died between 35 and 69, only 15%
of non-smokers.
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Question 9:
Much of what we are
learning now aboutthe brain/mind is from
imaging .
Looking at theseimages from the same
brain, what do you
think the person might
have been doing at
the time the upper
scans were made??
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Other studies are interventional drug trials.
1. Compare treatment and control groups.
2. Controls receive a placebo (sugar pill with no
active ingredients).
3. Neither subjects nor experimenters know whichsubjects are receiving treatment or placebo.
4. Sufficient numbers of subjects.
5. Subjects are randomly assigned to a group.
= randomized, placebo-controlled double blind trial
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Time for you to design an experiment:
Claims have been made by a major food companythat consumption of blueberry juice significantly
increases intelligence in primary school children.
You are given access to the local primary school
and charged with testing this claim.
Question 10:How would you design the experiment?